清代赣南客家家族尝产运作研究
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摘要
分家析产与家族共财是中国传统社会家族财产处置的两种主要形式,内蕴着特定家族资产管理的"诸子均分"原则和家族治理的"私—公"二元结构逻辑,是理解传统乡村经济关系和小农社会的两把钥匙。通过对清代赣南客家地区数份"尝簿"文献关于"颖川郡钟氏"家族尝产处置的考察分析,可以看出清代赣南客家家族关于尝产的处置十分谨慎,既体现"照房照丁分息""照丁均分"原则,又不同于分家析产以稀释族产的家族共财策略;对于尝簿的订定,除了彰显了传统时期赣南客家族群祖先崇拜、敬宗收族的一般心理外,围绕为科举而抽立油火、衣资田谷和对子孙读书场所的重视,以及为祭祀祖先而开展的尝产管理、赁耕、颁胙等活动,地方家族亦由此构建一整套为其家族治理服务的"公"的网络体系,进而为其家族公产之社会效益和经济效益的实现提供了制度保障。
The separation of family property and the sharing of family wealth are two main forms of family property disposal in traditional Chinese society. It contains the principle of "dividing the family assets equally" in the management of specific family assets and the dual structural logic of "private-public" in family management. It is the two keys to understand the traditional rural economic relations and the small-scale peasant society. Through the investigation and analysis of several "Chang Bu" documents on the disposal of the sacrificial industry of the Zhong family in Yingchuan County in the Hakka area of southern Jiangxi in the Qing Dynasty, we can see that the disposal of the sacrificial industry of the Hakka family in southern Jiangxi in the Qing Dynasty was very cautious, which not only embodied the principle of "dividing the interest according to the houses and dividing the dividend equally", but also was different from the strategy of dividing the family and analyzing the property to dilute the family property. In addition to demonstrating the general mentality of ancestor worship and patriarchal worship of the Hakka clan in southern Jiangxi in the traditional period, the formulation of the books and documents focused on setting up oil fires, clothing, fields and valleys for imperial examinations, paying attention to reading places for future generations, and carrying out activities such as sacrificial industry management, renting land and family equalization finance for ancestor worship. The "public" network system of governance services provides institutional guarantee for the realization of social and economic benefits of family public property.
The separation of family property and the sharing of family wealth are two main forms of family property disposal in traditional Chinese society. It contains the principle of "dividing the family assets equally" in the management of specific family assets and the dual structural logic of "private-public" in family management. It is the two keys to understand the traditional rural economic relations and the small-scale peasant society. Through the investigation and analysis of several "Chang Bu" documents on the disposal of the sacrificial industry of the Zhong family in Yingchuan County in the Hakka area of southern Jiangxi in the Qing Dynasty, we can see that the disposal of the sacrificial industry of the Hakka family in southern Jiangxi in the Qing Dynasty was very cautious, which not only embodied the principle of "dividing the interest according to the houses and dividing the dividend equally", but also was different from the strategy of dividing the family and analyzing the property to dilute the family property. In addition to demonstrating the general mentality of ancestor worship and patriarchal worship of the Hakka clan in southern Jiangxi in the traditional period, the formulation of the books and documents focused on setting up oil fires, clothing, fields and valleys for imperial examinations, paying attention to reading places for future generations, and carrying out activities such as sacrificial industry management, renting land and family equalization finance for ancestor worship. The "public" network system of governance services provides institutional guarantee for the realization of social and economic benefits of family public property.
引文
[1] 惠清楼.清代宗族经济关系探略[J].南开学报,2017(5):151-160.
[2] 林济.近代长江中游家族财产习俗制度述论[J].中国社会经济史研究,2001(1):56-68.
[3] 傅衣凌.中国传统社会:多元的结构[J].中国社会经济史研究,1988(3):1-7.
[4] 中共中央文献研究室.毛泽东农村调查文集[M].北京:人民出版社,1982.
(1)比较典型的研究成果如蒙绍荣:《壮族历史上的“蒸尝田”奖学金制度》,《广西民族学院学报(哲学社会科学版)》1989年第3期;林济:《近代长江中游家族财产习俗制度述论》,《中国社会经济史研究》2001年第1期;刘淼:《中国传统社会的资产运作形态——关于徽州宗族“族会”的会产处置》,《中国社会经济史研究》2002年第2期;张佩国:《近代江南乡村的族产分配与家庭伦理》,《江苏社会科学》2002年第2期;周晓光:《明清徽州民间的众存祀会》,《安徽师范大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2010年第2期;赵思渊:《微型宗族组织的衰落过程研究——歙县驼岗萧江氏的世系演变与祀产经营(1869—1928)》,《安徽大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》,2014年第3期;郝平:《晚清民国清徐县王氏家族分家析产初探》,《清华大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2017年第4期;童旭:《清代徽州的祀会与祭祖》,《安徽大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2018年第6期等。
[2] 林济.近代长江中游家族财产习俗制度述论[J].中国社会经济史研究,2001(1):56-68.
[3] 傅衣凌.中国传统社会:多元的结构[J].中国社会经济史研究,1988(3):1-7.
[4] 中共中央文献研究室.毛泽东农村调查文集[M].北京:人民出版社,1982.
(1)比较典型的研究成果如蒙绍荣:《壮族历史上的“蒸尝田”奖学金制度》,《广西民族学院学报(哲学社会科学版)》1989年第3期;林济:《近代长江中游家族财产习俗制度述论》,《中国社会经济史研究》2001年第1期;刘淼:《中国传统社会的资产运作形态——关于徽州宗族“族会”的会产处置》,《中国社会经济史研究》2002年第2期;张佩国:《近代江南乡村的族产分配与家庭伦理》,《江苏社会科学》2002年第2期;周晓光:《明清徽州民间的众存祀会》,《安徽师范大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2010年第2期;赵思渊:《微型宗族组织的衰落过程研究——歙县驼岗萧江氏的世系演变与祀产经营(1869—1928)》,《安徽大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》,2014年第3期;郝平:《晚清民国清徐县王氏家族分家析产初探》,《清华大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2017年第4期;童旭:《清代徽州的祀会与祭祖》,《安徽大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2018年第6期等。