山东淄博城市和近郊土壤元素地球化学特征及生态风险研究
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摘要
以淄博城市土壤为研究对象,应用统计学方法对土壤地球化学特征进行研究,采用单因子指数和尼梅罗综合指数法对土壤环境质量进行评价,同时采用Hakanson提出的潜在生态危害指数法对土壤重金属的潜在生态危害进行评价,并对其产生的生态环境效应进行研究。结果表明:Hg、Cd、S、Pb、Se、Org C等元素或指标在表层土壤中的含量明显大于深层,二者间相关性较差,且表层土壤存在明显碱化特征,受到不同程度人为活动影响;单因子评价Cd、Cu、Hg、Ni、Zn都出现污染,其中Cd污染面积最大,达到5.11%,综合污染评价土壤环境质量整体良好,污染土壤占9.84%,其形成可能与工业生产和人类活动有关;潜在生态危害程度最强的重金属是Hg、Cd,局部地段已经达到强、极强潜在生态危害水平,综合重金属潜在生态危害水平整体表现为中等,其轻微、中等、强、很强生态危害的比例分别为29.32%、55.02%、12.85%、2.81%,从空间分布上来看,强、很强潜在生态危害区分布与各类工业空间布局相吻合,种植的蔬菜中Cd、Pb、Zn、Hg等重金属有不同程度超标现象,需加强对土壤及农产品进行协同监测与评价,防止土壤重金属污染加重影响人体健康。
Determination of chemical elements was performed in urban and suburban areas of Zibo City. For this purpose, the statistical principles, univariate and multivariate Nemerow comprehensive index, Hakanson potential ecological risk methods were applied in order to assess the geochemical characteristics of these elements, soil environment quality, potential ecological risks, and their impact on environment and crops. The investigation reveals that the values of Hg, Cd, S, Pb, Se, Org C and some othercomponents at the surface soil are significantly higher than those in deep soil, that there exists poor correlation of elements and index between surface and deep soil, and surface soil samples, affected by different degrees of human activities, are obviously alkaline. Furthermore, single pollutant evaluation shows various degrees of contamination of Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, and Zn in soil, in which the pollution area of Cd is the biggest, accounting for 5.11% of the whole city, and the comprehensive pollutant evaluation of overall soil is effective, which reveals that 9.84% of the soil samples have been contaminated, and its formation may be associated with industrial production and human activities. Heavy metals Hg, Cd seem to be the highest potential ecological risk elements, and local area has reached strong or extreme potential ecological risk level, whereas the comprehensive potential ecological risk evaluation is overall medium, with the mild, moderate, strong and extreme harm area accounting for 29.32%, 55.02%, 12.85%,2.81%, respectively. From the spatial distribution, strong and extreme potential ecological risk areas coincide types of industrial space layout; furthermore, the values of Cd, Pb, Zn, Hg and other heavy metals of the crop samples exceed the standard limits in different degrees, which suggests that the soil and agricultural products should be monitored and evaluated cooperatively to prevent heavy metal pollution and aggravate human health.
Determination of chemical elements was performed in urban and suburban areas of Zibo City. For this purpose, the statistical principles, univariate and multivariate Nemerow comprehensive index, Hakanson potential ecological risk methods were applied in order to assess the geochemical characteristics of these elements, soil environment quality, potential ecological risks, and their impact on environment and crops. The investigation reveals that the values of Hg, Cd, S, Pb, Se, Org C and some othercomponents at the surface soil are significantly higher than those in deep soil, that there exists poor correlation of elements and index between surface and deep soil, and surface soil samples, affected by different degrees of human activities, are obviously alkaline. Furthermore, single pollutant evaluation shows various degrees of contamination of Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, and Zn in soil, in which the pollution area of Cd is the biggest, accounting for 5.11% of the whole city, and the comprehensive pollutant evaluation of overall soil is effective, which reveals that 9.84% of the soil samples have been contaminated, and its formation may be associated with industrial production and human activities. Heavy metals Hg, Cd seem to be the highest potential ecological risk elements, and local area has reached strong or extreme potential ecological risk level, whereas the comprehensive potential ecological risk evaluation is overall medium, with the mild, moderate, strong and extreme harm area accounting for 29.32%, 55.02%, 12.85%,2.81%, respectively. From the spatial distribution, strong and extreme potential ecological risk areas coincide types of industrial space layout; furthermore, the values of Cd, Pb, Zn, Hg and other heavy metals of the crop samples exceed the standard limits in different degrees, which suggests that the soil and agricultural products should be monitored and evaluated cooperatively to prevent heavy metal pollution and aggravate human health.
引文
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Lewis J.1985.Leand poisoning:a historical perspective[J].EPAJournal,11:15-18.
Liao Qilin,Hua Ming,Jin Yang,Huang Shunsheng,Zhu Bowan,Wang Zhihua,Pan Yongmin.2009.A preliminary study of the distribution and pollution source of heavy metals in soils of Jiangsu Provin[J].Geology in China,36(5):1163-1174(in Chinese with English abstract).
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Ma Deyi,Wang Juying.2003.Evaluation on potential ecological risk of sediment pollution in main estuaries of China[J].China Environment Science,23(5):521-525(in Chinese with English abstract).
Peng Xiuhong,Ni Shijun,Fang Min.2006.Evaluation of impact on heavy metals in soil in urban industry area[J].Guangdong Trace Element Science,13(11):44-47(in Chinese with English abstract).
The Minister of Health of the People's Republic of China.2005.GB2762-2005 Tolerance limits of contamination in foods[EB/OL].http://www.doc88.com/p-89492347988.html,2012-09-26.
Wang Cunlong,Zeng Xiandong,Liu Huafeng,Yang Liyuan,Wang Hongjin,Pang Xugui.2015.The present situation of soil environmental quality and the distribution and migration regularity of heavy metals in soil of Yantai[J].Geology in China,42(1):317-330(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang Xueqiu,Zhou Jian,Xu Shanfa,Chi Qinghua,Nie Lanshi,Zhang Bimin,Yao Wensheng,Wang Wei,Liu Hanliang,Liu Dongsheng,Han Zhixuan,Liu Qingqing.2016.China soil geochemical baselines networks:data characteristics[J].Geology in China,43(5):1469-1480(in Chinese with English abstract).
Xu Youning,Zhang Jianghua,Ke Hailing,Liu Runping,Chen Huaqing.2013.Cd contamination of farmland soil in a gold mining area and its environmental effects[J].Geology in China,40(2):636-643(in Chinese with English abstract).
Xu Youning,Zhang Jianghua,Liu Ruiping,Ke Hailing,Li Yujing.2007.Environmental effects of heavy metal pollution of farmland soils in gold mining areas[J].Geology in China,34(4):716-722(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yan Mingcai,Gu Tiexin,Chi Qinghua,Wang Chunshu.1997.Abundance of chemical elements of soils in China and supergenesis geochemistry characteristics[J].Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,21(3):161-167(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yang Xiaozhi,Chen Yang,Xu Diandou,He Tingting,Ma Lingling,Li Jie,Nie Changming.2011.Characteristics of heavy metal pollution and health risk assessment in subway dust in Beijing[J].China Environmental Science,31(6):944-950(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yao De,Sun Mei,Yang Fugui,Jiang Hengyi,Li Gongsheng,Ding Chunxiao.2008.Environmental geochemistry of heavy metals in urban soils of Qingdao City[J].Geology in China,35(3):539-550(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yao Qing,Han Suqin,Cai Ziying.2013.The pollution characteristics and potential ecological risk of heavy metals in PM2.5 during heating season in Tianjin[J].China Environmental Science,33(9):1596-1600(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yao Zhiliang,Zhang Minghui,Wang Xintong,Zhang Yingzhi,Huo Hong,He Kebin.2012.Trends in vehicular emissions in typical cities in China[J].China Environmental Science,32(9):1565-1573(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang Chunmei.2006.Soil Heavy Metals Pollution and Ecological Risk Assessment in the City[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang Lei,Song Fengbin,Wang Xiaobo.2004.Heavy metal contamination of urban soils in China:Status and countermeasures[J].Ecology and Environment,13(2):258-260(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhao Qi,Li Ping,Zhou Ping.2002.Geochemical features of ecologic environment in Chengdu City[J].Acta Geologica Sichuan,22(4):231-235(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zheng Xishen,Lu Anhuai,Gao Xiang,Zhao Jin,Zheng Desheng.2002.Contamination of heavy metals in soil present situation and method[J].Soil and Environmental Sciences,11(1):79-84(in Chinese with English abstract).
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