变导流能力压裂气井非达西产能研究
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摘要
当前致密气藏开发中,压裂已成为一种重要的增产措施。大量室内实验及现场数据表明裂缝的导流能力并非定值,而是沿裂缝延伸方向逐渐减小。因此,引入裂缝导流能力与位置的关系函数,采用无因次采气指数的方法,建立了压裂气井变导流能力产能模型。同时,该模型也考虑了压裂过程中裂缝壁面储层污染效应;裂缝内气体高速流动引起的非达西效应。研究表明:与定导流能力相比,变导流能力时气井产量降低,且裂缝导流能力较低时影响严重。裂缝内气体的高速非达西流动,会降低支撑剂的有效渗透率。可采用雷诺数对支撑剂渗透率进行修正,进而计算产能;考虑非达西效应时,气井产量也将降低。水力裂缝不仅提供了气体流动通道,也减缓了裂缝内气体非达西效应。支撑剂渗透率和裂缝宽度对气井产量有显著影响,施工中应选用高渗透率支撑剂、造宽缝,提高裂缝导流能力。
Hydraulic fracture has become an essential stimulation in the development of tight gas. Large lab and field date show that along the hydraulic fracture conductivity is not constant,in fact,it will decrease along the fracture. Because of this background,a fractured gas well productivity model with varying conductivity was built with dimensionless gas productivity index. Besides,fracture face damage and non-Darcy effect were also considered.Results showed that gas well productivity would decrease under the condition of variable conductivity,especially in low conductivity condition. In fractures,the high speed non-Darcy flow will decrease proppant permeability,and Reynolds number can be used to modify it. The influence of non-Darcy effect will also decrease gas well productivity. Hydraulic fractures provide the gas flow channel and remedy the non-Darcy effect. Proppant permeability and fracture width have remarkable effects on gas well productivity,high permeability proppant should be selected and broad fractures should be created to enhance fracture conductivity.
Hydraulic fracture has become an essential stimulation in the development of tight gas. Large lab and field date show that along the hydraulic fracture conductivity is not constant,in fact,it will decrease along the fracture. Because of this background,a fractured gas well productivity model with varying conductivity was built with dimensionless gas productivity index. Besides,fracture face damage and non-Darcy effect were also considered.Results showed that gas well productivity would decrease under the condition of variable conductivity,especially in low conductivity condition. In fractures,the high speed non-Darcy flow will decrease proppant permeability,and Reynolds number can be used to modify it. The influence of non-Darcy effect will also decrease gas well productivity. Hydraulic fractures provide the gas flow channel and remedy the non-Darcy effect. Proppant permeability and fracture width have remarkable effects on gas well productivity,high permeability proppant should be selected and broad fractures should be created to enhance fracture conductivity.
引文
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2凌云,李宪文,慕立俊,等.苏里格气田致密砂岩气藏压裂技术新进展.天然气工业,2014;34(11):66-72Ling Y,Li X W,Mu L J,et al.New progress in fracturing technologies for tight sandstone gas reservoirs in the Sulige Gas Field,Ordos Basin.Natural Gas Industry,2014;34(11):66-72
3杨正明,张松,张训华,等.气井压后稳态产能公式和压裂数值模拟研究.天然气工业,2003;23(4):74-76Yang Z M,Zhang S,Zhang X H,et al.Study on steady productivity equation and numerical simulation of fractured gas well.Journal of Natural Gas Industry,2003;23(4):74-76
4罗天雨,赵金洲,郭建春.求取压裂后气井产能的椭圆流方法.天然气工业,2005;25(10):94-96Luo T Y,Zhao J Z,Guo J C.Elliptic flow method to calculate productivity of fractured gas well.Journal of Natural Gas Industry,2005;25(10):94-96
5熊健,邱桃,郭平,等.非线性渗流下低渗气藏压裂井产能评价.石油钻探技术,2012;40(3):92-96Xiong J,Qiu T,Guo P,et al.Production evaluation of fractured wells in low permeability reservoirs with nonlinear flow.Petroleum Drilling Techniques,2012;40(3):92-96
6冷润熙,郭肖.低渗透气藏直井压裂产能评价公式.油气藏评价与开发,2014;4(1):21-25Leng R X,Guo X.Deliverability evaluation formula of vertical well fracturing in low permeability gas reservoirs.Reservoir Evaluation and Development,2014;4(1):21-25
7 Poulsen D K,Soliman M Y.A procedure for optimal hydraulic fracturing treatment design.SPE Eastern Regional Meeting.Society of Petroleum Engineers,1986
8牟珍宝,樊太亮.圆形封闭油藏变导流垂直裂缝井非稳态渗流数学模型.油气地质与采收率,2006;13(6):66-69Mou Z B,Fan T L.Mathematical model with unsteady-state filtering flow of vertically fractured well with varying conductivity for closed circle oil reservoir.Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency,2006;13(6):66-69
9庄照锋,张士诚,李宗田,等.压裂液伤害程度表示方法探讨.油气地质与采收率,2010;17(5):108-110Zhuang Z F,Zhang S C,Li Z T,et al.Discussion on the index of fracturing fluid damage.Petroleum Geology and Recovery,2010;17(5):108-110
10马新仿,Peter V.裂缝非达西渗流对气井水力压裂设计的影响.油气地质与采收率,2010;17(5):83-85Ma X F,Peter V.The effects of non-darcy flow on design of hydraulically fractured gas well.Petroleum Geology and Recovery,2010;17(5):83-85
11张琪.采油工程原理与设计.东营:中国石油大学出版社,2000:268-281Zhang Q.Production engineering principles and design.Dongying:Petroleum University Press,2000:268-281
12熊健,马振昌,马华,等.考虑变导流能力的垂直裂缝油井产能方程.复杂油气藏,2013;6(4):52-54Xiong J,Ma Z C,Ma H,et al.Study on production of vertical fracture oil well under the condition of variable conductivity.Complex Hydrocarbon Reservoirs,2013;6(4):52-54
13王锋,刘慧卿,吕广忠.低渗透油藏长缝压裂直井稳态产能预测模型.油气地质与采收率,2014;21(1):84-86Wang F,Liu H Q,LüG Z.Steady-state productivity prediction model for long-length fractured vertical well in low permeability oil reservoirs.Petroleum Geology and Recovery,2014;21(1):84-86
14熊健.低渗气藏变导流垂直裂缝井产能分析.油气藏评价与开发,2013;3(3):23-26Xiong J.Deliverability analysis on the variable conductivity vertical fracture well of low permeability gas reservoir.Reservoir Evaluation and Development,2013;3(3):23-26
15 Lopez-Hernandez H D,Valko P,Pham T T.Optimum fracture treatment design minimizes the impact of non-Darcy flow effects.SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition.Society of Petroleum Engineers,2004
16 Cooke Jr C E.Conductivity of fracture proppants in multiple layers.Journal of Petroleum Technology,1973;25(9):1101-1107
17李士伦.天然气工程.北京:石油工业出版社,2013:85-108Li S L.Natural gas engineering.Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2013:85-108
18 Economides M J,Oligney R E,Valko P.Applying unified fracture design to natural gas wells.World Oil,2002;223(10):50-62
19 Romero D J,Valko P P,Economides M J.Optimization of the productivity index and the fracture geometry of a stimulated well with fracture face and choke skins.SPE Production&Facilities,2003;18(1):57-64
20 Cinco L,Samaniego V,Dominguez A.Transient pressure behavior for a well with a finite-conductivity vertical fracture.Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal,1978;18(4):253-264
21李爱芬,张环环,郭海萱,等.压裂液滤失深度及滤失速度计算新模型.西安石油大学学报(自然科学版),2015;30(1):67-71Li A F,Zhang H H,Guo H X,et al.A new model for computing filtration depth and filtration rate of fracturing fluid.Journal of Xi'an Shiyou University(Natural Science Edition),2015;30(1):67-71
22吕其超,李兆敏,李宾飞,等.新型聚合物压裂液的动态滤失及其对地层伤害规律研究.西安石油大学学报(自然科学版),2015;30(4):33-38LüQ C,Li Z M,Li B F,et al.Study on dynamic filtration and formation damage laws of a new ploymer fracturing fluid.Journal of Xi'an Shiyou University(Natural Science Edition),2015,30(4):33-38
2凌云,李宪文,慕立俊,等.苏里格气田致密砂岩气藏压裂技术新进展.天然气工业,2014;34(11):66-72Ling Y,Li X W,Mu L J,et al.New progress in fracturing technologies for tight sandstone gas reservoirs in the Sulige Gas Field,Ordos Basin.Natural Gas Industry,2014;34(11):66-72
3杨正明,张松,张训华,等.气井压后稳态产能公式和压裂数值模拟研究.天然气工业,2003;23(4):74-76Yang Z M,Zhang S,Zhang X H,et al.Study on steady productivity equation and numerical simulation of fractured gas well.Journal of Natural Gas Industry,2003;23(4):74-76
4罗天雨,赵金洲,郭建春.求取压裂后气井产能的椭圆流方法.天然气工业,2005;25(10):94-96Luo T Y,Zhao J Z,Guo J C.Elliptic flow method to calculate productivity of fractured gas well.Journal of Natural Gas Industry,2005;25(10):94-96
5熊健,邱桃,郭平,等.非线性渗流下低渗气藏压裂井产能评价.石油钻探技术,2012;40(3):92-96Xiong J,Qiu T,Guo P,et al.Production evaluation of fractured wells in low permeability reservoirs with nonlinear flow.Petroleum Drilling Techniques,2012;40(3):92-96
6冷润熙,郭肖.低渗透气藏直井压裂产能评价公式.油气藏评价与开发,2014;4(1):21-25Leng R X,Guo X.Deliverability evaluation formula of vertical well fracturing in low permeability gas reservoirs.Reservoir Evaluation and Development,2014;4(1):21-25
7 Poulsen D K,Soliman M Y.A procedure for optimal hydraulic fracturing treatment design.SPE Eastern Regional Meeting.Society of Petroleum Engineers,1986
8牟珍宝,樊太亮.圆形封闭油藏变导流垂直裂缝井非稳态渗流数学模型.油气地质与采收率,2006;13(6):66-69Mou Z B,Fan T L.Mathematical model with unsteady-state filtering flow of vertically fractured well with varying conductivity for closed circle oil reservoir.Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency,2006;13(6):66-69
9庄照锋,张士诚,李宗田,等.压裂液伤害程度表示方法探讨.油气地质与采收率,2010;17(5):108-110Zhuang Z F,Zhang S C,Li Z T,et al.Discussion on the index of fracturing fluid damage.Petroleum Geology and Recovery,2010;17(5):108-110
10马新仿,Peter V.裂缝非达西渗流对气井水力压裂设计的影响.油气地质与采收率,2010;17(5):83-85Ma X F,Peter V.The effects of non-darcy flow on design of hydraulically fractured gas well.Petroleum Geology and Recovery,2010;17(5):83-85
11张琪.采油工程原理与设计.东营:中国石油大学出版社,2000:268-281Zhang Q.Production engineering principles and design.Dongying:Petroleum University Press,2000:268-281
12熊健,马振昌,马华,等.考虑变导流能力的垂直裂缝油井产能方程.复杂油气藏,2013;6(4):52-54Xiong J,Ma Z C,Ma H,et al.Study on production of vertical fracture oil well under the condition of variable conductivity.Complex Hydrocarbon Reservoirs,2013;6(4):52-54
13王锋,刘慧卿,吕广忠.低渗透油藏长缝压裂直井稳态产能预测模型.油气地质与采收率,2014;21(1):84-86Wang F,Liu H Q,LüG Z.Steady-state productivity prediction model for long-length fractured vertical well in low permeability oil reservoirs.Petroleum Geology and Recovery,2014;21(1):84-86
14熊健.低渗气藏变导流垂直裂缝井产能分析.油气藏评价与开发,2013;3(3):23-26Xiong J.Deliverability analysis on the variable conductivity vertical fracture well of low permeability gas reservoir.Reservoir Evaluation and Development,2013;3(3):23-26
15 Lopez-Hernandez H D,Valko P,Pham T T.Optimum fracture treatment design minimizes the impact of non-Darcy flow effects.SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition.Society of Petroleum Engineers,2004
16 Cooke Jr C E.Conductivity of fracture proppants in multiple layers.Journal of Petroleum Technology,1973;25(9):1101-1107
17李士伦.天然气工程.北京:石油工业出版社,2013:85-108Li S L.Natural gas engineering.Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2013:85-108
18 Economides M J,Oligney R E,Valko P.Applying unified fracture design to natural gas wells.World Oil,2002;223(10):50-62
19 Romero D J,Valko P P,Economides M J.Optimization of the productivity index and the fracture geometry of a stimulated well with fracture face and choke skins.SPE Production&Facilities,2003;18(1):57-64
20 Cinco L,Samaniego V,Dominguez A.Transient pressure behavior for a well with a finite-conductivity vertical fracture.Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal,1978;18(4):253-264
21李爱芬,张环环,郭海萱,等.压裂液滤失深度及滤失速度计算新模型.西安石油大学学报(自然科学版),2015;30(1):67-71Li A F,Zhang H H,Guo H X,et al.A new model for computing filtration depth and filtration rate of fracturing fluid.Journal of Xi'an Shiyou University(Natural Science Edition),2015;30(1):67-71
22吕其超,李兆敏,李宾飞,等.新型聚合物压裂液的动态滤失及其对地层伤害规律研究.西安石油大学学报(自然科学版),2015;30(4):33-38LüQ C,Li Z M,Li B F,et al.Study on dynamic filtration and formation damage laws of a new ploymer fracturing fluid.Journal of Xi'an Shiyou University(Natural Science Edition),2015,30(4):33-38