食品接触材料中烃类矿物油毒性和风险管理
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摘要
烃类矿物油(mineral oil hydrocarbons,MOHs)是一类由多种烃类物质组成的复杂混合物。现阶段,针对烃类矿物油毒理学数据比较缺乏,毒理学动物试验数据能否外推至人体仍存在争议。对饱和烃矿物油(MOSH)的毒性主要关注其生物蓄积性,C_(16)～C_(35)的MOSH能在人体和大鼠组织中蓄积并可形成微肉芽肿;而含有3～7个芳香环的芳香烃矿物油(MOAH)具有致突变和致癌性,以及是潜在的内分泌干扰物。欧洲食品安全局指出人群暴露于烃类矿物油的健康风险值得关注。食品接触材料是食品中烃类矿物油污染的重要来源,而由回收纸纤维制作的食品接触纸制品中烃类矿物油污染食品的问题尤为突出。为完善对烃类矿物油的风险管理,应基于化学成分而不是粘度指标,对特定组分烃类矿物油开展毒理学研究和膳食暴露评估。
The mineral oil hydrocarbons(mineral oil hydrocarbons, MOHs) are complex mixtures comprising various type of hydrocarbons. Toxicological data for MOHs is currently relatively lacking. It is still controversial whether toxicological data from animal experiments can be extrapolated to the human body. The main concern about the toxicity of mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons(MOSH) is their bioaccumulation effect, MOSH with carbon number in the range C_(16)-C_(35) are able to accumulate in tissues and cause microgranulomas. Mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons(MOAH) containing 3 to 7 aromatic rings are considered to be potentially mutagenic and carcinogenic, and are potential endocrine disruptors. Thus, European Food Safety Authority concluded that the exposure to hydrocarbon minerals may pose a health concern. Food contact materials is one of main source of mineral oil contamination in foods. The contamination of mineral oil caused by use of recycled food packaging paper requires special attention and further control. In order to perform an accurate risk assessment on mineral oils, toxicological studies and exposure assessment on mixed and specific components of mineral oils should be carried out based on chemical composition rather than viscosity character.
The mineral oil hydrocarbons(mineral oil hydrocarbons, MOHs) are complex mixtures comprising various type of hydrocarbons. Toxicological data for MOHs is currently relatively lacking. It is still controversial whether toxicological data from animal experiments can be extrapolated to the human body. The main concern about the toxicity of mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons(MOSH) is their bioaccumulation effect, MOSH with carbon number in the range C_(16)-C_(35) are able to accumulate in tissues and cause microgranulomas. Mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons(MOAH) containing 3 to 7 aromatic rings are considered to be potentially mutagenic and carcinogenic, and are potential endocrine disruptors. Thus, European Food Safety Authority concluded that the exposure to hydrocarbon minerals may pose a health concern. Food contact materials is one of main source of mineral oil contamination in foods. The contamination of mineral oil caused by use of recycled food packaging paper requires special attention and further control. In order to perform an accurate risk assessment on mineral oils, toxicological studies and exposure assessment on mixed and specific components of mineral oils should be carried out based on chemical composition rather than viscosity character.
引文
[1] JECFA.Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants:forty-fourth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committe on Food Additives [R].WHO Technical Report Series,1995.
[2] JEFCA.Evaluation of certain food additives:fifty-ninth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committe on Food Additives [R].WHO Technical Report Series,2002.
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[5] LORENZINI R,FISELIER K,BIEDERMANN M,et al.Saturated and aromatic mineral oil hydrocarbons from paperboard food packaging:estimation of long-term migration from contents in the paperboard and data on boxes from the market [J].Food Addit Contam Part A,2010,27(12):1765-1774.
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[7] BIEDERMANN M,INGENHOFF J E,DIMA G,et al.Migration of mineral oil from printed paperboard into dry foods:survey of the German market.Part II:advancement of migration during storage [J].Eur Food Res Technol,2013,236(3):459-472.
[8] GIOVANNA D,ANTONELLA V,KONI G.Migration of mineral oil from party plates of recycled paperboard into foods:1.Is recycled paperboard fit for the purpose 2.Adequate testing procedure [J].Food Addit Contam Part A,2011,28(11):1619-1628.
[9] BARP L,SUMAN M,LAMBERTINI F,et al.Migration of selected hydrocarbon contaminants into dry pasta packaged in direct contact with recycled paperboard[J].Food Addit Contam Part A,2015,32(2):271-283.
[10] LOMMATZSCH M,BIEDERMANN M,GROB K,et al.Analysis of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons migrating from a polyolefin-based hot-melt adhesive into food [J].Food Addit Contam Part A,2016,33(3):473-488.
[11] BARP L,BIEDERMANN M,GROB K,et al.Accumulation of mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) in female Fischer 344 rats:comparison with human data and consequences for risk assessment [J].Sci Total Environ,2017,575(9):1263-1278.
[12] CRAVEDI J P,KONI G,NYGAARDC U G,et al.Bioaccumulation and toxicity of mineral oil hydrocarbons in rats-specificity of different subclasses of a broad mixture relevant for human dietary exposures [J].EFSA Supporting Publications,2017,14(2):EN-1090.
[13] LIN C Y,WHEELOCK ? M,MORIN D,et al.Toxicity and metabolism of methylnaphthalenes:comparison with naphthalene and 1-nitronaphthalene [J].Toxicology,2009,260(1/3):16-27.
[14] ECHA (European Chemicals Agency).Published information on the REACH registration,dossier on white mineral oil (petroleum) (CAS Number 8042-47-5) [Z/OL].2012 [2019-02-11].https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/regis-tered-dossier/15514/1.
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[16] TRIMMER G W,FREEMAN J J,PRISTON R A,et al.Results of chronic dietary toxicity studies of high viscosity (P70H and P100H) white mineral oils in Fischer 344 rats [J].Toxicol Pathol,2004,32(4):439-447.
[17] ADENUGA D,CARRILLO J C,MCKEE R H.The sub-chronic oral toxicity of dearomatized hydrocarbon solvents in Sprague-Dawley rats [J].Regul Toxicol Pharmacol,2014,70(3):659-672.
[18] GROB K.Mineral oil in food-the development of an issue [J].CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry,2017,71(10):732.
[19] Department of Chemistry,Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas.Selected values of properties of hydrocarbons and related compounds [M].TX,USA:API (American Petroleum Institute),1961.
[20] SMITH P B,VELEY K E,YARRINGTON J T,et al.90-day oral gavage toxicity study of C9-C16 aromatic fraction JET-A in female Sprague-Dawley CD rats and male C57BL/6 mice [R].United States Air Force Research Laboratory,1999.
[21] POON R,DAVIS H,LECAVALIER P,et al.Effects of benzothiophene on male rats following short-term oral exposure [J].J Toxicol Environ Health,1997,50(1):53-65.
[22] POON R,DAVIS H,PARK G,et al.Subchronic toxicity of benzothiophene on rats following dietary exposure [J].J Toxicol Environ Health A,1998,55(2):133-150.
[23] BLACKBURN G R,DEITCH R A,SCHREINER C A,et al.Predicting carcinogenicity of petroleum distillation fractions using a modified Salmonella mutagenicity assay [J].Cell Biol Toxicol,1986,2(1):63-84.
[24] BLACKBURN G R,DEITCH R A,SCHREINER C A,et al.Estimation of the dermal carcinogenic activity of petroleum fractions using a modified Ames assay [J].Cell Biol Toxicol,1984,1(1):67-80.
[25] GRANELLA M,CLONFERO E.The mutagenic activity and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content of mineral oils [J].International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health,1991,63(2):149-153.
[26] BROOKS T M,PRISTON R A,WRIGHT A S,et al.Evaluation of modified bacterial mutagenicity assays for the genotoxicity testing of mineral oils [J].Mutagenesis,1995,10(5):409-415.
[27] MACKERER C R,GRIFFIS L C,GRABOWSKI J S Jr,et al.Petroleum mineral oil refining and evaluation of cancer hazard [J].Appl Occup Environ Hyg,2003,18(11):890-901.
[28] NESTOLA M,SCHMIDT T C.Determination of mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons in edible oils and fats by online liquid chromatography-gas chromatography-flame ionization detection-evaluation of automated removal strategies for biogenic olefins [J].J Chromatogr A,2017,1505(5):69-76.
[29] SHODA T,TOYODA K,UNEYAMA C,et al.Lack of carcinogenicity of medium-viscosity liquid paraffin given in the diet to F344 rats [J].Food Chem Toxicol,1997,35(12):1181-1190.
[30] SAFFIOTTI U,SHUBIK P.Studies on promoting action in skin carcinogenesis [J].National Cancer Institute Monograph,1963,10:489-507.
[31] KANE M L,LADOV E N,HOLDSWORTH C E,et al.Toxicological characteristics of refinery streams used to manufacture lubricating oils [J].Am J Ind Med,1984,5(3):183-200.
[32] GRIMMER G,DETTBARN G,BRUNE H,et al.Quantification of the carcinogenic effect of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in used engine oil by topical application onto the skin of mice [J].Int Arch Occup Environ Health,1982,50(1):95-100.
[33] GRADISKI D,VINOT J,ZISSU D,et al.The carcinogenic effect of a series of petroleum-derived oils on the skin of mice [J].Environ Res,1983,32(3):258-268.
[34] SHUBIK P,SAFFIOTTI U.The carcinogenic and promoting action of low boiling catalytically cracked oils [J].Acta Unio Int Contra Cancrum,1955,11(6):707-711.
[35] MEHROTRA N K,KUMAR S,AGARWAL R,et al.Jute batching oil:a tumor promoter on mouse skin [J].Environ Res,1987,42(1):12-23.
[36] TARNOW P,HUTZLER C,GRABIGER S,et al.Estrogenic activity of mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons used in printing inks [J].PLoS One,2016,11(1):e0147239.
[37] IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Chemical agents and related occupations [J].IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum,2012,100(Pt F):9-562.
[38] GROB K,LANFRANCHI M,EGLI J,et al.Determination of food contamination by mineral oil from jute sacks using coupled LC-GC [J].J Assoc Off Anal Chem,1991,74(3):506-512.
[39] DROZ C,GROB K.Determination of food contamination by mineral oil material from printed cardboard using on-line coupled LC-GC-FID [J].Zeitschrift für Lebensmitteluntersuchung und -Forschung A,1997,205(3):239-241.
[40] GROB K,ARTHO A,BIEDERMANN M,et al.Batching oils on sisal bags used for packaging foods:analysis by coupled LC/GC [J].J Assoc Off Anal Chem,1992,75(2):283-287.
[41] MORET S,BARP L,PURCARO G,et al.Rapid and sensitive solid phase extraction-large volume injection-gas chromatography for the analysis of mineral oil saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons in cardboard and dried foods [J].J Chromatogr A,2012,1243(4):1-5.
[42] CASTLE L,KELLY M,GILBERT J.Migration of mineral hydrocarbons into foods.2.Polystyrene,ABS,and waxed paperboard containers for dairy products [J].Food Addit Contam,1993,10(2):167-174.
[43] BIEDERMANN M,GROB K.On-line coupled high performance liquid chromatography-gas chromatography for the analysis of contamination by mineral oil.Part 2:migration from paperboard into dry foods:interpretation of chromatograms [J].J Chromatogr A,2012,1255(5):76-99.
[44] JECFA.Evaluation of certain food additives:seventy-sixth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives [Z].2012.
[45] The European Commission.Commission Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 of 14 January 2011 on plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with food [S].Office Journal of European Commission,2011.
[46] BMEL.Twenty-second ordinance amending the consumer goods regulation [Z/OL].2017[2019-02-11].https://www.bmel.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/Ernaehrung/Rueckstaende/MineraloelVO_Entwurf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile.
[47] IJO Standard 98/01 [S/OL].2005[2019-02-11].http://jute.org/IJO%20Standard%2098-01%20%20(revised%202005)%20Final%20version.pdf.
[48] 中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.食品接触材料纸和纸板食品模拟物中矿物油的测定气相色谱法:SN/T 4895—2017 [S].北京:中国标准出版社,2017.
[2] JEFCA.Evaluation of certain food additives:fifty-ninth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committe on Food Additives [R].WHO Technical Report Series,2002.
[3] EFSA.Scientific opinion on mineral oil hydrocarbons in food [J].EFSA Journal,2012,10(6):2704.
[4] BIEDERMANN M,GROB K.Is recycled newspaper suitable for food contact materials?Technical grade mineral oils from printing inks [J].Eur Food Res Technol,2010,230(5):785-796.
[5] LORENZINI R,FISELIER K,BIEDERMANN M,et al.Saturated and aromatic mineral oil hydrocarbons from paperboard food packaging:estimation of long-term migration from contents in the paperboard and data on boxes from the market [J].Food Addit Contam Part A,2010,27(12):1765-1774.
[6] VOLLMER A,BIEDERMANN M,GRUNDB?CK F,et al.Migration of mineral oil from printed paperboard into dry foods:survey of the German market [J].Eur Food Res Technol,2011,232(1):175-182.
[7] BIEDERMANN M,INGENHOFF J E,DIMA G,et al.Migration of mineral oil from printed paperboard into dry foods:survey of the German market.Part II:advancement of migration during storage [J].Eur Food Res Technol,2013,236(3):459-472.
[8] GIOVANNA D,ANTONELLA V,KONI G.Migration of mineral oil from party plates of recycled paperboard into foods:1.Is recycled paperboard fit for the purpose 2.Adequate testing procedure [J].Food Addit Contam Part A,2011,28(11):1619-1628.
[9] BARP L,SUMAN M,LAMBERTINI F,et al.Migration of selected hydrocarbon contaminants into dry pasta packaged in direct contact with recycled paperboard[J].Food Addit Contam Part A,2015,32(2):271-283.
[10] LOMMATZSCH M,BIEDERMANN M,GROB K,et al.Analysis of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons migrating from a polyolefin-based hot-melt adhesive into food [J].Food Addit Contam Part A,2016,33(3):473-488.
[11] BARP L,BIEDERMANN M,GROB K,et al.Accumulation of mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) in female Fischer 344 rats:comparison with human data and consequences for risk assessment [J].Sci Total Environ,2017,575(9):1263-1278.
[12] CRAVEDI J P,KONI G,NYGAARDC U G,et al.Bioaccumulation and toxicity of mineral oil hydrocarbons in rats-specificity of different subclasses of a broad mixture relevant for human dietary exposures [J].EFSA Supporting Publications,2017,14(2):EN-1090.
[13] LIN C Y,WHEELOCK ? M,MORIN D,et al.Toxicity and metabolism of methylnaphthalenes:comparison with naphthalene and 1-nitronaphthalene [J].Toxicology,2009,260(1/3):16-27.
[14] ECHA (European Chemicals Agency).Published information on the REACH registration,dossier on white mineral oil (petroleum) (CAS Number 8042-47-5) [Z/OL].2012 [2019-02-11].https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/regis-tered-dossier/15514/1.
[15] American Petroleum Institute Petroleum HPV Testing Group.Robust summary information on aromatic extracts [Z/OL].(2012-05-21)[2019-02-11].file:///C:/Users/marco/Desktop/2012_may21_Aromatic_Extracts_robustsummary_2012_May_21_FINAL.pdf.
[16] TRIMMER G W,FREEMAN J J,PRISTON R A,et al.Results of chronic dietary toxicity studies of high viscosity (P70H and P100H) white mineral oils in Fischer 344 rats [J].Toxicol Pathol,2004,32(4):439-447.
[17] ADENUGA D,CARRILLO J C,MCKEE R H.The sub-chronic oral toxicity of dearomatized hydrocarbon solvents in Sprague-Dawley rats [J].Regul Toxicol Pharmacol,2014,70(3):659-672.
[18] GROB K.Mineral oil in food-the development of an issue [J].CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry,2017,71(10):732.
[19] Department of Chemistry,Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas.Selected values of properties of hydrocarbons and related compounds [M].TX,USA:API (American Petroleum Institute),1961.
[20] SMITH P B,VELEY K E,YARRINGTON J T,et al.90-day oral gavage toxicity study of C9-C16 aromatic fraction JET-A in female Sprague-Dawley CD rats and male C57BL/6 mice [R].United States Air Force Research Laboratory,1999.
[21] POON R,DAVIS H,LECAVALIER P,et al.Effects of benzothiophene on male rats following short-term oral exposure [J].J Toxicol Environ Health,1997,50(1):53-65.
[22] POON R,DAVIS H,PARK G,et al.Subchronic toxicity of benzothiophene on rats following dietary exposure [J].J Toxicol Environ Health A,1998,55(2):133-150.
[23] BLACKBURN G R,DEITCH R A,SCHREINER C A,et al.Predicting carcinogenicity of petroleum distillation fractions using a modified Salmonella mutagenicity assay [J].Cell Biol Toxicol,1986,2(1):63-84.
[24] BLACKBURN G R,DEITCH R A,SCHREINER C A,et al.Estimation of the dermal carcinogenic activity of petroleum fractions using a modified Ames assay [J].Cell Biol Toxicol,1984,1(1):67-80.
[25] GRANELLA M,CLONFERO E.The mutagenic activity and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content of mineral oils [J].International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health,1991,63(2):149-153.
[26] BROOKS T M,PRISTON R A,WRIGHT A S,et al.Evaluation of modified bacterial mutagenicity assays for the genotoxicity testing of mineral oils [J].Mutagenesis,1995,10(5):409-415.
[27] MACKERER C R,GRIFFIS L C,GRABOWSKI J S Jr,et al.Petroleum mineral oil refining and evaluation of cancer hazard [J].Appl Occup Environ Hyg,2003,18(11):890-901.
[28] NESTOLA M,SCHMIDT T C.Determination of mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons in edible oils and fats by online liquid chromatography-gas chromatography-flame ionization detection-evaluation of automated removal strategies for biogenic olefins [J].J Chromatogr A,2017,1505(5):69-76.
[29] SHODA T,TOYODA K,UNEYAMA C,et al.Lack of carcinogenicity of medium-viscosity liquid paraffin given in the diet to F344 rats [J].Food Chem Toxicol,1997,35(12):1181-1190.
[30] SAFFIOTTI U,SHUBIK P.Studies on promoting action in skin carcinogenesis [J].National Cancer Institute Monograph,1963,10:489-507.
[31] KANE M L,LADOV E N,HOLDSWORTH C E,et al.Toxicological characteristics of refinery streams used to manufacture lubricating oils [J].Am J Ind Med,1984,5(3):183-200.
[32] GRIMMER G,DETTBARN G,BRUNE H,et al.Quantification of the carcinogenic effect of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in used engine oil by topical application onto the skin of mice [J].Int Arch Occup Environ Health,1982,50(1):95-100.
[33] GRADISKI D,VINOT J,ZISSU D,et al.The carcinogenic effect of a series of petroleum-derived oils on the skin of mice [J].Environ Res,1983,32(3):258-268.
[34] SHUBIK P,SAFFIOTTI U.The carcinogenic and promoting action of low boiling catalytically cracked oils [J].Acta Unio Int Contra Cancrum,1955,11(6):707-711.
[35] MEHROTRA N K,KUMAR S,AGARWAL R,et al.Jute batching oil:a tumor promoter on mouse skin [J].Environ Res,1987,42(1):12-23.
[36] TARNOW P,HUTZLER C,GRABIGER S,et al.Estrogenic activity of mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons used in printing inks [J].PLoS One,2016,11(1):e0147239.
[37] IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Chemical agents and related occupations [J].IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum,2012,100(Pt F):9-562.
[38] GROB K,LANFRANCHI M,EGLI J,et al.Determination of food contamination by mineral oil from jute sacks using coupled LC-GC [J].J Assoc Off Anal Chem,1991,74(3):506-512.
[39] DROZ C,GROB K.Determination of food contamination by mineral oil material from printed cardboard using on-line coupled LC-GC-FID [J].Zeitschrift für Lebensmitteluntersuchung und -Forschung A,1997,205(3):239-241.
[40] GROB K,ARTHO A,BIEDERMANN M,et al.Batching oils on sisal bags used for packaging foods:analysis by coupled LC/GC [J].J Assoc Off Anal Chem,1992,75(2):283-287.
[41] MORET S,BARP L,PURCARO G,et al.Rapid and sensitive solid phase extraction-large volume injection-gas chromatography for the analysis of mineral oil saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons in cardboard and dried foods [J].J Chromatogr A,2012,1243(4):1-5.
[42] CASTLE L,KELLY M,GILBERT J.Migration of mineral hydrocarbons into foods.2.Polystyrene,ABS,and waxed paperboard containers for dairy products [J].Food Addit Contam,1993,10(2):167-174.
[43] BIEDERMANN M,GROB K.On-line coupled high performance liquid chromatography-gas chromatography for the analysis of contamination by mineral oil.Part 2:migration from paperboard into dry foods:interpretation of chromatograms [J].J Chromatogr A,2012,1255(5):76-99.
[44] JECFA.Evaluation of certain food additives:seventy-sixth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives [Z].2012.
[45] The European Commission.Commission Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 of 14 January 2011 on plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with food [S].Office Journal of European Commission,2011.
[46] BMEL.Twenty-second ordinance amending the consumer goods regulation [Z/OL].2017[2019-02-11].https://www.bmel.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/Ernaehrung/Rueckstaende/MineraloelVO_Entwurf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile.
[47] IJO Standard 98/01 [S/OL].2005[2019-02-11].http://jute.org/IJO%20Standard%2098-01%20%20(revised%202005)%20Final%20version.pdf.
[48] 中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.食品接触材料纸和纸板食品模拟物中矿物油的测定气相色谱法:SN/T 4895—2017 [S].北京:中国标准出版社,2017.