黄河中游不同流域尺度土壤侵蚀评价
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摘要
黄河中游是黄河流域土壤侵蚀最严重的区段,基于GIS和RS技术,利用2000—2010年黄河中游土地覆被数据、气象数据和地形数据等,提取了该区2000—2010年植被覆盖度,应用修正的通用土壤流失方程(RUSLE)计算了逐年土壤侵蚀模数,探讨了土壤侵蚀与植被覆盖度间的相关关系,并分析了不同生态系统、不同流域尺度土壤侵蚀时空变化特征。结果表明:(1)黄河中游植被覆盖度在空间上呈西北低东南高的分布特征,在时间上呈波动上升趋势,且植被覆盖度与土壤侵蚀模数之间存在负相关关系;(2)研究区2000—2010年各生态系统的土壤侵蚀强度在减弱,侵蚀状况明显好转;(3)黄河中游二级流域的土壤侵蚀量在2000—2010年间均有不同程度的减少;(4)在整个研究时段内,三级流域中的沣河、伊河及黑河流域的土壤侵蚀量在增加,其他流域的土壤侵蚀在减少。研究结果对黄河中游地区的水土保持措施具有一定的指导意义,同时,多尺度土壤侵蚀评价方法及通过剔除降雨因素实现以植被为主导因子的土壤侵蚀评价方法也可为其他地区的土壤侵蚀评价提供借鉴。
The area of the middle reaches is the most serious soil erosion area in the Yellow River basin. Using the data of land cover, meteorological records and terrain from 2000 to 2010, we extracted the vegetation coverage based on GIS and RS, and calculated soil erosion modulus using revised universal soil loss equation(RUSLE), and then explored the correlation between soil erosion and vegetation coverage and the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of soil erosion in different ecosystems and basin scales. Results showed that:(1) in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, the vegetation coverage was low in northwest and high in southeast and with a fluctuating upward trend over time. There was a negative correlation between the soil erosion modulus and vegetation coverage;(2) the intensity of soil erosion in different ecosystems of the study area decreased during 2000-2010 and the erosion was significantly weakening;(3) the amount of soil erosion in the Yellow River's secondary basin reduced to certain degrees during 2000-2010;(4) throughout the study period, the amount of soil erosion was increased in Yi River, Fenghe and Heihe watershed, and reduced in other tertiary basins. The results of this study provide some guiding significance for the soil and water conservation measures in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. The multi-scale soil erosion assessment method and the soil erosion assessment through the elimination of rain factors and recognition of the vegetation as a dominant factor of soil erosion would be a reference for soil erosion assessment in other areas.
The area of the middle reaches is the most serious soil erosion area in the Yellow River basin. Using the data of land cover, meteorological records and terrain from 2000 to 2010, we extracted the vegetation coverage based on GIS and RS, and calculated soil erosion modulus using revised universal soil loss equation(RUSLE), and then explored the correlation between soil erosion and vegetation coverage and the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of soil erosion in different ecosystems and basin scales. Results showed that:(1) in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, the vegetation coverage was low in northwest and high in southeast and with a fluctuating upward trend over time. There was a negative correlation between the soil erosion modulus and vegetation coverage;(2) the intensity of soil erosion in different ecosystems of the study area decreased during 2000-2010 and the erosion was significantly weakening;(3) the amount of soil erosion in the Yellow River's secondary basin reduced to certain degrees during 2000-2010;(4) throughout the study period, the amount of soil erosion was increased in Yi River, Fenghe and Heihe watershed, and reduced in other tertiary basins. The results of this study provide some guiding significance for the soil and water conservation measures in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. The multi-scale soil erosion assessment method and the soil erosion assessment through the elimination of rain factors and recognition of the vegetation as a dominant factor of soil erosion would be a reference for soil erosion assessment in other areas.
引文
[1]冷疏影,冯仁国,李锐,等.土壤侵蚀与水土保持科学重点研究领域与问题[J].水土保持学报,2004,18(1):1-26.
[2]郑粉莉,王占礼,杨勤科.我国土壤侵蚀科学研究回顾和展望[J].自然杂志,2008,30(1):12-16.
[3]倪九派,谢春燕,魏朝富,等.土壤侵蚀预测建模研究进展[J].中国水土保持科学,2005,3(1):66-71.
[4]高光耀,傅伯杰,吕一河,等.干旱半干旱区坡面覆被格局的水土流失效应研究进展[J].生态学报,2013,33(1):12-22.
[5]李锐,上官周平,刘宝元,等.近60年我国土壤侵蚀科学研究进展[J].中国水土保持科学,2009,7(5):1-6.
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[7]RENARD K G,FOSTER G R,WEESIES G A,et al.Predicting soil erosion by water:A guide to conservation planning with the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE)[R].Washington,D.C.:United States Department of Agriculture,Agricultural Research Service,Agriculture Handbook Number 703,1997.
[8]CERDàA,KEESSTRA S,JORDAN A,et al.Soil erosion measurements by means of experimental plots to determine best land management strategies in vineyards and olive orchards[C]//EGU General Assembly.EGU General Assembly Conference Geophysical Research Abstracts.Vienna:2016,18:17892.
[9]游松财,李文卿.GIS支持下的土壤侵蚀量估算——以江西省泰和县灌溪乡为例[J].自然资源学报,1999,14(1):62-68.
[10]任坤,梅琨,朱慧敏,等.基于RUSLE模型的珊溪水库流域土壤侵蚀定量估算[J].生态学杂志,2015,34(7):1950-1958.
[11]查良松,邓国徽,谷家川.1992—2013年巢湖流域土壤侵蚀动态变化[J].地理学报,2015,70(11):1708-1719.
[12]冯强,赵文武.USLE/RUSLE中植被覆盖与管理因子研究进展[J].生态学报,2014,34(16):4461-4472.
[13]赵明松,李德成,张甘霖,等.基于RUSLE模型的安徽省土壤侵蚀及其养分流失评估[J].土壤学报,2016,53(1):28-38.
[14]蔡强国,刘纪根.关于我国土壤侵蚀模型研究进展[J].地理科学进展,2003,22(3):142-150.
[15]李建牢,刘世德.罗玉沟流域坡面土壤侵蚀量的测算[J].中国水土保持,1989(3):36-39.
[16]刘淼,胡远满,徐崇刚.基于GIS、RS和RUSLE的林区土壤侵蚀定量研究——以大兴安岭呼中地区为例[J].水土保持研究,2004,11(3):21-24.
[17]李天宏,郑丽娜.基于RUSLE模型的延河流域2001—2010年土壤侵蚀动态变化[J].自然资源学报,2012,27(7):1164-1175.
[18]王灵恩,何露,成升魁,等.澜沧江流域旅游资源空间分异与发展模式探讨[J].资源科学,2012,34(7):1266-1276.
[19]FU B J,HU C X,CHEN L D,et al.Evaluating change in agricultural landscape pattern between 1980 and 2000 in the Loess hilly region of Ansai County,China[J].Agr Ecosyst Environ,2006,114(2):387-396.
[20]MU X,ZHANG L,MCVICAR T R,et al.Analysis of the impact of conservation measures on stream flow regime in catchments of the Loess Plateau,China[J].Hydrol Process,2007,21(16):2124-2134.
[21]孟庆香,刘国彬,杨勤科.黄土高原土壤侵蚀时空动态分析[J].水土保持研究,2008,15(3):20-22.
[22]张婧,刘咏梅,徐健,等.影像分辨率对植被覆盖度提取的影响[J].水土保持研究,2014,21(3):120-124.
[23]宋怡,马明国.基于SPOT VEGETATION数据的中国西北植被覆盖变化分析[J].中国沙漠,2007,27(1):89-93.
[24]张含玉,方怒放,史志华.黄土高原植被覆盖时空变化及其对气候因子的响应[J].生态学报,2016,36(13):3960-3968.
[25]穆少杰,李建龙,陈奕兆,等.2001-2010年内蒙古植被覆盖度时空变化特征[J].地理学报,2012,67(9):1255-1268.
[26]傅伯杰.黄土高原景观格局变化与土壤侵蚀[M].北京:科学出版社,2014.
[27]WISCHMEIER W H,SMITH D D.Predicting rainfall-erosion losses from cropland east of the Rocky Mountains-Guide for Selection of Practices for Soil and Water Conservation[R].Washington,D.C.:Agricultural Research Service,Agriculture Handbook,No.282,1965.
[28]刘玲.区域土壤侵蚀影响因子的尺度效应研究[D].西安:西北大学,2010.
[29]赵志平,王军邦,吴晓莆,等.1990—2005年内蒙古兴安盟地区土壤水力侵蚀变化研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2014,28(6):124-129.
[30]WILLIAMS J R,RENARD K G,DYKE P T.EPIC:A new method for assessing erosion's effect on soil productivity[J].J Soil Water Conserv,1983,38(5):381-383.
[31]MCCOOL D K,BROWN L C,FOSTER G R,et al.Revised slope steepness factor for the Universal Soil Loss Equation[J].T ASABE,1987,30(5):1387-1396.
[32]刘宝元,谢云,张科利.土壤侵蚀预报模型[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,2001.
[33]CAI C F,DING S W,SHI Z H,et al.Study of applying USLE and geographical information system IDRISI to predict soil erosion in small watershed[J].J Soil Water Conserv,2000,14(2):19-24.
[34]WENER C G.Soil conservation in Kenya,Nairobi[M].3rd ed.Nairobi:Printfast Keniya Limited,1980.
[35]中华人民共和国水利部.土壤侵蚀分类分级标准:SL190-2007[S].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2008.
[36]詹蕾.SRTM DEM的精度评价及其适用性研究[D].南京:南京师范大学,2008.
[2]郑粉莉,王占礼,杨勤科.我国土壤侵蚀科学研究回顾和展望[J].自然杂志,2008,30(1):12-16.
[3]倪九派,谢春燕,魏朝富,等.土壤侵蚀预测建模研究进展[J].中国水土保持科学,2005,3(1):66-71.
[4]高光耀,傅伯杰,吕一河,等.干旱半干旱区坡面覆被格局的水土流失效应研究进展[J].生态学报,2013,33(1):12-22.
[5]李锐,上官周平,刘宝元,等.近60年我国土壤侵蚀科学研究进展[J].中国水土保持科学,2009,7(5):1-6.
[6]BRUBAKER S C,JONES A J,LEWIS D T,et al.Soil properties associated with landscape position[J].Soil Sci Soc Am J,1993,57(1):235-239.
[7]RENARD K G,FOSTER G R,WEESIES G A,et al.Predicting soil erosion by water:A guide to conservation planning with the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE)[R].Washington,D.C.:United States Department of Agriculture,Agricultural Research Service,Agriculture Handbook Number 703,1997.
[8]CERDàA,KEESSTRA S,JORDAN A,et al.Soil erosion measurements by means of experimental plots to determine best land management strategies in vineyards and olive orchards[C]//EGU General Assembly.EGU General Assembly Conference Geophysical Research Abstracts.Vienna:2016,18:17892.
[9]游松财,李文卿.GIS支持下的土壤侵蚀量估算——以江西省泰和县灌溪乡为例[J].自然资源学报,1999,14(1):62-68.
[10]任坤,梅琨,朱慧敏,等.基于RUSLE模型的珊溪水库流域土壤侵蚀定量估算[J].生态学杂志,2015,34(7):1950-1958.
[11]查良松,邓国徽,谷家川.1992—2013年巢湖流域土壤侵蚀动态变化[J].地理学报,2015,70(11):1708-1719.
[12]冯强,赵文武.USLE/RUSLE中植被覆盖与管理因子研究进展[J].生态学报,2014,34(16):4461-4472.
[13]赵明松,李德成,张甘霖,等.基于RUSLE模型的安徽省土壤侵蚀及其养分流失评估[J].土壤学报,2016,53(1):28-38.
[14]蔡强国,刘纪根.关于我国土壤侵蚀模型研究进展[J].地理科学进展,2003,22(3):142-150.
[15]李建牢,刘世德.罗玉沟流域坡面土壤侵蚀量的测算[J].中国水土保持,1989(3):36-39.
[16]刘淼,胡远满,徐崇刚.基于GIS、RS和RUSLE的林区土壤侵蚀定量研究——以大兴安岭呼中地区为例[J].水土保持研究,2004,11(3):21-24.
[17]李天宏,郑丽娜.基于RUSLE模型的延河流域2001—2010年土壤侵蚀动态变化[J].自然资源学报,2012,27(7):1164-1175.
[18]王灵恩,何露,成升魁,等.澜沧江流域旅游资源空间分异与发展模式探讨[J].资源科学,2012,34(7):1266-1276.
[19]FU B J,HU C X,CHEN L D,et al.Evaluating change in agricultural landscape pattern between 1980 and 2000 in the Loess hilly region of Ansai County,China[J].Agr Ecosyst Environ,2006,114(2):387-396.
[20]MU X,ZHANG L,MCVICAR T R,et al.Analysis of the impact of conservation measures on stream flow regime in catchments of the Loess Plateau,China[J].Hydrol Process,2007,21(16):2124-2134.
[21]孟庆香,刘国彬,杨勤科.黄土高原土壤侵蚀时空动态分析[J].水土保持研究,2008,15(3):20-22.
[22]张婧,刘咏梅,徐健,等.影像分辨率对植被覆盖度提取的影响[J].水土保持研究,2014,21(3):120-124.
[23]宋怡,马明国.基于SPOT VEGETATION数据的中国西北植被覆盖变化分析[J].中国沙漠,2007,27(1):89-93.
[24]张含玉,方怒放,史志华.黄土高原植被覆盖时空变化及其对气候因子的响应[J].生态学报,2016,36(13):3960-3968.
[25]穆少杰,李建龙,陈奕兆,等.2001-2010年内蒙古植被覆盖度时空变化特征[J].地理学报,2012,67(9):1255-1268.
[26]傅伯杰.黄土高原景观格局变化与土壤侵蚀[M].北京:科学出版社,2014.
[27]WISCHMEIER W H,SMITH D D.Predicting rainfall-erosion losses from cropland east of the Rocky Mountains-Guide for Selection of Practices for Soil and Water Conservation[R].Washington,D.C.:Agricultural Research Service,Agriculture Handbook,No.282,1965.
[28]刘玲.区域土壤侵蚀影响因子的尺度效应研究[D].西安:西北大学,2010.
[29]赵志平,王军邦,吴晓莆,等.1990—2005年内蒙古兴安盟地区土壤水力侵蚀变化研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2014,28(6):124-129.
[30]WILLIAMS J R,RENARD K G,DYKE P T.EPIC:A new method for assessing erosion's effect on soil productivity[J].J Soil Water Conserv,1983,38(5):381-383.
[31]MCCOOL D K,BROWN L C,FOSTER G R,et al.Revised slope steepness factor for the Universal Soil Loss Equation[J].T ASABE,1987,30(5):1387-1396.
[32]刘宝元,谢云,张科利.土壤侵蚀预报模型[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,2001.
[33]CAI C F,DING S W,SHI Z H,et al.Study of applying USLE and geographical information system IDRISI to predict soil erosion in small watershed[J].J Soil Water Conserv,2000,14(2):19-24.
[34]WENER C G.Soil conservation in Kenya,Nairobi[M].3rd ed.Nairobi:Printfast Keniya Limited,1980.
[35]中华人民共和国水利部.土壤侵蚀分类分级标准:SL190-2007[S].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2008.
[36]詹蕾.SRTM DEM的精度评价及其适用性研究[D].南京:南京师范大学,2008.