中国公共图书馆时空格局演变及影响因素研究
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摘要
以1994—2013年中国县域公共图书馆数据为研究基础,运用数理统计和GIS空间分析方法揭示了中国公共图书馆的时空格局及其演变规律,采用多元回归分析和地理探测器分析其时空分异的影响因素及强度差异,并探究其影响机制。结果表明:(1)中国公共图书馆的整体发展水平持续提升,不同等级公共图书馆的数量结构特征展现出由"金字塔型"向"哑铃型"演变的态势;(2)中国公共图书馆在空间上的等级扩散效应较为显著,其集聚水平逐步下降,趋向空间均衡分布方向发展;(3)中国公共图书馆密度分布总体上呈现出逐年提高的趋势,但区域间公共图书馆发展水平的差距在进一步扩大,表现出"东高西低、南高北低"的空间分布格局;(4)中国公共图书馆时空分布格局是经济、社会、文化、政策等诸多因素共同作用的结果,不同时期和不同地区公共图书馆时空分异的主导因素及其作用强度存在差异。
Public library have a key role in public culture service, preserving culture heritages conducting social education, spreading public knowledge and information, and developing intellectual resources. This paper is based on the perspective of geography space-time research, using the data of Chinese county public libraries from 1994 to 2013, using statistics and GIS spatial analysis to gain an insight of the temporal and spatial pattern of Chinese public libraries and to know how they developed. We use multiple regression as analysis method and Geo-detectors as analysis tool to find out what factors have strong impact on the distribution of libraries and intensity differences of the spatial-temporal differentiation of public libraries, then exploring the impact mechanisms. The result shows that: First, the overall level of development of China's public libraries continues to increase. Second, the spatial diffusion effect of China's public libraries is more significant,and their level of aggregation gradually declines and tends to develop in a spatially balanced distribution.Third, the distribution of the density of public libraries in China generally shows an upward trend year by year, but the gap in the development level of public libraries between regions is further widening; In conclusion, The spatial and temporal distribution pattern of public libraries in China is influenced by many factors such as economy, society, culture, and policies.
Public library have a key role in public culture service, preserving culture heritages conducting social education, spreading public knowledge and information, and developing intellectual resources. This paper is based on the perspective of geography space-time research, using the data of Chinese county public libraries from 1994 to 2013, using statistics and GIS spatial analysis to gain an insight of the temporal and spatial pattern of Chinese public libraries and to know how they developed. We use multiple regression as analysis method and Geo-detectors as analysis tool to find out what factors have strong impact on the distribution of libraries and intensity differences of the spatial-temporal differentiation of public libraries, then exploring the impact mechanisms. The result shows that: First, the overall level of development of China's public libraries continues to increase. Second, the spatial diffusion effect of China's public libraries is more significant,and their level of aggregation gradually declines and tends to develop in a spatially balanced distribution.Third, the distribution of the density of public libraries in China generally shows an upward trend year by year, but the gap in the development level of public libraries between regions is further widening; In conclusion, The spatial and temporal distribution pattern of public libraries in China is influenced by many factors such as economy, society, culture, and policies.
引文
[1]王洛忠,李帆.我国基本公共文化服务:指标体系构建与地区差距测量[J].经济社会体制比较,2013(1):184-195.[Wang Luozhong,Li Fan.Basic public cultural services in China:Construction of index system and measurement of regional disparity[J].Comparative Economic&Social Systems,2013(1):184-195.]
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[4]周晓丽,毛寿龙.论我国公共文化服务及其模式选择[J].江苏社会科学,2008(1):90-95.[Zhou Xiaoli,Mao Shoulong.On the public culture service and model choice in China[J].Jiangsu Social Sciences,2008(1):90-95.]
[5]陈伟东,熊光祥.农民工社区文化服务设施建设现状及其发展对策--来自武汉市1103个社区的调查与分析[J].经济地理,2007,27(6):900-903.[Chen Weidong,Xiong Guangxiang.The present condition of farmer workers'community cultural service facilities construction and its development suggestion:The investigation and analysis come from 1103 communities in Wuhan city[J].Economic Geography,2007,27(6):900-903.]
[6]吴宗友,计永超.论公共文化环境建设的资源管理机制[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2011,21(9):168-174.[Wu Zongyou,Ji Yongchao.Abrief discussion on resource management mechanism of the public cultural environment construction[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2011,21(9):168-174.]
[7]何义珠,李露芳.公民参与视角下的城乡公共文化服务均等化研究[J].图书馆杂志,2013,32(6):17-20,43.[He Yizhu,Li Lufang.Equal access to public cultural service in rural and urban area[J].Library Journal,2013,32(6):17-20,43.]
[8]李少惠,余君萍.公共治理视野下我国农村公共文化服务绩效评估研究[J].图书与情报,2009(6):51-54,87.[Li Shaohui,Yu Junping.Research on the performance evaluation of public cultural services in rural China from the perspective of public governance[J].Library and Information,2009(6):51-54,87.]
[9]朱兵.加强立法,建立建全我国公共图书馆法律制度[J].图书馆建设,2016(1):10-12,18.[Zhu Bing.Strengthening legislation,establishing and perfecting the legal system of public library in China[J].Library Development,2016(1):10-12,18.]
[10]Kaiser W H.Postwar standards for public libraries[J].Ala Bulletin,1943,37(8):267-272.
[11]Line M B.Our enduring values:Librarianship in the 21st century[J].Journal of Documentation,2002,58(1):133-136.
[12]Murray S.Consumer health information services in public libraries in Canada and the US[J].Journal of the Canadian Health Libraries Association,2008,29(4):141-143.
[13]Palomino N E,Gouveia P F.Righting the academic paper:A collaboration between library services and the writing centre in a Canadian academic setting[J].New Library World,2011,112(3/4):131-140.
[14]Decker R,Hermelbracht A.Planning and evaluation of new academic library services by means of web-based conjoint analysis[J].Journal of Academic Librarianship,2006,32(6):558-572.
[15]Bowers S L.Privacy and library records[J].Journal of Academic Librarianship,2006,32(4):377-383.
[16]Cooper M.The use of total quality management(TQM)in libraries and information services in Australia and overseas[J].Australian Library Journal,2013,45(2):92-101.
[17]Slatter D,Howard Z.A place to make,hack,and learn:Makerspaces in Australian public libraries[J].Australian Library Journal,2013,62(4):272-284.
[18]Park S J.Measuring public library accessibility:A case study using GIS[J].Library&Information Science Research,2012,34(1):13-21.
[19]Donnelly F P.The geographic distribution of United States public libraries:An analysis of locations and service areas[J].Journal of Librarianship&Information Science,2013,46(2):110-129.
[20]Sin S C J.Neighborhood disparities in access to information resources:Measuring and mapping U.S.public libraries'funding and service landscapes[J].Library&Information Science Research,2011,33(1):41-53.
[21]邱冠华,于良芝,李超平,等.公共图书馆的设置与体系建设研究[J].中国图书馆学报,2010,36(2):16-23,45.[Qiu Guanhua,Yu Liangzhi,Li Chaoping,et al.A study on the establishment and development of a Chinese public service system[J].Journal of Library Science in China,2010,36(2):16-23,45.]
[22]龚娅君.公共图书馆社会“第三文化空间”:内涵、实践与发展[J].图书与情报,2013(2):78-80.[Gong Yajun.Public library society"the third cultural space":Content,practice and development[J].Library and Information,2013(2):78-80.]
[23]丁瑜,李爽,伍艳慈.大众休闲背景下展览展示类文化空间公众感知价值研究--基于广州市中心城区场馆个案的调查[J].世界地理研究,2017,26(1):146-157.[Ding Yu,Li Shuang,Wu Yanci.Perceived value of cultural space in the mass leisure time:A case study of exhibition in Guangzhou downtown[J].World Regional Studies,2017,26(1):146-157.]
[24]洪凯.公共图书馆基本服务均等化:目标、途径与保障条件--基于公共政策分析视角[J].图书馆论坛,2010,30(1):104-107.[Hong Kai.Equalization of public library service:Target,mode and realizing condition:Based on the viewpoint of public policy[J].Library Tribune,2010,30(1):104-107.]
[25]肖容梅.我国公共图书馆法人治理结构建设现状与分析[J].国家图书馆学刊,2014(3):22-28.[Xiao Rongmei.The construction status and analysis of corporate governance of public library in China[J].Journal of the National Library of China,2014(3):22-28.]
[26]范并思.公共图书馆精神的时代辩护[J].中国图书馆学报,2004,30(2):5-11.[Fan Bingsi.A modern defense of the spirit of public libraries[J].Journal of Library Science in China,2004,30(2):5-11.]
[27]柴春梅,王宏卫,刘勤,等.基于主成分Topsis分析法的县域经济发展差异综合评价研究--以新疆南疆地区为例[J].湖南师范大学自然科学学报,2016,39(5):1-8.[Chai Chunmei,Wang Hongwei,Liu Qin,et al.Comprehensive evaluation and research on county economic development differences based on PCA-Topsis model:Exemplified by southern area of Xinjiang provinve[J].Journal of Natural Science of Hunan Normal University,2016,39(5):1-8.]
[28]蔡卫平.广东省公共图书馆布局探讨[J].图书馆论坛,2006,26(6):108-112,148.[Cai Weiping.An exploration on the distribution of public library in Guangdong province[J].Library Tribune,2006,26(6):108-112,148.]
[29]张琪,古恒宇,谢双玉,等.武汉市24小时自助图书馆设立的空间效应研究[J].人文地理,2016,31(5):80-86,105.[Zhang Qi,Gu Hengyu,Xie Shuangyu,et al.A study on the spatial effect of constructing 24-hour self-service libraries in Wuhan[J].Human Geography,2016,31(5):80-86,105.]
[30]梁秀霞.我国公共图书馆科研实力的区域差异研究--以论文产出视角的实证分析[J].图书馆论坛,2013,33(4):47-53.[Liang Xiuxia.Research on regional disparity in research capacity of China's public libraries:An empirical analysis based on published paper output[J].Library Tribune,2013,33(4):47-53.]
[31]曾群,王麟麟,曹梦凡.基于投影寻踪模型的省域公共图书馆发展水平空间分异研究[J].图书馆建设,2017(1):33-39.[Zeng Qun,Wang Linlin,Cao Mengfan.Study on spatial difference of provincial public libraries'development level based on projection pursuit model[J].Library Development,2017(1):33-39.]
[32]刘文云,周泰冰.我国省级公共图书馆网络影响力评价研究[J].图书馆建设,2011(3):85-89.[Liu Wenyun,Zhou Taibing.Research on the evaluation of web impact of provincial public libraries in China[J].Library Development,2011(3):85-89.]
[33]李建霞.地区公共图书馆可持续发展能力的因子分析与综合评价[J].图书情报工作,2007,51(4):84-88.[Li Jianxia.Factor analysis and synthetic evaluation on sustainable development of regional public libraries[J].Library and Information Service,2007,51(4):84-88.]
[34]李名升,佟连军,李治,等.基于基尼系数的经济-环境协调发展及其机制[J].人文地理,2009,24(6):73-78.[Li Mingsheng,Tong Lianjun,Li Zhi,et al.Study on the economy-environment coordinative development and its mechanism based on GINI coefficient[J].Human Geography,2009,24(6):73-78.]
[35]李细归,吴清,李一帆,等.湖北省旅行社空间特征及其影响机理研究[J].旅游论坛,2015,8(4):71-78.[Li Xigui,Wu Qing,Li Yifan,et al.Research on the spatial characteristics and impact mechanism of travel agencies in Hubei[J].Tourism Forum,2015,8(4):71-78.]
[36]王劲峰,徐成东.地理探测器:原理与展望[J].地理学报,2017,72(1):116-134.[Wang Jinfeng,Xu Chendong.Geodetector:Principle and prospective[J].Acta Geographic Sinica,2017,72(1):116-134.]
[37]Wang J F,Li X H,Christakos G,et al.Geographical detectorsbased health risk assessment and its application in the neural tube defects study of the Heshun region,China[J].International Journal of Geographical Information Science,2010,24(1):107-127.
[38]李莉,姚秀燕.我国公共图书馆发展与经济增长关系研究[J].惠州学院学报(社会科学版),2015,35(5):94-98.[Li Li,Yao Xiuyan.On relation between development of public libraries and economic growth[J].Journal of Huizhou University,2015,35(5):94-98.]
[2]马会丽,王宏志,李细归,等.中国博物馆空间分布特征的多尺度分析[J].人文地理,2017,32(6):87-94.[Ma Huili,Wang Hongzhi,Li Xigui,et al.Multi-scale analysis of spatial distribution characteristics of museums in China[J].Human Geography,2017,32(6):87-94.]
[3]罗云川,张彦博,阮平南.“十二五”时期我国公共文化服务体系建设研究[J].图书馆建设,2011(12):6-11.[Luo Yunchuan,Zhang Yanbo,Ruan Pingnan.Research on the construction of public cultural service system in China in the twelfth five-year period[J].Library Development,2011(12):6-11.]
[4]周晓丽,毛寿龙.论我国公共文化服务及其模式选择[J].江苏社会科学,2008(1):90-95.[Zhou Xiaoli,Mao Shoulong.On the public culture service and model choice in China[J].Jiangsu Social Sciences,2008(1):90-95.]
[5]陈伟东,熊光祥.农民工社区文化服务设施建设现状及其发展对策--来自武汉市1103个社区的调查与分析[J].经济地理,2007,27(6):900-903.[Chen Weidong,Xiong Guangxiang.The present condition of farmer workers'community cultural service facilities construction and its development suggestion:The investigation and analysis come from 1103 communities in Wuhan city[J].Economic Geography,2007,27(6):900-903.]
[6]吴宗友,计永超.论公共文化环境建设的资源管理机制[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2011,21(9):168-174.[Wu Zongyou,Ji Yongchao.Abrief discussion on resource management mechanism of the public cultural environment construction[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2011,21(9):168-174.]
[7]何义珠,李露芳.公民参与视角下的城乡公共文化服务均等化研究[J].图书馆杂志,2013,32(6):17-20,43.[He Yizhu,Li Lufang.Equal access to public cultural service in rural and urban area[J].Library Journal,2013,32(6):17-20,43.]
[8]李少惠,余君萍.公共治理视野下我国农村公共文化服务绩效评估研究[J].图书与情报,2009(6):51-54,87.[Li Shaohui,Yu Junping.Research on the performance evaluation of public cultural services in rural China from the perspective of public governance[J].Library and Information,2009(6):51-54,87.]
[9]朱兵.加强立法,建立建全我国公共图书馆法律制度[J].图书馆建设,2016(1):10-12,18.[Zhu Bing.Strengthening legislation,establishing and perfecting the legal system of public library in China[J].Library Development,2016(1):10-12,18.]
[10]Kaiser W H.Postwar standards for public libraries[J].Ala Bulletin,1943,37(8):267-272.
[11]Line M B.Our enduring values:Librarianship in the 21st century[J].Journal of Documentation,2002,58(1):133-136.
[12]Murray S.Consumer health information services in public libraries in Canada and the US[J].Journal of the Canadian Health Libraries Association,2008,29(4):141-143.
[13]Palomino N E,Gouveia P F.Righting the academic paper:A collaboration between library services and the writing centre in a Canadian academic setting[J].New Library World,2011,112(3/4):131-140.
[14]Decker R,Hermelbracht A.Planning and evaluation of new academic library services by means of web-based conjoint analysis[J].Journal of Academic Librarianship,2006,32(6):558-572.
[15]Bowers S L.Privacy and library records[J].Journal of Academic Librarianship,2006,32(4):377-383.
[16]Cooper M.The use of total quality management(TQM)in libraries and information services in Australia and overseas[J].Australian Library Journal,2013,45(2):92-101.
[17]Slatter D,Howard Z.A place to make,hack,and learn:Makerspaces in Australian public libraries[J].Australian Library Journal,2013,62(4):272-284.
[18]Park S J.Measuring public library accessibility:A case study using GIS[J].Library&Information Science Research,2012,34(1):13-21.
[19]Donnelly F P.The geographic distribution of United States public libraries:An analysis of locations and service areas[J].Journal of Librarianship&Information Science,2013,46(2):110-129.
[20]Sin S C J.Neighborhood disparities in access to information resources:Measuring and mapping U.S.public libraries'funding and service landscapes[J].Library&Information Science Research,2011,33(1):41-53.
[21]邱冠华,于良芝,李超平,等.公共图书馆的设置与体系建设研究[J].中国图书馆学报,2010,36(2):16-23,45.[Qiu Guanhua,Yu Liangzhi,Li Chaoping,et al.A study on the establishment and development of a Chinese public service system[J].Journal of Library Science in China,2010,36(2):16-23,45.]
[22]龚娅君.公共图书馆社会“第三文化空间”:内涵、实践与发展[J].图书与情报,2013(2):78-80.[Gong Yajun.Public library society"the third cultural space":Content,practice and development[J].Library and Information,2013(2):78-80.]
[23]丁瑜,李爽,伍艳慈.大众休闲背景下展览展示类文化空间公众感知价值研究--基于广州市中心城区场馆个案的调查[J].世界地理研究,2017,26(1):146-157.[Ding Yu,Li Shuang,Wu Yanci.Perceived value of cultural space in the mass leisure time:A case study of exhibition in Guangzhou downtown[J].World Regional Studies,2017,26(1):146-157.]
[24]洪凯.公共图书馆基本服务均等化:目标、途径与保障条件--基于公共政策分析视角[J].图书馆论坛,2010,30(1):104-107.[Hong Kai.Equalization of public library service:Target,mode and realizing condition:Based on the viewpoint of public policy[J].Library Tribune,2010,30(1):104-107.]
[25]肖容梅.我国公共图书馆法人治理结构建设现状与分析[J].国家图书馆学刊,2014(3):22-28.[Xiao Rongmei.The construction status and analysis of corporate governance of public library in China[J].Journal of the National Library of China,2014(3):22-28.]
[26]范并思.公共图书馆精神的时代辩护[J].中国图书馆学报,2004,30(2):5-11.[Fan Bingsi.A modern defense of the spirit of public libraries[J].Journal of Library Science in China,2004,30(2):5-11.]
[27]柴春梅,王宏卫,刘勤,等.基于主成分Topsis分析法的县域经济发展差异综合评价研究--以新疆南疆地区为例[J].湖南师范大学自然科学学报,2016,39(5):1-8.[Chai Chunmei,Wang Hongwei,Liu Qin,et al.Comprehensive evaluation and research on county economic development differences based on PCA-Topsis model:Exemplified by southern area of Xinjiang provinve[J].Journal of Natural Science of Hunan Normal University,2016,39(5):1-8.]
[28]蔡卫平.广东省公共图书馆布局探讨[J].图书馆论坛,2006,26(6):108-112,148.[Cai Weiping.An exploration on the distribution of public library in Guangdong province[J].Library Tribune,2006,26(6):108-112,148.]
[29]张琪,古恒宇,谢双玉,等.武汉市24小时自助图书馆设立的空间效应研究[J].人文地理,2016,31(5):80-86,105.[Zhang Qi,Gu Hengyu,Xie Shuangyu,et al.A study on the spatial effect of constructing 24-hour self-service libraries in Wuhan[J].Human Geography,2016,31(5):80-86,105.]
[30]梁秀霞.我国公共图书馆科研实力的区域差异研究--以论文产出视角的实证分析[J].图书馆论坛,2013,33(4):47-53.[Liang Xiuxia.Research on regional disparity in research capacity of China's public libraries:An empirical analysis based on published paper output[J].Library Tribune,2013,33(4):47-53.]
[31]曾群,王麟麟,曹梦凡.基于投影寻踪模型的省域公共图书馆发展水平空间分异研究[J].图书馆建设,2017(1):33-39.[Zeng Qun,Wang Linlin,Cao Mengfan.Study on spatial difference of provincial public libraries'development level based on projection pursuit model[J].Library Development,2017(1):33-39.]
[32]刘文云,周泰冰.我国省级公共图书馆网络影响力评价研究[J].图书馆建设,2011(3):85-89.[Liu Wenyun,Zhou Taibing.Research on the evaluation of web impact of provincial public libraries in China[J].Library Development,2011(3):85-89.]
[33]李建霞.地区公共图书馆可持续发展能力的因子分析与综合评价[J].图书情报工作,2007,51(4):84-88.[Li Jianxia.Factor analysis and synthetic evaluation on sustainable development of regional public libraries[J].Library and Information Service,2007,51(4):84-88.]
[34]李名升,佟连军,李治,等.基于基尼系数的经济-环境协调发展及其机制[J].人文地理,2009,24(6):73-78.[Li Mingsheng,Tong Lianjun,Li Zhi,et al.Study on the economy-environment coordinative development and its mechanism based on GINI coefficient[J].Human Geography,2009,24(6):73-78.]
[35]李细归,吴清,李一帆,等.湖北省旅行社空间特征及其影响机理研究[J].旅游论坛,2015,8(4):71-78.[Li Xigui,Wu Qing,Li Yifan,et al.Research on the spatial characteristics and impact mechanism of travel agencies in Hubei[J].Tourism Forum,2015,8(4):71-78.]
[36]王劲峰,徐成东.地理探测器:原理与展望[J].地理学报,2017,72(1):116-134.[Wang Jinfeng,Xu Chendong.Geodetector:Principle and prospective[J].Acta Geographic Sinica,2017,72(1):116-134.]
[37]Wang J F,Li X H,Christakos G,et al.Geographical detectorsbased health risk assessment and its application in the neural tube defects study of the Heshun region,China[J].International Journal of Geographical Information Science,2010,24(1):107-127.
[38]李莉,姚秀燕.我国公共图书馆发展与经济增长关系研究[J].惠州学院学报(社会科学版),2015,35(5):94-98.[Li Li,Yao Xiuyan.On relation between development of public libraries and economic growth[J].Journal of Huizhou University,2015,35(5):94-98.]