OFDI、市场竞争强度与国际贸易
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摘要
本文在二次拟线性效用函数的基础上,发展了一个附加企业OFDI的开放经济模型,并将模型推广到非对称模型,得到以下结论:企业OFDI使国内市场更加活跃并且加剧了国内市场竞争的激烈程度,产品多样性、社会福利的增加也会更大;由于企业OFDI比较优势参数的综合性,本文对于出口与OFDI双渠道影响临界生产率的分析机制更加合理;一国(地区)临界生产率的影响是国家之间相互作用的结果;TPP对中国的抑制性是有限的,国际贸易的发展趋势仍然是自由贸易。
Based on OTT utility functions,this paper develops an additional firms OFDI open economy model and extends to this point to an asymmetric model, and the following conclusions are derived:First, OFDI makes the domestic market more active, creates tougher competition in the domestic market, and increases product diversity as well as welfare. Second, since the integrity of the comparative advantage parameters of OFDI, the analysis of this paper is more reasonable for the analysis of cut-off productivity of the impact of the dual channels of export and OFDI. Third, the impact on a country/region on the cut- off productivity is the result from the interaction between the countries. Fourth, the TPP is limited to China's suppression; the international trade development trend is still free trade.
Based on OTT utility functions,this paper develops an additional firms OFDI open economy model and extends to this point to an asymmetric model, and the following conclusions are derived:First, OFDI makes the domestic market more active, creates tougher competition in the domestic market, and increases product diversity as well as welfare. Second, since the integrity of the comparative advantage parameters of OFDI, the analysis of this paper is more reasonable for the analysis of cut-off productivity of the impact of the dual channels of export and OFDI. Third, the impact on a country/region on the cut- off productivity is the result from the interaction between the countries. Fourth, the TPP is limited to China's suppression; the international trade development trend is still free trade.
引文
蒋冠宏、蒋殿春,(2012)“中国对外投资的区位选择:基于投资引力模型的面板数据检验,”《世界经济》第9期。
李磊、何青松,(2012)“中国企业逆向OFDI促进市场势力构建的机制分析,”《经济体制改革》第5期。
隋月红、赵振华,(2012)“我国OFDI对贸易结构影响的机理与实证--兼论我国OFDI动机的拓展,”《财贸经济》第4期。
杨小凯,(2003)《发展经济学:超边际与边际分析》,社会科学文献出版社。
张纪凤、黄萍,(2013)“替代出口还是促进出口--我国对外直接投资与出口的影响研究,”《国际贸易问题》第3期。
张为付,(2008)“影响我国企业对外直接投资因素研究,”《中国工业经济》第11期。
Antoniades,A.,(2015)“Heterogeneous Firms,Quality,and Trade,”Journal of International Economics 95,263-273.
Antras,P.,(2003)“Firms,Contracts,and Trade Structure,”The Quarterly Journal of Economics 118(4),1375-1418.
Bernard,A.B.,and Jenson,J.B.,(1997)“Exporters,Skill Upgrading,and the Wage Gap,”Journal of International Economics 42,3-31.
Borland,J.,and Yang X.K.,(1992)“Specialization and a New Approach to Economic Organization and Growth,”The American Economic Review 82(2),386-391.
Chen,K.M.,Lin,C.C.,and Yang,S.F.,(2015)“Exchange Rate Movement,Foreign Direct Investment,and Domestic R&D,”Research in World Economy 6(1),20-35.
Dixit.A.K.,and Stiglitz.J.E.,(1977)“Monopolistic Competition and Optimum Product Diversity,”American Economic Review 67(3),297-308.
Feestra,R.,(2014)“Restoring the Product Variety and Pro-Competitive Gains from Trade with Heterogeneous Firms and Bounded Productivity,”NBER Working Paper.
Helpman,E.,Melitz,and Yeaple.,(2004)“Exports Versus FDI with Heterogeneous Firms,”American Economic Review 94,300-316.
Imbruno,M.,(2015)“Firm Efficiency and Input Market Integration Trade Versus FDI,”FIW Working Paper.
Manova,K.,and Zhang,Z.W.,(2013)“Multi-Product Firms and Product Quality,”NBER Working Paper.
Mayer,T.,Melitz,M.J.,and Ottaviano,G.,(2014)“Market Size,Competition,and the Product Mix of Exporters,”American Economic Review 104(2),495-536.
Melitz,M.J.,(2003)“The Impact of Trade on Intra-industry Reallocations and Aggregate Industry Productivity,”Econometrica 71(6),1695-1725.
Melitz,M.J.,and Redding,S.,(2015)“New Trade Models,New Welfare Implications,”American Economic Review 105(3),1105-1146.
Melitz,M.J.,and Ottaviano,G.,(2008)“Market Size,Trade,and Productivity,”Review of Economic Studies 75(1),295-316.
Ottaviano,G.,Tabuchi,T.,and Thisse.,(2002)“Agglomeration and Trade Revisited,”International Economic Review 43(2),409-436.
Simonovska,I.,and Michael E.W.,(2014)“The Elasticity of Trade:Estimates and Evidence,”Journal of International Economics 92(1),34-50.
1本文将临界边际成本作为市场竞争强度(toughness of competition)的考量并拓展,充分借鉴了Melitz等(2008)、Mayer等(2014)对这一概念的沿用,具体解释可见Melitz等(2008)及Mayer等(2014)。
2U=I-∫piqidi+αQc-β2∫qi(α-pi-γQcγ)di-12γ(Qc)2=I-∫piqidi+αQc-12αQc+12∫piqidi=I+∫(pi-p～)2di2β+12Qc(α-p～),其中,∫piqidi=p～Qc-∫(pi-p～)2diγ企业的净利润为0,则平均收入M r～L=(α-cr)cr2k+12γ(k+1)。
3以国家1的临界边际成本为例,在区域经济一体化及比较优势相同的情况下,易证,c1=(βBL111+a(A-1))1k+2,其中a=(12T+?)。
4Melitz(2015)的研究中,美国制造业的冰山成本(可变贸易成本)为1.83,在其数值模拟中将τ设置为τ∈(1,3)。
5图5不考虑企业OFDI的潜在进入者的数量并非一个水平面(非常数),由于数值之间的差异较小,可能显示出来的结果起伏不是太明显。
李磊、何青松,(2012)“中国企业逆向OFDI促进市场势力构建的机制分析,”《经济体制改革》第5期。
隋月红、赵振华,(2012)“我国OFDI对贸易结构影响的机理与实证--兼论我国OFDI动机的拓展,”《财贸经济》第4期。
杨小凯,(2003)《发展经济学:超边际与边际分析》,社会科学文献出版社。
张纪凤、黄萍,(2013)“替代出口还是促进出口--我国对外直接投资与出口的影响研究,”《国际贸易问题》第3期。
张为付,(2008)“影响我国企业对外直接投资因素研究,”《中国工业经济》第11期。
Antoniades,A.,(2015)“Heterogeneous Firms,Quality,and Trade,”Journal of International Economics 95,263-273.
Antras,P.,(2003)“Firms,Contracts,and Trade Structure,”The Quarterly Journal of Economics 118(4),1375-1418.
Bernard,A.B.,and Jenson,J.B.,(1997)“Exporters,Skill Upgrading,and the Wage Gap,”Journal of International Economics 42,3-31.
Borland,J.,and Yang X.K.,(1992)“Specialization and a New Approach to Economic Organization and Growth,”The American Economic Review 82(2),386-391.
Chen,K.M.,Lin,C.C.,and Yang,S.F.,(2015)“Exchange Rate Movement,Foreign Direct Investment,and Domestic R&D,”Research in World Economy 6(1),20-35.
Dixit.A.K.,and Stiglitz.J.E.,(1977)“Monopolistic Competition and Optimum Product Diversity,”American Economic Review 67(3),297-308.
Feestra,R.,(2014)“Restoring the Product Variety and Pro-Competitive Gains from Trade with Heterogeneous Firms and Bounded Productivity,”NBER Working Paper.
Helpman,E.,Melitz,and Yeaple.,(2004)“Exports Versus FDI with Heterogeneous Firms,”American Economic Review 94,300-316.
Imbruno,M.,(2015)“Firm Efficiency and Input Market Integration Trade Versus FDI,”FIW Working Paper.
Manova,K.,and Zhang,Z.W.,(2013)“Multi-Product Firms and Product Quality,”NBER Working Paper.
Mayer,T.,Melitz,M.J.,and Ottaviano,G.,(2014)“Market Size,Competition,and the Product Mix of Exporters,”American Economic Review 104(2),495-536.
Melitz,M.J.,(2003)“The Impact of Trade on Intra-industry Reallocations and Aggregate Industry Productivity,”Econometrica 71(6),1695-1725.
Melitz,M.J.,and Redding,S.,(2015)“New Trade Models,New Welfare Implications,”American Economic Review 105(3),1105-1146.
Melitz,M.J.,and Ottaviano,G.,(2008)“Market Size,Trade,and Productivity,”Review of Economic Studies 75(1),295-316.
Ottaviano,G.,Tabuchi,T.,and Thisse.,(2002)“Agglomeration and Trade Revisited,”International Economic Review 43(2),409-436.
Simonovska,I.,and Michael E.W.,(2014)“The Elasticity of Trade:Estimates and Evidence,”Journal of International Economics 92(1),34-50.
1本文将临界边际成本作为市场竞争强度(toughness of competition)的考量并拓展,充分借鉴了Melitz等(2008)、Mayer等(2014)对这一概念的沿用,具体解释可见Melitz等(2008)及Mayer等(2014)。
2U=I-∫piqidi+αQc-β2∫qi(α-pi-γQcγ)di-12γ(Qc)2=I-∫piqidi+αQc-12αQc+12∫piqidi=I+∫(pi-p～)2di2β+12Qc(α-p～),其中,∫piqidi=p～Qc-∫(pi-p～)2diγ企业的净利润为0,则平均收入M r～L=(α-cr)cr2k+12γ(k+1)。
3以国家1的临界边际成本为例,在区域经济一体化及比较优势相同的情况下,易证,c1=(βBL111+a(A-1))1k+2,其中a=(12T+?)。
4Melitz(2015)的研究中,美国制造业的冰山成本(可变贸易成本)为1.83,在其数值模拟中将τ设置为τ∈(1,3)。
5图5不考虑企业OFDI的潜在进入者的数量并非一个水平面(非常数),由于数值之间的差异较小,可能显示出来的结果起伏不是太明显。