微藻生物采收技术的现状和展望
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摘要
微藻是一类重要的光合微生物,在能量转化和碳循环中举足轻重。目前,微藻生物技术主要应用在固碳控污、生物质能源、食品、医药、饲料及其他高附加值产品制备等方面。但仍有很多技术瓶颈亟待解决,其中,微藻采收的高能耗是阻碍微藻产业化发展的主要原因之一。由于微藻在培养液中浓度低、粒径小,传统的沉降、过滤、离心等采收方法都存在效率低或成本高的限制。利用絮凝性藻类、细菌、真菌或者从微生物中提取的生物絮凝剂收获微藻的生物采收技术由于具有安全、无二次污染、采收率高、设备投入和运行能耗与其他方法相比显著降低等优点,目前被认为是最具前景的采收技术之一。系统地评价了不同微藻采收技术的优缺点,并重点阐述了微藻生物采收技术的研究进展及前景。
Microalgae are important photosynthetic microorganisms playing important roles in energy conversion and carbon cycle. At present,algae biotechnology is mainly used in carbon fixation and pollution control,production of bio-energy,food,medicine,feed,and other value-added by-products,etc. However,there are still many technical bottlenecks need to be addressed such as energy-intensive microalgae harvesting,which is one of the main obstacles that hinders microalgae industry. Traditional harvesting methods such as sedimentation,filtration,and centrifugation are either of low efficiency or high cost for microalgae harvesting due to low concentration in medium and the relatively small size of microalgal cells. Biological flocculation method,mediated through flocculating algae,fungi,bacteria and/or microbial flocculants extracted from microorganisms,is considered as one of the most promising techniques for algae harvesting due to advantages of high safety,high recovery efficiency,low fundamental investment,low operating energy consumption,and no secondary pollution to the environment,etc. This paper critically reviewed different microalgae harvesting methods with particular focus on the current status and prospects of biological flocculation.
Microalgae are important photosynthetic microorganisms playing important roles in energy conversion and carbon cycle. At present,algae biotechnology is mainly used in carbon fixation and pollution control,production of bio-energy,food,medicine,feed,and other value-added by-products,etc. However,there are still many technical bottlenecks need to be addressed such as energy-intensive microalgae harvesting,which is one of the main obstacles that hinders microalgae industry. Traditional harvesting methods such as sedimentation,filtration,and centrifugation are either of low efficiency or high cost for microalgae harvesting due to low concentration in medium and the relatively small size of microalgal cells. Biological flocculation method,mediated through flocculating algae,fungi,bacteria and/or microbial flocculants extracted from microorganisms,is considered as one of the most promising techniques for algae harvesting due to advantages of high safety,high recovery efficiency,low fundamental investment,low operating energy consumption,and no secondary pollution to the environment,etc. This paper critically reviewed different microalgae harvesting methods with particular focus on the current status and prospects of biological flocculation.
引文
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[25]WAN C,ZHAO X,GUO S,et al.Bioflocculant production from Solibacillus silvestris W01 and its application in cost-effective harvest of marine microalga Nannochloropsis oceanica by flocculation[J].Bioresource Technology,2013,135:207-212.
[26]GUO S,ZHAO X,WAN C,et al.Characterization of flocculating agent from the self-flocculating microalga Scenedesmus obliquus AS-6-1 for efficient biomass harvest[J].Bioresource Technology,2013,145:285-289.
[27]SALIM S,BOSMA R,VERMU M H,et al.Harvesting of microalgae by bio-flocculation[J].Journal of Applied Phycology,2011,23(5):849-855.
[28]HEASMAN M,DIEMAR J,O'CONNOR W,et al.Development of extended shelf-life microalgae concentrate diets harvested by centrifugation for bivalve molluscs-a summary[J].Aquaculture Research,2000,31(8-9):637-659.
[29]DASSEY A J,THEEGALA C S.Harvesting economics and strategies using centrifugation for cost effective separation of microalgae cells for biodiesel applications[J].Bioresource Technology,2013,128:241-245.
[30]RICHMOND A,HU Q.Handbook of microalgal culture:applied phycology and biotechnology[M].US:John Wiley&Sons,2013:1-719.
[31]MOLINA GRIMA E,BELARBI E H,ACI N FERN NDEZ F G,et al.Recovery of microalgal biomass and metabolites:process options and economics[J].Biotechnology Advances,2003,20(7 8):491-515.
[32]MILLEDGE J J,HEAVEN S.A review of the harvesting of microalgae for biofuel production[J].Reviews In Environmental Science and Biotechnology,2013,12(2):165-178.
[33]CHENG Y,JUANG Y,LIAO G,et al.Harvesting of Scenedesmus obliquus FSP-3 using dispersed ozone flotation[J].Bioresource Technology,2011,102(1):82-87.
[34]SUKENIK A,BILANOVIC D,SHELEF G.Flocculation of microalgae in brackish and sea waters[J].Biomass,1988,15(3):187-199.
[35]ALAM M A,WAN C,GUO S,et al.Characterization of the flocculating agent from the spontaneously flocculating microalga Chlorella vulgaris JSC-7[J].Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering,2014,118(1):29-33.
[36]SALIM S,VERMU M H,WIJFFELS R H.Ratio between autoflocculating and target microalgae affects the energy-efficient harvesting by bio-flocculation[J].Bioresource Technology,2012,118:49-55.
[37]SALIM S,SHI Z,VERMUЁM H,et al.Effect of growth phase on harvesting characteristics,autoflocculation and lipid content of Ettlia texensis for microalgal biodiesel production[J].Bioresource Technology,2013,138:214-221.
[38]TAYLOR R L,RAND J D,CALDWELL G S.Treatment with algae extracts promotes flocculation,and enhances growth and neutral lipid content in Nannochloropsis oculata-a candidate for biofuel production[J].Marine Biotechnology,2012,14(6):774-781.
[39]SCHENK P M,THOMAS-HALL S R,STEPHENS E,et al.Second generation biofuels:high-efficiency microalgae for biodiesel production[J].Bioenergy Research,2008,1(1):20-43.
[40]ELDRIDGE R J,HILL D R A,GLADMAN B R.A comparative study of the coagulation behaviour of marine microalgae[J].Journal of Applied Phycology,2012,24(6):1667-1679.
[41]万春,张晓月,赵心清,等.利用絮凝进行微藻采收的研究进展[J].生物工程学报,2015,31(2):161-171.
[42]MANHEIM D,NELSON Y.Settling and bioflocculation of two species of algae used in wastewater treatment and algae biomass production[J].Environmental Progress&Sustainable Energy,2013,32(4):946-954.
[43]KIM D G,LA H J,AHN C Y,et al.Harvest of Scenedesmus sp.with bioflocculant and reuse of culture medium for subsequent high-density cultures[J].Bioresource Technology,2011,102(3):3163-3168.
[44]WANG H,LAUGHINGHOUSE H D,ANDERSON M A,et al.Novel bacterial isolate from Permian groundwater,capable of aggregating potential biofuel-producing microalga Nannochloropsis oceanica IMET1[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2012,78(5):1445-1453.
[45]LEE A K,LEWIS D M,ASHMAN P J.Microbial flocculation,a potentially low-cost harvesting technique for marine microalgae for the production of biodiesel[J].Journal of Applied Phycology,2009,21(5):559-567.
[46]VAN DEN HENDE S,VERVAEREN H,DESMET S,et al.Bioflocculation of microalgae and bacteria combined with flue gas to improve sewage treatment[J].New Biotechnology,2011,29(1):23-31.
[47]ZHANG J,HU B.A novel method to harvest microalgae via co-culture of filamentous fungi to form cell pellets[J].Bioresource Technology,2012,114:529-535.
[48]XIE S,SUN S,DAI S Y,et al.Efficient coagulation of microalgae in cultures with filamentous fungi[J].Algal Research,2013,2(1):28-33.
[49]AL-HOTHALY K A,ADETUTU E M,TAHA M,et al.Bio-harvesting and pyrolysis of the microalgae Botryococcus braunii[J].Bioresource Technology,2015,191:117-123.
[50]巫小丹,阮榕生,王辉,等.菌藻共生系统处理废水研究现状及发展前景[J].环境工程,2014,32(3):34-37.
[51]HANSEL P A,GUY RIEFLER R,STUART B J.Efficient flocculation of microalgae for biomass production using cationic starch[J].Algal Research,2014,5:133-139.
[52]GROSSART H P,CZUB G,SIMON M.Algae bacteria interactions and their effects on aggregation and organic matter flux in the sea[J].Environmental Microbiology,2006,8(6):1074-1084.
[53]MACKAY S,GOMES E,HOLLIGER C,et al.Harvesting of Chlorella sorokiniana by co-culture with the filamentous fungus Isaria fumosorosea:a potential sustainable feedstock for hydrothermal gasification[J].Bioresource Technology,2015,185:353-361.
[54]HENDERSON R K,BAKER A,PARSONS S A,et al.Characterisation of algogenic organic matter extracted from cyanobacteria,green algae and diatoms[J].Water Research,2008,42(13):3435-3445.
[55]RAMOS TERCERO E A,SFORZA E,MORANDINI M,et al.Cultivation of chlorella protothecoides with urban wastewater in continuous photobioreactor:Biomass productivity and nutrient removal[J].Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology,2014,172(3):1470-1485.
[56]LAVOIE A,DE LA NO E J.Harvesting of Scenedesmus obliquus in wastewaters:auto or bioflocculation?[J].Biotechnology and Bioengineering,1987,30(7):852-859.
[57]ZHOU W,RUAN R,WANG J.Bio-flocculation of microalgae:Status and prospects[J].Current Biotechnology,2015,4(4):448-456.
[58]LUPI F M,FERNANDES H,SACORREIA I,et al.Temperature profiles of cellular growth and exopolysaccharide synthesis by Botryococusbraunii kutzuc-58[J].Journal of Applied Phycology,1991,3(1):35-42.
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[60]GROSSART H P,CZUB G,SIMON M.Algae-bacteria interactions and their effects on aggregation and organic matter flux in the sea[J].Environmental Microbiology,2006,8(6):1074-1084.
[2]MIAO X L,WU Q Y.Exploitation of biomass renewable energy sources of microalgae[J].Renewable Energy,2003,3(109):13-16.
[3]SPOLAORE P,JOANNIS-CASSAN C,DURAN E,et al.Commercial applications of microalgae[J].Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering,2006,101(2):87-96.
[4]MATA T M,MARTINS A A,CAETANO N S.Microalgae for biodiesel production and other applications:a review[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2010,14(1):217-232.
[5]BARROS A I,GONCALVES A L,SIMES M,et al.Harvesting techniques applied to microalgae:A review[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2015,41:1489-1500.
[6]OH H M,LEE S J,PARK M H,et al.Harvesting of Chlorella vulgaris using a bioflocculant from Paenibacillus sp.AM49[J].Biotechnology Letters,2001,23(15):1229-1234.
[7]UDUMAN N,QI Y,DANQUAH M K,et al.Dewatering of microalgal cultures:a major bottleneck to algae-based fuels[J].Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy,2010,2(1):012701.
[8]HENDERSON R,PARSONS S A,JEFFERSON B.The impact of algal properties and pre-oxidation on solid-liquid separation of algae[J].Water Research,2008,42(8-9):1827-1845.
[9]LEE S J,KIM S B,KIM J E,et al.Effects of harvesting method and growth stage on the flocculation of the green alga Botryococcus braunii[J].Letters in Applied Microbiology,1998,27(1):14-18.
[10]KONG Q,LI L,MARTINEZ B,et al.Culture of microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in wastewater for biomass feedstock production[J].Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology,2010,160(1):9-18.
[11]LI Y,HORSMAN M,WU N,et al.Biofuels from microalgae[J].Biotechnology Progress,2008,24(4):815-820.
[12]马志欣,尚春琼,胡小丽,等.微藻絮凝采收的研究进展[J].基因组学与应用生物学,2016,35(4):942-948.
[13]翟玥,杨哲,安阳,等.壳聚糖凝聚去除景观水中微囊藻的研究[J].净水技术,2009,28(6):58-60.
[14]胡沅胜,刘斌,郝晓地,等.微藻处理污水中的絮凝分离/采收研究现状与展望[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(1):12-29.
[15]POELMAN E,DEPAUW N,JEURISSEN B.Potential of electrolytic flocculation for recovery of micro-algae[J].Resources Conservation And Recycling,1997,19(1):1-10.
[16]VANDAMME D,PONTES S C,GOIRIS K,et al.Evaluation of electro-coagulation-flocculation for harvesting marine and freshwater microalgae[J].Biotechnology and Bioengineering,2011,108(10):2320-2329.
[17]UDUMAN N,BOURNIQUEL V,DANQUAH M K,et al.A parametric study of electrocoagulation as a recovery process of marine microalgae for biodiesel production[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2011,174(1):249-257.
[18]HU Y R,GUO C,XU L,et al.A magnetic separator for efficient microalgae harvesting[J].Bioresource Technology,2014,158:388-391.
[19]HANOTU J,BANDULASENA H C,ZIMMERMAN W B.Microflotation performance for algal separation[J].Biotechnology and Bioengineering,2012,109(7):1663-1673.
[20]EDZWALD J K.Algae,bubbles,coagulants,and dissolved air flotation[J].Water Science and Technology,1993,27(10):67-81.
[21]YAN Y D,JAMESON G J.Application of the Jameson cell technology for algae and phosphorus removal from maturation ponds[J].International Journal of Mineral Processing,2004,73(1):23-28.
[22]ZHOU W,MIN M,HU B,et al.Filamentous fungi assisted bio-flocculation:a novel alternative technique for harvesting heterotrophic and autotrophic microalgal cells[J].Separation and Purification Technology,2013,107(4):158-165.
[23]ZHOU W,CHENG Y,LI Y,et al.Novel fungal pelletization-assisted technology for algae harvesting and wastewater treatment[J].Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology,2012,167(2):214-228.
[24]MOHN F H.Experiences and strategies in the recovery of biomass from mass cultures of microalgae[J].Algae Biomass,1980:471-547.
[25]WAN C,ZHAO X,GUO S,et al.Bioflocculant production from Solibacillus silvestris W01 and its application in cost-effective harvest of marine microalga Nannochloropsis oceanica by flocculation[J].Bioresource Technology,2013,135:207-212.
[26]GUO S,ZHAO X,WAN C,et al.Characterization of flocculating agent from the self-flocculating microalga Scenedesmus obliquus AS-6-1 for efficient biomass harvest[J].Bioresource Technology,2013,145:285-289.
[27]SALIM S,BOSMA R,VERMU M H,et al.Harvesting of microalgae by bio-flocculation[J].Journal of Applied Phycology,2011,23(5):849-855.
[28]HEASMAN M,DIEMAR J,O'CONNOR W,et al.Development of extended shelf-life microalgae concentrate diets harvested by centrifugation for bivalve molluscs-a summary[J].Aquaculture Research,2000,31(8-9):637-659.
[29]DASSEY A J,THEEGALA C S.Harvesting economics and strategies using centrifugation for cost effective separation of microalgae cells for biodiesel applications[J].Bioresource Technology,2013,128:241-245.
[30]RICHMOND A,HU Q.Handbook of microalgal culture:applied phycology and biotechnology[M].US:John Wiley&Sons,2013:1-719.
[31]MOLINA GRIMA E,BELARBI E H,ACI N FERN NDEZ F G,et al.Recovery of microalgal biomass and metabolites:process options and economics[J].Biotechnology Advances,2003,20(7 8):491-515.
[32]MILLEDGE J J,HEAVEN S.A review of the harvesting of microalgae for biofuel production[J].Reviews In Environmental Science and Biotechnology,2013,12(2):165-178.
[33]CHENG Y,JUANG Y,LIAO G,et al.Harvesting of Scenedesmus obliquus FSP-3 using dispersed ozone flotation[J].Bioresource Technology,2011,102(1):82-87.
[34]SUKENIK A,BILANOVIC D,SHELEF G.Flocculation of microalgae in brackish and sea waters[J].Biomass,1988,15(3):187-199.
[35]ALAM M A,WAN C,GUO S,et al.Characterization of the flocculating agent from the spontaneously flocculating microalga Chlorella vulgaris JSC-7[J].Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering,2014,118(1):29-33.
[36]SALIM S,VERMU M H,WIJFFELS R H.Ratio between autoflocculating and target microalgae affects the energy-efficient harvesting by bio-flocculation[J].Bioresource Technology,2012,118:49-55.
[37]SALIM S,SHI Z,VERMUЁM H,et al.Effect of growth phase on harvesting characteristics,autoflocculation and lipid content of Ettlia texensis for microalgal biodiesel production[J].Bioresource Technology,2013,138:214-221.
[38]TAYLOR R L,RAND J D,CALDWELL G S.Treatment with algae extracts promotes flocculation,and enhances growth and neutral lipid content in Nannochloropsis oculata-a candidate for biofuel production[J].Marine Biotechnology,2012,14(6):774-781.
[39]SCHENK P M,THOMAS-HALL S R,STEPHENS E,et al.Second generation biofuels:high-efficiency microalgae for biodiesel production[J].Bioenergy Research,2008,1(1):20-43.
[40]ELDRIDGE R J,HILL D R A,GLADMAN B R.A comparative study of the coagulation behaviour of marine microalgae[J].Journal of Applied Phycology,2012,24(6):1667-1679.
[41]万春,张晓月,赵心清,等.利用絮凝进行微藻采收的研究进展[J].生物工程学报,2015,31(2):161-171.
[42]MANHEIM D,NELSON Y.Settling and bioflocculation of two species of algae used in wastewater treatment and algae biomass production[J].Environmental Progress&Sustainable Energy,2013,32(4):946-954.
[43]KIM D G,LA H J,AHN C Y,et al.Harvest of Scenedesmus sp.with bioflocculant and reuse of culture medium for subsequent high-density cultures[J].Bioresource Technology,2011,102(3):3163-3168.
[44]WANG H,LAUGHINGHOUSE H D,ANDERSON M A,et al.Novel bacterial isolate from Permian groundwater,capable of aggregating potential biofuel-producing microalga Nannochloropsis oceanica IMET1[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2012,78(5):1445-1453.
[45]LEE A K,LEWIS D M,ASHMAN P J.Microbial flocculation,a potentially low-cost harvesting technique for marine microalgae for the production of biodiesel[J].Journal of Applied Phycology,2009,21(5):559-567.
[46]VAN DEN HENDE S,VERVAEREN H,DESMET S,et al.Bioflocculation of microalgae and bacteria combined with flue gas to improve sewage treatment[J].New Biotechnology,2011,29(1):23-31.
[47]ZHANG J,HU B.A novel method to harvest microalgae via co-culture of filamentous fungi to form cell pellets[J].Bioresource Technology,2012,114:529-535.
[48]XIE S,SUN S,DAI S Y,et al.Efficient coagulation of microalgae in cultures with filamentous fungi[J].Algal Research,2013,2(1):28-33.
[49]AL-HOTHALY K A,ADETUTU E M,TAHA M,et al.Bio-harvesting and pyrolysis of the microalgae Botryococcus braunii[J].Bioresource Technology,2015,191:117-123.
[50]巫小丹,阮榕生,王辉,等.菌藻共生系统处理废水研究现状及发展前景[J].环境工程,2014,32(3):34-37.
[51]HANSEL P A,GUY RIEFLER R,STUART B J.Efficient flocculation of microalgae for biomass production using cationic starch[J].Algal Research,2014,5:133-139.
[52]GROSSART H P,CZUB G,SIMON M.Algae bacteria interactions and their effects on aggregation and organic matter flux in the sea[J].Environmental Microbiology,2006,8(6):1074-1084.
[53]MACKAY S,GOMES E,HOLLIGER C,et al.Harvesting of Chlorella sorokiniana by co-culture with the filamentous fungus Isaria fumosorosea:a potential sustainable feedstock for hydrothermal gasification[J].Bioresource Technology,2015,185:353-361.
[54]HENDERSON R K,BAKER A,PARSONS S A,et al.Characterisation of algogenic organic matter extracted from cyanobacteria,green algae and diatoms[J].Water Research,2008,42(13):3435-3445.
[55]RAMOS TERCERO E A,SFORZA E,MORANDINI M,et al.Cultivation of chlorella protothecoides with urban wastewater in continuous photobioreactor:Biomass productivity and nutrient removal[J].Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology,2014,172(3):1470-1485.
[56]LAVOIE A,DE LA NO E J.Harvesting of Scenedesmus obliquus in wastewaters:auto or bioflocculation?[J].Biotechnology and Bioengineering,1987,30(7):852-859.
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