横轴流式玉米柔性脱粒装置设计与试验
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摘要
针对黄淮海地区玉米籽粒直收过程中籽粒破碎率和未脱净率高的问题,结合现有玉米脱粒滚筒的结构特点,设计了横轴流式玉米柔性脱粒装置。该装置内置柔性脱粒滚筒,脱粒元件采用柔性钉齿和弹性短纹杆组合结构,实现了玉米果穗的柔性低损伤脱粒。研究了滚筒关键设计参数对脱粒性能的影响,建立了该脱粒滚筒关键结构参数的设计方法;利用ADAMS软件进行了动平衡模拟仿真,开展脱粒系统的动平衡试验,保证了整机工作的可靠性;选取滚筒转速、脱粒间隙和喂入量作为试验因素进行了室内台架正交试验,确定较优参数组合:喂入量为8 kg/s,滚筒转速为450 r/min,凹板间隙为40 mm。在该条件下,玉米果穗的籽粒破碎率为0. 65%,未脱净率为0. 59%,符合国家相关标准要求。
Corn has become the top substitute for rice and wheat,thereby significantly influencing the lives of people involved in increasing corn production. The technology of corn harvesting has been developing toward the direction of mechanical harvesting. At present,corn grain harvesting can complete harvesting,threshing and cleaning process at one time,which reduces operation process and improves working efficiency. It is the development trend of corn harvest. However,the corn grain moisture content restricts the development of corn grain harvest. In order to solve the problem of high maize kernel damaged rate and high un-threshed rate during the corn harvest in Huang-Huai-Hai region,a transverse axial flow corn threshing test system was designed which used flexible tooth and elastic short rasp bar as threshing elements. In order to make the material in the cylinder have a transmission capacity,the flexible tooth and elastic short rasp bar were arranged in four heads. The test system adopted grid concave. Six spiral guide bars were arranged at the inner wall of the cover to assist the speed of material movement. The key design parameters of this type threshing system were calculated and explained. For the sake of reliability,the dynamic balance simulation was carried out with ADAMS software and YYW-1000 dynamic balance machine checked the accuracy. The threshing cylinder speed,concave clearance and feed rate were selected as the influence factors,and the maize kernel damaged rate and un-threshed rate were selected as the performance indexes in the orthogonal experiments. The optimal experimental results were as follows: threshing cylinder speed was 450 r/min,the concave clearance was 40 mm and the feed rate was 8 kg/s. And the corresponding performance indexes were as follows: the maize kernel damaged rate was 0. 65%, the un-threshed rate was 0. 59%, which could completely reach the requirement of the national standards in China. The research result of the threshing system provided reference for design of the type of corn harvester.
Corn has become the top substitute for rice and wheat,thereby significantly influencing the lives of people involved in increasing corn production. The technology of corn harvesting has been developing toward the direction of mechanical harvesting. At present,corn grain harvesting can complete harvesting,threshing and cleaning process at one time,which reduces operation process and improves working efficiency. It is the development trend of corn harvest. However,the corn grain moisture content restricts the development of corn grain harvest. In order to solve the problem of high maize kernel damaged rate and high un-threshed rate during the corn harvest in Huang-Huai-Hai region,a transverse axial flow corn threshing test system was designed which used flexible tooth and elastic short rasp bar as threshing elements. In order to make the material in the cylinder have a transmission capacity,the flexible tooth and elastic short rasp bar were arranged in four heads. The test system adopted grid concave. Six spiral guide bars were arranged at the inner wall of the cover to assist the speed of material movement. The key design parameters of this type threshing system were calculated and explained. For the sake of reliability,the dynamic balance simulation was carried out with ADAMS software and YYW-1000 dynamic balance machine checked the accuracy. The threshing cylinder speed,concave clearance and feed rate were selected as the influence factors,and the maize kernel damaged rate and un-threshed rate were selected as the performance indexes in the orthogonal experiments. The optimal experimental results were as follows: threshing cylinder speed was 450 r/min,the concave clearance was 40 mm and the feed rate was 8 kg/s. And the corresponding performance indexes were as follows: the maize kernel damaged rate was 0. 65%, the un-threshed rate was 0. 59%, which could completely reach the requirement of the national standards in China. The research result of the threshing system provided reference for design of the type of corn harvester.
引文
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[6]邸志峰,崔中凯,张华,等.组合式轴流玉米脱粒滚筒的设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(1):28-34.DI Zhifeng,CUI Zhongkai,ZHANG Hua,et al. Design and experiment of rasp bar and nail tooth combined axial flow corn threshing cylinder[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2018,34(1):28-34.(in Chinese)
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[8] PETKEVICHIUS S,SHPOKAS L,KUTZBACH H D. Investigation of the maize ear threshing process[J]. Biosystems Engineering,2008,99(4):532-539.
[9] SRISON W,CHUAN-UDOM S,SAENGPRACHATANARUG K. Design factors affecting losses and power consumption of an axial flow corn shelling unit[J]. Songklanakarin Journal of Science&Technology,2016,38(5):591-598.
[10]何晓鹏,蔡学斌,师建芳,等.挤搓式玉米脱粒机的研制[J].农业工程学报,2003,19(2):105-108.HE Xiaopeng,CAI Xuebin,SHI Jianfang,et al. Research and design on corn sheller by extruding and rubbing method[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2003,19(2):105-108.(in Chinese)
[11]李心平,李玉柱,高吭,等.种子玉米籽粒仿生脱粒机理分析[J].农业机械学报,2011,42(2):99-103.LI Xinping,LI Yuzhu,GAO Hang,et al. Bionic threshing progress analysis of seed corn kernel[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2011,42(2):99-103.(in Chinese)
[12]李心平,熊师,杜哲,等.浮动式玉米单穗脱粒装置设计与试验[J/OL].农业机械学报,2017,48(7):104-111.LI Xinping,XIONG Shi,DU Zhe,et al. Design and experiment on floating corn single panicle threshing device[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2017,48(7):104-111. http:∥www. j-csam. org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract. aspx? flag=1&file_no=20170713&journal_id=jcsam. DOI:10. 6041/j. issn. 1000-1298. 2017. 07.013.(in Chinese)
[13]李心平,马义东,金鑫,等.玉米种子仿生脱粒机设计与试验[J/OL].农业机械学报,2015,46(7):97-101.LI Xinping,MA Yidong,JIN Xin,et al. Design and test of corn seed bionic threshing[J/OL]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2015,46(7):97-101. http:∥www. j-csam. org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract. aspx?flag=1&file_no=20150715&journal_id=jcsam. DOI:10. 6041/j. issn. 1000-1298. 2015. 07. 015.(in Chinese)
[14]赵武云.组合式螺旋板齿种子玉米脱粒装置研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2012.ZHAO Wuyun. Research on combined type of spiral bar tooth threshing mechanism for seed corn[D]. Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2012.(in Chinese)
[15] MIU P I,KUTZBACH H D. Mathematical model of material kinematics in an axial threshing unit[J]. Computers&Electronics in Agriculture,2007,58(2):93-99.
[16] MIU P I,KUTZBACH H D. Modeling and simulation of grain threshing and separation in threshing units[J]. Computers&Electronics in Agriculture,2008,60(1):105-109.
[17]徐立章,李耀明,王成红,等.切纵流双滚筒联合收获机脱粒分离装置[J/OL].农业机械学报,2014,45(2):105-108.XU Lizhang,LI Yaoming,WANG Chenghong,et al. A combinational threshing and separating unit of combine harvester with a transverse tangential cylinder and an axial rotor[J/OL]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2014,45(2):105-108. http:∥www. j-csam. org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract. aspx? flag=1&file_no=20140218&journal_id=jcsam. DOI:10. 6041/j. issn. 1000-1298. 2014. 02. 018.(in Chinese)
[18]耿端阳.新编农业机械学[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2011.
[19]中国农业机械化科学研究院.农业机械设计手册(下)[M].北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,2007.
[20]杨玉芬,张永丽,张本华,等.典型玉米种子籽粒的静压破损试验研究[J].农机化研究,2008,30(7):149-151.
[21]蔡超杰,陈志,韩增德,等.种子玉米生物力学特性与脱粒性能的关系研究[J].农机化研究,2017,39(4):192-196.CAI Chaojie,CHEN Zhi,HAN Zengde,et al. Stduy on relationship of biomechanical characteristics of corn seed and threshing perforcane[J]. Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2017,39(4):192-196.(in Chinese)
[22]李心平,熊师,耿令新,等.含水率对玉米果穗抗压特性的影响[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(2):25-31.LI Xinping,XIONG Shi,GENG Lingxin,et al. Influence of water content on anti-pressing properties of corn ear[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2018,34(2):25-31.(in Chinese)
[23]成大先.机械设计手册[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2014.
[24]许大兴,杨健明.卧式轴流脱粒分离装置研究[J].农业机械学报,1984,15(3):57-66.XU Daxing,YANG Jianming. Study of horizontal axial-flow threshing-separating unit characteristics[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,1984,15(3):57-66.(in Chinese)
[25] PETKEVICIUS S,SPLKAS L,STEPONAVICIOUS D. Substantiation of technological parameters of wet maize ear threshing[J]. Agronomy Research,2008,6(Special Issue):271-280.
[26]朱金光,冷峻,张荣玲,等. ADAMS虚拟实验在收获机滚筒动平衡中的应用[J].农业装备与车辆工程,2013,51(9):56-58.ZHU Jinguang,LENG Jun,ZHANG Rongling,et al. Application of ADAMS virtual experiments for dynamic balance of the harvester roller[J]. Agricultural Equipment&Vehicle Engineering,2013,51(9):56-58.(in Chinese)
[27] GB/T 9239. 2—2006机械振动恒态(刚性)转子平衡品质要求第2部分:平衡误差[S]. 2006.
[28]王颉.试验设计与SPSS应用[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2007.
[2]相茂国.玉米籽粒直收机械适应性研究[D].淄博:山东理工大学,2014.XIANG Maoguo. Study on the adaptability of corn grain harvesting device[D]. Zibo:Shandong University of Technology,2014.(in Chinese)
[3]雷晓鹏.黄淮海地区玉米机械收获籽粒可行性研究[D].保定:河北农业大学,2015.LEI Xiaopeng. Studies on the feasibility of maize mechanically harvesting grain in Huanghuaihai regions[D]. Baoding:Hebei Agricultural University,2015.(in Chinese)
[4]屈哲,张东兴,杨丽,等.纵轴流玉米脱粒分离装置喂入量与滚筒转速试验[J/OL].农业机械学报,2018,49(2):58-65.QU Zhe,ZHANG Dongxing,YANG Li,et al. Experimental study on feed rate and cylinder speed of longitudinal axial flow maize threshing and separating device[J/OL]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2018,49(2):58-65. http:∥www. j-csam. org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract. aspx? flag=1&file_no=20180208&journal_id=jcsam.DOI:10. 6041/j. issn. 1000-1298. 2018. 02. 008.(in Chinese)
[5]杨立权,王万章,张红梅,等.切流-横轴流玉米脱粒系统改进设计及台架试验[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(1):35-43.YANG Liquan,WANG Wanzhang,ZHANG Hongmei,et al. Improved design and bench test based on tangential flow-transverse axial flow threshing system[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2018,34(1):35-43.(in Chinese)
[6]邸志峰,崔中凯,张华,等.组合式轴流玉米脱粒滚筒的设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(1):28-34.DI Zhifeng,CUI Zhongkai,ZHANG Hua,et al. Design and experiment of rasp bar and nail tooth combined axial flow corn threshing cylinder[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2018,34(1):28-34.(in Chinese)
[7] BURKHARDT T H,STOUT B A. Laboratory investigations of corn shelling utilizing high-velocity impact loading[J].Transactions of the ASABE,1974,17(3):11-14.
[8] PETKEVICHIUS S,SHPOKAS L,KUTZBACH H D. Investigation of the maize ear threshing process[J]. Biosystems Engineering,2008,99(4):532-539.
[9] SRISON W,CHUAN-UDOM S,SAENGPRACHATANARUG K. Design factors affecting losses and power consumption of an axial flow corn shelling unit[J]. Songklanakarin Journal of Science&Technology,2016,38(5):591-598.
[10]何晓鹏,蔡学斌,师建芳,等.挤搓式玉米脱粒机的研制[J].农业工程学报,2003,19(2):105-108.HE Xiaopeng,CAI Xuebin,SHI Jianfang,et al. Research and design on corn sheller by extruding and rubbing method[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2003,19(2):105-108.(in Chinese)
[11]李心平,李玉柱,高吭,等.种子玉米籽粒仿生脱粒机理分析[J].农业机械学报,2011,42(2):99-103.LI Xinping,LI Yuzhu,GAO Hang,et al. Bionic threshing progress analysis of seed corn kernel[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2011,42(2):99-103.(in Chinese)
[12]李心平,熊师,杜哲,等.浮动式玉米单穗脱粒装置设计与试验[J/OL].农业机械学报,2017,48(7):104-111.LI Xinping,XIONG Shi,DU Zhe,et al. Design and experiment on floating corn single panicle threshing device[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2017,48(7):104-111. http:∥www. j-csam. org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract. aspx? flag=1&file_no=20170713&journal_id=jcsam. DOI:10. 6041/j. issn. 1000-1298. 2017. 07.013.(in Chinese)
[13]李心平,马义东,金鑫,等.玉米种子仿生脱粒机设计与试验[J/OL].农业机械学报,2015,46(7):97-101.LI Xinping,MA Yidong,JIN Xin,et al. Design and test of corn seed bionic threshing[J/OL]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2015,46(7):97-101. http:∥www. j-csam. org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract. aspx?flag=1&file_no=20150715&journal_id=jcsam. DOI:10. 6041/j. issn. 1000-1298. 2015. 07. 015.(in Chinese)
[14]赵武云.组合式螺旋板齿种子玉米脱粒装置研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2012.ZHAO Wuyun. Research on combined type of spiral bar tooth threshing mechanism for seed corn[D]. Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2012.(in Chinese)
[15] MIU P I,KUTZBACH H D. Mathematical model of material kinematics in an axial threshing unit[J]. Computers&Electronics in Agriculture,2007,58(2):93-99.
[16] MIU P I,KUTZBACH H D. Modeling and simulation of grain threshing and separation in threshing units[J]. Computers&Electronics in Agriculture,2008,60(1):105-109.
[17]徐立章,李耀明,王成红,等.切纵流双滚筒联合收获机脱粒分离装置[J/OL].农业机械学报,2014,45(2):105-108.XU Lizhang,LI Yaoming,WANG Chenghong,et al. A combinational threshing and separating unit of combine harvester with a transverse tangential cylinder and an axial rotor[J/OL]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2014,45(2):105-108. http:∥www. j-csam. org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract. aspx? flag=1&file_no=20140218&journal_id=jcsam. DOI:10. 6041/j. issn. 1000-1298. 2014. 02. 018.(in Chinese)
[18]耿端阳.新编农业机械学[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2011.
[19]中国农业机械化科学研究院.农业机械设计手册(下)[M].北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,2007.
[20]杨玉芬,张永丽,张本华,等.典型玉米种子籽粒的静压破损试验研究[J].农机化研究,2008,30(7):149-151.
[21]蔡超杰,陈志,韩增德,等.种子玉米生物力学特性与脱粒性能的关系研究[J].农机化研究,2017,39(4):192-196.CAI Chaojie,CHEN Zhi,HAN Zengde,et al. Stduy on relationship of biomechanical characteristics of corn seed and threshing perforcane[J]. Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2017,39(4):192-196.(in Chinese)
[22]李心平,熊师,耿令新,等.含水率对玉米果穗抗压特性的影响[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(2):25-31.LI Xinping,XIONG Shi,GENG Lingxin,et al. Influence of water content on anti-pressing properties of corn ear[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2018,34(2):25-31.(in Chinese)
[23]成大先.机械设计手册[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2014.
[24]许大兴,杨健明.卧式轴流脱粒分离装置研究[J].农业机械学报,1984,15(3):57-66.XU Daxing,YANG Jianming. Study of horizontal axial-flow threshing-separating unit characteristics[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,1984,15(3):57-66.(in Chinese)
[25] PETKEVICIUS S,SPLKAS L,STEPONAVICIOUS D. Substantiation of technological parameters of wet maize ear threshing[J]. Agronomy Research,2008,6(Special Issue):271-280.
[26]朱金光,冷峻,张荣玲,等. ADAMS虚拟实验在收获机滚筒动平衡中的应用[J].农业装备与车辆工程,2013,51(9):56-58.ZHU Jinguang,LENG Jun,ZHANG Rongling,et al. Application of ADAMS virtual experiments for dynamic balance of the harvester roller[J]. Agricultural Equipment&Vehicle Engineering,2013,51(9):56-58.(in Chinese)
[27] GB/T 9239. 2—2006机械振动恒态(刚性)转子平衡品质要求第2部分:平衡误差[S]. 2006.
[28]王颉.试验设计与SPSS应用[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2007.