关于生态屏障若干问题的探讨
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摘要
生态屏障是生态文明建设中构建国家生态安全战略格局的重要组成部分,生态安全是生态屏障建设的目标,生态屏障则是生态安全的保障。许多学者从不同角度对生态屏障理论与方法进行了深入的探讨,进而形成生态屏障是处于特定的区域,具有保护功能的生态安全系统的理念,但由于生态屏障具有复杂性与特殊性,目前其概念、类型及特点等尚处于发展中。文章在总结前人研究基础上,基于生态系统服务理论,梳理了生态屏障的概念及内涵,认为生态屏障多处于过渡地带,是经过人工改良的具有明确保护与防御对象的复合生态系统,具有一定的空间跨度,在空间上呈封闭或半封闭分布,能提升生态系统服务,促进区域或国家生态安全。它具有如下特点:(1)防护性,即对反生态系统服务的防御或者对正生态系统服务的保护;(2)梯度性,即根据保护的区域重要性或者反生态系统服务的严重程度而建立的不同等级的生态屏障;(3)指向性,即生态屏障具有明显的方向性;(4)动态性。本文根据屏障对象性质将生态屏障划分为正向服务保护型、反向服务防护型和退化服务恢复型,其中"两屏三带"防护体系中的东北森林带为正向服务保护型,北方防沙带、川滇-黄土高原生态屏障和南方丘陵山地带为反向服务防护型,青藏高原生态屏障则为退化服务恢复型。该研究可为生态保护和恢复提供科学基础。
Ecological barrier is an important part of national ecological security strategy in the construction of ecological civilization.Ecological security is the goal of ecological barrier construction,and ecological barrier is the protection of ecological security.Many scholars have discussed the ecological barrier theory and method from different aspects valuably,and they all think ecological barrier is located in specific places and it is an ecological security system that has a protective function.But because of the complexity and particularity of the ecological barrier,the concept,type and characteristics of the ecological barrier remain in development in recent years.On the basis of summarizing previous research,from the horizon of the ecosystem service theory,the ecological barrier is considered to be a multiple ecological system with clear protection and defense object,which are improved artificially.It usually distributes in closed or semi-closed form in the transitional areas.There is a definite spatial span in it.Ecosystem services can be improved by it,and it promotes the ecological security of areas or country.It has the following characteristics:(1)Protection:defending negative ecosystem services or protecting positive ecosystem services;(2)Gradient:ecological barriers of different grade is established according to the importance of protected areas or the severity of the negative ecosystem services;(3)Directivity:there is obvious direction in ecological barrier;And(4)dynamics.It also can be classified as positive service protection type,negative service protection type and degraded service restoration type according to the barrier object.In the two ecological barriers and three shelters of China,North-eastern forest belongs to the first type,and the northern desert prevention,Chuan-Dian—the Loess Plateau ecological barrier and hilly terrain of southern China belong to the second type.Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau ecological barrier belongs to the third type.The research can provide a scientific basis for the ecological protection and restoration.
Ecological barrier is an important part of national ecological security strategy in the construction of ecological civilization.Ecological security is the goal of ecological barrier construction,and ecological barrier is the protection of ecological security.Many scholars have discussed the ecological barrier theory and method from different aspects valuably,and they all think ecological barrier is located in specific places and it is an ecological security system that has a protective function.But because of the complexity and particularity of the ecological barrier,the concept,type and characteristics of the ecological barrier remain in development in recent years.On the basis of summarizing previous research,from the horizon of the ecosystem service theory,the ecological barrier is considered to be a multiple ecological system with clear protection and defense object,which are improved artificially.It usually distributes in closed or semi-closed form in the transitional areas.There is a definite spatial span in it.Ecosystem services can be improved by it,and it promotes the ecological security of areas or country.It has the following characteristics:(1)Protection:defending negative ecosystem services or protecting positive ecosystem services;(2)Gradient:ecological barriers of different grade is established according to the importance of protected areas or the severity of the negative ecosystem services;(3)Directivity:there is obvious direction in ecological barrier;And(4)dynamics.It also can be classified as positive service protection type,negative service protection type and degraded service restoration type according to the barrier object.In the two ecological barriers and three shelters of China,North-eastern forest belongs to the first type,and the northern desert prevention,Chuan-Dian—the Loess Plateau ecological barrier and hilly terrain of southern China belong to the second type.Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau ecological barrier belongs to the third type.The research can provide a scientific basis for the ecological protection and restoration.
引文
FENG X,FU B,LU N,et al.2013.How ecological restoration alters ecosystem services:an analysis of carbon sequestration in China's Loess Plateau[J].Scientific reports,3:2846.
FISHER B,Turner R K,MORLING P.2009.Defining and classifying ecosystem services for decision making[J].Ecological economics,68(3):643-653.
HEIN L,VAN KOPPEN K,DE GROOT R S,et al.2006.Spatial scales,stakeholders and the valuation of ecosystem services[J].Ecological Economics,57(2):209-228.
JIA X,FU B,FENG X,et al.2014.The tradeoff and synergy between ecosystem services in the Grain-for-Green areas in Northern Shaanxi,China[J].Ecological Indicators,43:103-113.
OUYANG Z,ZhENG H,XIAO Y,et al.2016.Improvements in ecosystem services from investments in natural capital[J].Science,352(6292):1455-1459.
SYRBRE R U,WALZ U.2012.Spatial indicators for the assessment of ecosystem services:providing,benefiting and connecting areas and landscape metrics[J].Ecological indicators,21:80-88.
TILMAN G D.1984.Plant Dominance Along an Experimental Nutrient Gradient[J].Ecology,65(5):1445-1453.
宝音,包玉海,阿拉腾图雅,等.2002.内蒙古生态屏障建设与保护[J].水土保持研究,9(3):62-65,72.
陈国阶.2002.对建设长江上游生态屏障的探讨[J].山地学报,20(5):536-541.
陈国阶.2002.论生态安全[J].重庆环境科学,24(3):1-3,18.
陈星,周成虎.2005.生态安全:国内外研究综述[J].地理科学进展,24(6):8-20.
陈宜瑜.2011.中国生态系统服务与管理战略[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社:30.
陈勇,周立华,孙希科.2011.青藏高原典型县域冰川退化情景下的适应对策研究[J].冰川冻土,33(1):205-213.
樊杰.2015.中国主体功能区划方案[J].地理学报,70(2):186-201.
傅伯杰,周国逸,白永飞,等.2009.中国主要陆地生态系统服务功能与生态安全[J].地球科学进展,24(6):571-576.
高清竹,李玉娥,林而达,等.2005.藏北地区草地退化的时空分布特征[J].地理学报,60(6):87-95.
韩永伟,拓学森,高吉喜,等.2010.黑河下游重要生态功能区防风固沙功能辐射效益[J].生态学报,30(19):5185-5193.
胡聃.1997.生态系统可持续性的一个测度框架[J].应用生态学报,8(2):213-217.
李双成.2014.生态系统服务地理学[M].北京:科学出版社:83.
吕添贵.2011.鄱阳湖生态经济区生态屏障的构建策略研究[D].南昌:江西农业大学.
吕一河,傅伯杰,陈利顶.2006.生态建设的理论分析[J].生态学报,26(11):3891-3897.
欧阳贝思,张明阳,王克林,等.2013.2000-2010年南方丘陵山地带土地覆被及景观格局变化特征[J].农业现代化研究,34(4):467-471.
潘开文,吴宁,潘开忠,等.2004.关于建设长江上游生态屏障的若干问题的讨论[J].生态学报,24(3):617-629.
冉瑞平,王锡桐.2005.建设长江上游生态屏障的对策思考[J].林业经济问题,25(3):137-141.
四川省林学会办公室.2002.四川省林学会建设长江上游生态屏障学术研讨会纪要[J].四川林业科技,23(1):41-43.
孙鸿烈,郑度,姚檀栋,等.2012.青藏高原国家生态安全屏障保护与建设[J].地理学报,67(1):3-12.
覃云斌,信忠保,易扬,等.2013.京津风沙源治理工程区沙尘暴时空变化及其与植被恢复关系[J].农业工程学报,28(24):196-204.
王玉宽,邓玉林,彭培好,等.2005a.关于生态屏障功能与特点的探讨[J].水土保持通报,25(4):103-105.
王玉宽,孙雪峰,邓玉林,等.2005b.对生态屏障概念内涵与价值的认识[J].山地学报,23(5):431-436.
杨冬生,2002.论建设长江上游生态屏障[J].四川林业科技,23(1):1-6.
张燕婷.2014.北方防沙带土地利用格局演变特征及防风固沙功能变化评估研究[D].南昌:江西财经大学.
中华人民共和国环境保护部.全国生态保护“十三五”规划纲要[EB/OL].(2016-10-28).http://www.zhb.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/bwj/201611/t20161102_366739.htm.
钟祥浩,刘淑珍,王小丹,等.2006.西藏高原国家生态安全屏障保护与建设[J].山地学报,24(2):129-136.
钟祥浩,刘淑珍.2010.科学构建中国山地生态安全屏障体系确保国家生态环境安全[C]//中国环境科学学会.2010中国环境科学学会学术年会论文集(第一卷).上海:中国环境科学学会:5.
钟芸香.2010.长江上游经济带生态屏障建设的评价模式[J].统计与決策,(4):44-46.
FISHER B,Turner R K,MORLING P.2009.Defining and classifying ecosystem services for decision making[J].Ecological economics,68(3):643-653.
HEIN L,VAN KOPPEN K,DE GROOT R S,et al.2006.Spatial scales,stakeholders and the valuation of ecosystem services[J].Ecological Economics,57(2):209-228.
JIA X,FU B,FENG X,et al.2014.The tradeoff and synergy between ecosystem services in the Grain-for-Green areas in Northern Shaanxi,China[J].Ecological Indicators,43:103-113.
OUYANG Z,ZhENG H,XIAO Y,et al.2016.Improvements in ecosystem services from investments in natural capital[J].Science,352(6292):1455-1459.
SYRBRE R U,WALZ U.2012.Spatial indicators for the assessment of ecosystem services:providing,benefiting and connecting areas and landscape metrics[J].Ecological indicators,21:80-88.
TILMAN G D.1984.Plant Dominance Along an Experimental Nutrient Gradient[J].Ecology,65(5):1445-1453.
宝音,包玉海,阿拉腾图雅,等.2002.内蒙古生态屏障建设与保护[J].水土保持研究,9(3):62-65,72.
陈国阶.2002.对建设长江上游生态屏障的探讨[J].山地学报,20(5):536-541.
陈国阶.2002.论生态安全[J].重庆环境科学,24(3):1-3,18.
陈星,周成虎.2005.生态安全:国内外研究综述[J].地理科学进展,24(6):8-20.
陈宜瑜.2011.中国生态系统服务与管理战略[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社:30.
陈勇,周立华,孙希科.2011.青藏高原典型县域冰川退化情景下的适应对策研究[J].冰川冻土,33(1):205-213.
樊杰.2015.中国主体功能区划方案[J].地理学报,70(2):186-201.
傅伯杰,周国逸,白永飞,等.2009.中国主要陆地生态系统服务功能与生态安全[J].地球科学进展,24(6):571-576.
高清竹,李玉娥,林而达,等.2005.藏北地区草地退化的时空分布特征[J].地理学报,60(6):87-95.
韩永伟,拓学森,高吉喜,等.2010.黑河下游重要生态功能区防风固沙功能辐射效益[J].生态学报,30(19):5185-5193.
胡聃.1997.生态系统可持续性的一个测度框架[J].应用生态学报,8(2):213-217.
李双成.2014.生态系统服务地理学[M].北京:科学出版社:83.
吕添贵.2011.鄱阳湖生态经济区生态屏障的构建策略研究[D].南昌:江西农业大学.
吕一河,傅伯杰,陈利顶.2006.生态建设的理论分析[J].生态学报,26(11):3891-3897.
欧阳贝思,张明阳,王克林,等.2013.2000-2010年南方丘陵山地带土地覆被及景观格局变化特征[J].农业现代化研究,34(4):467-471.
潘开文,吴宁,潘开忠,等.2004.关于建设长江上游生态屏障的若干问题的讨论[J].生态学报,24(3):617-629.
冉瑞平,王锡桐.2005.建设长江上游生态屏障的对策思考[J].林业经济问题,25(3):137-141.
四川省林学会办公室.2002.四川省林学会建设长江上游生态屏障学术研讨会纪要[J].四川林业科技,23(1):41-43.
孙鸿烈,郑度,姚檀栋,等.2012.青藏高原国家生态安全屏障保护与建设[J].地理学报,67(1):3-12.
覃云斌,信忠保,易扬,等.2013.京津风沙源治理工程区沙尘暴时空变化及其与植被恢复关系[J].农业工程学报,28(24):196-204.
王玉宽,邓玉林,彭培好,等.2005a.关于生态屏障功能与特点的探讨[J].水土保持通报,25(4):103-105.
王玉宽,孙雪峰,邓玉林,等.2005b.对生态屏障概念内涵与价值的认识[J].山地学报,23(5):431-436.
杨冬生,2002.论建设长江上游生态屏障[J].四川林业科技,23(1):1-6.
张燕婷.2014.北方防沙带土地利用格局演变特征及防风固沙功能变化评估研究[D].南昌:江西财经大学.
中华人民共和国环境保护部.全国生态保护“十三五”规划纲要[EB/OL].(2016-10-28).http://www.zhb.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/bwj/201611/t20161102_366739.htm.
钟祥浩,刘淑珍,王小丹,等.2006.西藏高原国家生态安全屏障保护与建设[J].山地学报,24(2):129-136.
钟祥浩,刘淑珍.2010.科学构建中国山地生态安全屏障体系确保国家生态环境安全[C]//中国环境科学学会.2010中国环境科学学会学术年会论文集(第一卷).上海:中国环境科学学会:5.
钟芸香.2010.长江上游经济带生态屏障建设的评价模式[J].统计与決策,(4):44-46.