半干旱区垄沟集雨系统点尺度土壤水分动态随机模拟
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摘要
为揭示土壤水分动态对半干旱区垄沟集雨系统水文和生态过程的影响机理,基于Laio土壤水分动态随机模型(Laio模型),利用中国气象局定西干旱气象与生态环境试验基地2012—2013年垄沟集雨燕麦生长季根系层土壤水分观测数据及2000—2015年日降水资料,分析不同覆盖材料(生物可降解膜、普通塑料膜和土壤结皮)和不同沟垄比(30∶60,45∶60和60∶60cm)对生长季燕麦根系层土壤水分动态的影响,研究点尺度土壤水分概率密度函数特征,并对模型涉及参数进行敏感性分析。结果表明:研究区年降水的季节分配极不均匀,主要集中在5—10月份,占总降雨次数的66.6%;年降雨量的85.32%来源于>10 mm的降雨,以暴雨为主;近16年研究区降水量呈缓慢增长趋势。生物可降解膜垄(BMR)、普通地膜垄(CMR)和土垄(SR)临界产流降雨量分别为1.35、0.95 mm和5.31 mm,平均集水效率分别为87.892%、94.203%和27.488%;在燕麦生长季,BMR和CMR的土壤含水量显著大于SR,SR的土壤含水量显著大于传统平作,各处理土壤含水量均服从正态分布;通过Laio模型模拟得到的各处理土壤水分概率密度函数的曲线特征(峰值及其位置、90%置信区间)及数字特征(期望、方差)与观测结果基本一致,CM指数均大于0.5,且可将集雨垄径流量作为单次降水的随机事件处理,说明该模型可应用于垄沟集雨系统土壤水分概率密度函数的模拟,为半干旱区农田水分高效利用管理提供理论依据。
To determine the effects of soil moisture dynamics on hydrological and ecological processes in a ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting system in a semiarid area,a field experiment with a randomized complete block design was conducted,which evaluated the effects of different mulching materials( common plastic film,biodegradable mulch film and manually compacted soil) and different ridge-furrow ratios( 30∶60,45∶60 and 60∶60( cm: cm)) on soil moisture dynamics in the root zone of oats through model simulation and using the continuously monitored data of soil moisture during two consecutive oatsgrowing years,2012 and 2013,and daily precipitation from 2000 to 2015 at the Dingxi Arid Meteorology and Ecological Environment Experimental Station. The simulation was carried out using a stochastic model( Laio model) for soil moisture dynamics. The probabilistic density function( PDF) of soil moisture at a point scale was estimated using the Laio model,and the parameter sensitivity of the model was analyzed in this study. The results indicated that the precipitation distribution was irregular,and the precipitation events happening between May and October accounted for 66. 6% of total annual precipitation events. Approximately 85. 32% of annual rainfall received from rainfall higher than 10 mm. Annual precipitations had an increase trend in the past 16 years in this region. The threshold rainfall to produce runoff was 1.35,0.95,and 5.31 mm for BMR( ridges mulched with biodegradable mulch film),CMR( ridges mulched with common plastic film),and SR( ridges with manually compacted soil),respectively,whereas the average runoff efficiency for the same treatments was 87.892%,94.203%,and 27.488%. Soil water content for BMR and CMR was significantly higher than that for SR,which was significantly higher than that for traditional planting without ridges and furrows. The soil water content for all treatments followed a normal distribution. The curve characteristics( the curve peak value,position of the peak,90%confidence interval) and the digital features( the expectations and variances) of the soil moisture PDF simulated by the model have a good consistence with observed values,and the consistency measure( CM) was higher than 0.5. The rainwater coupled with runoff in furrows could be considered a random event. The Laio model could be used for estimating the soil moisture PDF in ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting systems,and this could provide an insight for soil moisture management with a high use efficiency in semiarid regions.
To determine the effects of soil moisture dynamics on hydrological and ecological processes in a ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting system in a semiarid area,a field experiment with a randomized complete block design was conducted,which evaluated the effects of different mulching materials( common plastic film,biodegradable mulch film and manually compacted soil) and different ridge-furrow ratios( 30∶60,45∶60 and 60∶60( cm: cm)) on soil moisture dynamics in the root zone of oats through model simulation and using the continuously monitored data of soil moisture during two consecutive oatsgrowing years,2012 and 2013,and daily precipitation from 2000 to 2015 at the Dingxi Arid Meteorology and Ecological Environment Experimental Station. The simulation was carried out using a stochastic model( Laio model) for soil moisture dynamics. The probabilistic density function( PDF) of soil moisture at a point scale was estimated using the Laio model,and the parameter sensitivity of the model was analyzed in this study. The results indicated that the precipitation distribution was irregular,and the precipitation events happening between May and October accounted for 66. 6% of total annual precipitation events. Approximately 85. 32% of annual rainfall received from rainfall higher than 10 mm. Annual precipitations had an increase trend in the past 16 years in this region. The threshold rainfall to produce runoff was 1.35,0.95,and 5.31 mm for BMR( ridges mulched with biodegradable mulch film),CMR( ridges mulched with common plastic film),and SR( ridges with manually compacted soil),respectively,whereas the average runoff efficiency for the same treatments was 87.892%,94.203%,and 27.488%. Soil water content for BMR and CMR was significantly higher than that for SR,which was significantly higher than that for traditional planting without ridges and furrows. The soil water content for all treatments followed a normal distribution. The curve characteristics( the curve peak value,position of the peak,90%confidence interval) and the digital features( the expectations and variances) of the soil moisture PDF simulated by the model have a good consistence with observed values,and the consistency measure( CM) was higher than 0.5. The rainwater coupled with runoff in furrows could be considered a random event. The Laio model could be used for estimating the soil moisture PDF in ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting systems,and this could provide an insight for soil moisture management with a high use efficiency in semiarid regions.
引文
[1]李小雁.干旱地区土壤-植被-水文耦合、响应与适应机制.中国科学:地球科学,2011,41(12):1721-1730.
[2] D'Odorico P,Ridolfi L,Porporato A,Rodriguez-Iturbe I. Preferential states of seasonal soil moisture:The impact of climate fluctuations. Water Resources Research,2000,36(8):2209-2219.
[3] Rodriguez-Iturbe I. Ecohydrology:a hydrologic perspective of climate-soil-vegetation dynamics. Water Resources Research,2000,36(1):3-9.
[4] Porporato A,Feng X,Manzoni S,Mau Y,Parolari A J,Vico G. Ecohydrological modeling in agroecosystems:Examples and challenges. Water Resources Research,2015,51(7):5081-5099.
[5] Du Y J,Li Z Z,Li W L. Effect of different water supply regimes on growth and size hierarchy in spring wheat populations under mulched with clear plastic film. Agricultural Water Management,2006,79(3):265-279.
[6] Jia Y,Li F M,Wang X L. Soil quality responses to alfalfa watered with a field micro-catchment technique in the Loess Plateau of China. Field Crops Research,2006,95(1):64-74.
[7]莫非,周宏,王建永,赵鸿,张恒嘉,吴姗,陈应龙,杨通,邓浩亮,Batool A,王润元,Nguluu S N,李凤民,熊友才.田间微集雨技术研究及应用.农业工程学报,2013,29(8):1-17.
[8] Rodriguez-Iturbe I,Porporato A,Ridolfi L,Isham V,Cox D R. Probabilistic modelling of water balance at a point:the role of climate,soil and vegetation. Proceedings of the Royal of Society A,1999,455(1990):3789-3805.
[9] Daly E,Porporato A. A review of soil moisture dynamics:from rainfall infiltration to ecosystem response. Environmental Engineering Science,2005,22(1):9-24.
[10] Sherratt J A. An analysis of vegetation stripe formation in semi-arid landscapes. Journal of Mathematical Biology,2005,51(2):183-197.
[11]刘鹄,赵文智.基于土壤水分动态随机模型的土壤湿度概率密度函数研究进展.水科学进展,2006,17(6):894-904.
[12]任庆福,严登华,穆文彬,裴宏伟.太行山前平原井灌农田点尺度土壤水分动态随机模拟.农业机械学报,2015,46(3):131-141,157-157.
[13] Eagleson P S. Climate,soil,and vegetation:1. Introduction to water balance dynamics. Water Resources Research,1978,14(5):705-712.
[14] Cordova J R,Bras R L. Physically based probabilistic models of infiltration,soil moisture,and actual evapotranspiration. Water Resources Research,1981,17(1):93-106.
[15] Hosking I R M,Clarke R T. Rainfall-runoff relations derived from the probability theory of storage. Water Resources Research,1990,26(7):1455-1463.
[16] Milly P C D. An analytic solution of the stochastic storage problem applicable to soil water. Water Resources Research,1993,29(11):3755-3758.
[17] Laio F,Porporato A,Ridolfi L,Rodriguez-Iturbe I. Plants in water-controlled ecosystems:Active role in hydrologic processes and response to water stress:II. Probabilistic soil moisture dynamics. Advances in Water Resources,2001,24(7):707-723.
[18] Porporato A,Daly E,Rodriguez-Iturbe I. Soil water balance and ecosystem response to climate change. The American Naturalist,2004,164(5):625-632.
[19] Tamea S,Laio F,Ridolfi L,D'Odorico P,Rodriguez-Iturbe I. Ecohydrology of groundwater-dependent ecosystems:2. Stochastic soil moisture dynamics. Water Resources Research,2009,45(5):W05420.
[20] Pan X Y,Zhang L,Potter N J,Xia J,Zhang Y Q. Probabilistic modelling of soil moisture dynamics of irrigated cropland in the North China Plain.Hydrological Sciences Journal,2011,56(1):123-137.
[21]胡健,吕一河.土壤水分动态随机模型研究进展.地理科学进展,2015,34(3):389-400.
[22] Ben-Asher J,Warrick A W. Effect of variations in soil properties and precipitation on microcatchment water balance. Agricultural Water Management,1987,12(3):177-194.
[23] Li X Y,Shi P J,Sun Y L,Tang J,Yang Z P. Influence of various in situ rainwater harvesting methods on soil moisture and growth of Tamarix ramosissima in the semiarid loess region of China. Forest Ecology and Management,2006,233(1):143-148.
[24] Wang Q,Ren X,Song X Y,Hu G R,Zhang E H,Wang H L,Vance M M. The optimum ridge-furrow ratio and suitable ridge-covering material in rainwater harvesting for oats production in semiarid regions of China. Field Crops Research,2015,172:106-118.
[25]姚淑霞,张铜会,赵传成.科尔沁沙地土壤水分动态分析及其概率密度函数模拟.水科学进展,2013,24(1):62-72.
[26]潘兴瑶,夏军,张橹.土壤水分随机模型支持下的土壤水平衡研究进展.资源科学,2008,30(3):460-467.
[27] Nash J E,Sutcliffe J V. River flow forecasting through conceptual models part I—A discussion of principles. Journal of Hydrology,1970,10(3):282-290.
[28]尹鑫卫,李晓玲,康燕霞,王琦,黄彩霞,高亚平.基于SCS-CN模型的沟垄微型集雨系统径流预测.生态学杂志,2015,34(12):3502-3508.
[29]刘鹄,赵文智,何志斌,张立杰.祁连山浅山区草地生态系统点尺度土壤水分动态随机模拟.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2007,37(9):1212-1222.
[30] Zuo Q,Shi J C,Li Y L,Zhang R D. Root length density and water uptake distributions of winter wheat under sub-irrigation. Plant and Soil,2006,285(1/2):45-55.
[31] Miller G R,Baldocchi D D,Law B E,Meyers T. An analysis of soil moisture dynamics using multi-year data from a network of micrometeorological observation sites. Advances in Water Resources,2007,30(5):1065-1081.
[32] Yue S,Wang C Y. The Mann-Kendall test modified by effective sample size to detect trend in serially correlated hydrological series. Water Resources Management,2004,18(3):201-218.
[33] Jarque C M,Bera A K. A test for normality of observations and regression residuals. International Statistical Review,1987,55(2):163-172.
[34]束龙仓,王茂枚,刘瑞国,陈国浩.地下水数值模拟中的参数灵敏度分析.河海大学学报:自然科学版,2007,35(5):491-495.
[35] Zhu A X. A personal construct-based knowledge acquisition process for natural resource mapping. International Journal of Geographical Information Science,1999,13(2):119-141.
[36] Li C J,Wen X X,Wan X J,Liu Y,Han J,Liao Y C,Wu W. Towards the highly effective use of precipitation by ridge-furrow with plastic film mulching instead of relying on irrigation resources in a dry semi-humid area. Field Crops Research,2016,188:62-73.
[37]霍正文,陈文,凡炳文.近54年定西市降水趋势及突变分析.水文,2012,32(3):88-92.
[38]陈敏玲,张兵伟,任婷婷,王珊珊,陈世苹.内蒙古半干旱草原土壤水分对降水格局变化的响应.植物生态学报,2016,40(7):658-668.
[39] Zhou L M,Zhang F,Liu C A. Improved yield by harvesting water with ridges and subgrooves using buried and surface plastic mulchs in a semiarid area of China. Soil and Tillage Research,2015,150:21-29.
[40]王琦,张恩和,李凤民.半干旱地区膜垄和土垄的集雨效率和不同集雨时期土壤水分比较.生态学报,2004,24(8):1816-1819.
[41]任小龙,贾志宽,丁瑞霞,韩清芳.我国旱区作物根域微集水种植技术研究进展及展望.干旱地区农业研究,2010,28(3):83-89.
[42] Li X Y,Xie Z K,Yan X K. Runoff characteristics of artificial catchment materials for rainwater harvesting in the semiarid regions of China.Agricultural Water Management,2004,65(3):211-224.
[2] D'Odorico P,Ridolfi L,Porporato A,Rodriguez-Iturbe I. Preferential states of seasonal soil moisture:The impact of climate fluctuations. Water Resources Research,2000,36(8):2209-2219.
[3] Rodriguez-Iturbe I. Ecohydrology:a hydrologic perspective of climate-soil-vegetation dynamics. Water Resources Research,2000,36(1):3-9.
[4] Porporato A,Feng X,Manzoni S,Mau Y,Parolari A J,Vico G. Ecohydrological modeling in agroecosystems:Examples and challenges. Water Resources Research,2015,51(7):5081-5099.
[5] Du Y J,Li Z Z,Li W L. Effect of different water supply regimes on growth and size hierarchy in spring wheat populations under mulched with clear plastic film. Agricultural Water Management,2006,79(3):265-279.
[6] Jia Y,Li F M,Wang X L. Soil quality responses to alfalfa watered with a field micro-catchment technique in the Loess Plateau of China. Field Crops Research,2006,95(1):64-74.
[7]莫非,周宏,王建永,赵鸿,张恒嘉,吴姗,陈应龙,杨通,邓浩亮,Batool A,王润元,Nguluu S N,李凤民,熊友才.田间微集雨技术研究及应用.农业工程学报,2013,29(8):1-17.
[8] Rodriguez-Iturbe I,Porporato A,Ridolfi L,Isham V,Cox D R. Probabilistic modelling of water balance at a point:the role of climate,soil and vegetation. Proceedings of the Royal of Society A,1999,455(1990):3789-3805.
[9] Daly E,Porporato A. A review of soil moisture dynamics:from rainfall infiltration to ecosystem response. Environmental Engineering Science,2005,22(1):9-24.
[10] Sherratt J A. An analysis of vegetation stripe formation in semi-arid landscapes. Journal of Mathematical Biology,2005,51(2):183-197.
[11]刘鹄,赵文智.基于土壤水分动态随机模型的土壤湿度概率密度函数研究进展.水科学进展,2006,17(6):894-904.
[12]任庆福,严登华,穆文彬,裴宏伟.太行山前平原井灌农田点尺度土壤水分动态随机模拟.农业机械学报,2015,46(3):131-141,157-157.
[13] Eagleson P S. Climate,soil,and vegetation:1. Introduction to water balance dynamics. Water Resources Research,1978,14(5):705-712.
[14] Cordova J R,Bras R L. Physically based probabilistic models of infiltration,soil moisture,and actual evapotranspiration. Water Resources Research,1981,17(1):93-106.
[15] Hosking I R M,Clarke R T. Rainfall-runoff relations derived from the probability theory of storage. Water Resources Research,1990,26(7):1455-1463.
[16] Milly P C D. An analytic solution of the stochastic storage problem applicable to soil water. Water Resources Research,1993,29(11):3755-3758.
[17] Laio F,Porporato A,Ridolfi L,Rodriguez-Iturbe I. Plants in water-controlled ecosystems:Active role in hydrologic processes and response to water stress:II. Probabilistic soil moisture dynamics. Advances in Water Resources,2001,24(7):707-723.
[18] Porporato A,Daly E,Rodriguez-Iturbe I. Soil water balance and ecosystem response to climate change. The American Naturalist,2004,164(5):625-632.
[19] Tamea S,Laio F,Ridolfi L,D'Odorico P,Rodriguez-Iturbe I. Ecohydrology of groundwater-dependent ecosystems:2. Stochastic soil moisture dynamics. Water Resources Research,2009,45(5):W05420.
[20] Pan X Y,Zhang L,Potter N J,Xia J,Zhang Y Q. Probabilistic modelling of soil moisture dynamics of irrigated cropland in the North China Plain.Hydrological Sciences Journal,2011,56(1):123-137.
[21]胡健,吕一河.土壤水分动态随机模型研究进展.地理科学进展,2015,34(3):389-400.
[22] Ben-Asher J,Warrick A W. Effect of variations in soil properties and precipitation on microcatchment water balance. Agricultural Water Management,1987,12(3):177-194.
[23] Li X Y,Shi P J,Sun Y L,Tang J,Yang Z P. Influence of various in situ rainwater harvesting methods on soil moisture and growth of Tamarix ramosissima in the semiarid loess region of China. Forest Ecology and Management,2006,233(1):143-148.
[24] Wang Q,Ren X,Song X Y,Hu G R,Zhang E H,Wang H L,Vance M M. The optimum ridge-furrow ratio and suitable ridge-covering material in rainwater harvesting for oats production in semiarid regions of China. Field Crops Research,2015,172:106-118.
[25]姚淑霞,张铜会,赵传成.科尔沁沙地土壤水分动态分析及其概率密度函数模拟.水科学进展,2013,24(1):62-72.
[26]潘兴瑶,夏军,张橹.土壤水分随机模型支持下的土壤水平衡研究进展.资源科学,2008,30(3):460-467.
[27] Nash J E,Sutcliffe J V. River flow forecasting through conceptual models part I—A discussion of principles. Journal of Hydrology,1970,10(3):282-290.
[28]尹鑫卫,李晓玲,康燕霞,王琦,黄彩霞,高亚平.基于SCS-CN模型的沟垄微型集雨系统径流预测.生态学杂志,2015,34(12):3502-3508.
[29]刘鹄,赵文智,何志斌,张立杰.祁连山浅山区草地生态系统点尺度土壤水分动态随机模拟.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2007,37(9):1212-1222.
[30] Zuo Q,Shi J C,Li Y L,Zhang R D. Root length density and water uptake distributions of winter wheat under sub-irrigation. Plant and Soil,2006,285(1/2):45-55.
[31] Miller G R,Baldocchi D D,Law B E,Meyers T. An analysis of soil moisture dynamics using multi-year data from a network of micrometeorological observation sites. Advances in Water Resources,2007,30(5):1065-1081.
[32] Yue S,Wang C Y. The Mann-Kendall test modified by effective sample size to detect trend in serially correlated hydrological series. Water Resources Management,2004,18(3):201-218.
[33] Jarque C M,Bera A K. A test for normality of observations and regression residuals. International Statistical Review,1987,55(2):163-172.
[34]束龙仓,王茂枚,刘瑞国,陈国浩.地下水数值模拟中的参数灵敏度分析.河海大学学报:自然科学版,2007,35(5):491-495.
[35] Zhu A X. A personal construct-based knowledge acquisition process for natural resource mapping. International Journal of Geographical Information Science,1999,13(2):119-141.
[36] Li C J,Wen X X,Wan X J,Liu Y,Han J,Liao Y C,Wu W. Towards the highly effective use of precipitation by ridge-furrow with plastic film mulching instead of relying on irrigation resources in a dry semi-humid area. Field Crops Research,2016,188:62-73.
[37]霍正文,陈文,凡炳文.近54年定西市降水趋势及突变分析.水文,2012,32(3):88-92.
[38]陈敏玲,张兵伟,任婷婷,王珊珊,陈世苹.内蒙古半干旱草原土壤水分对降水格局变化的响应.植物生态学报,2016,40(7):658-668.
[39] Zhou L M,Zhang F,Liu C A. Improved yield by harvesting water with ridges and subgrooves using buried and surface plastic mulchs in a semiarid area of China. Soil and Tillage Research,2015,150:21-29.
[40]王琦,张恩和,李凤民.半干旱地区膜垄和土垄的集雨效率和不同集雨时期土壤水分比较.生态学报,2004,24(8):1816-1819.
[41]任小龙,贾志宽,丁瑞霞,韩清芳.我国旱区作物根域微集水种植技术研究进展及展望.干旱地区农业研究,2010,28(3):83-89.
[42] Li X Y,Xie Z K,Yan X K. Runoff characteristics of artificial catchment materials for rainwater harvesting in the semiarid regions of China.Agricultural Water Management,2004,65(3):211-224.