贵州猴耳天坑地下森林苔藓植物多样性特征研究
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摘要
为了探索苔藓在地下森林中的多样性特征,采用梯度划分法,对贵州猴耳天坑(深度280m,坑口直径300m)地下森林进行实地调查研究。结果表明:(1)猴耳天坑地下森林共有苔藓植物71种,包含5种不同生长基质苔藓,其中树附生苔藓物种最为丰富有41种,其余基质苔藓物种数量依次为:土附生>石面生>腐木生>叶附生。(2)地下森林苔藓生活型共计10种,喜阴暗潮湿环境的生活型种类达88%,而适应于强光干旱环境的生活型种类仅12%。(3)对地下森林不同梯度苔藓植物物种丰富度指数分析表明,坡中最高(8.461 7),依次是坡底(7.502 0)和坡顶(6.978 5),而苔藓植物Pielou均匀度指数的大小依次为:坡顶(0.945 4)>坡底(0.907 2)>坡中(0.844 5)。(4)β多样性指数分析表明,地下森林不同梯度群落间的相异性都介于(0.75～1.00)之间,底部与顶部的相异系数高达0.960 8。(5)地下森林因其独特的地形地貌和水热条件,不仅各个梯度群落间异质性较高,而且各个群落间相异性也都较高,结构分异明显,生境复杂。(6)RDA分析表明,光照、湿度和温度是影响天坑地下森林苔藓物种分布的主要因子,其中光照度影响最大。(7)坑内与坑外物种多样性的对比研究表明,天坑地下森林苔藓植物物种多样性高,是喀斯特石漠化地区物种的天然避难所。
In order to explore the diversity characteristics of bryophytes in the underground forest,we use gradient method to study the diversity of bryophytes in underground forest of Monkey-ear Tiankeng,which is about-280 meters apart from the earth's surface and its diameter is about 300 metres.Research results show that:(1)there are 71 species of bryophytes in underground forest,there are five growth matrices of bryophytes,and the trunk is the most abundant growth matrix of bryophytes(41 species).The number of the other four growth matrix species presents adecreasing trend of forest land>stone surface>carrion>leaf surface.(2)There are 10 species of life-forms in underground forest,a total of 88% of the life-form types enjoy the dark and humid environment,while only 12 percent are adapted to the bright and dry environment.(3)Studying on the Margalef of bryophytes,shows that middle(8.461 7)>bottom(7.502 0)>top(6.978 5),and Pielou of bryophytes shows that top(0.945 4)>bottom(0.907 2)>middle(0.844 5).(4)Analysis of the Bata diversity of bryophytes,which shows that the difference of bryophyte community is between(0.75-1.00)in different gradient of underground forest,and the difference between bottom and top is as high as 0.960 8.(5)Analysis shows that the underground forest has high dissimilarity not only in different gradient but also in whole forest,its structure differentiation is obvious andits habitat is complex,all of that is because of its unique topography and hydrothermal conditions.(6)RDA analysis showed that light,humidity and temperature were the main factors influencing the bryophytes species distribution of underground forest of Tiankeng,among which light had the greatest influence.(7)The comparison of species diversity in and out of Tiankeng shows that underground forest of Tiankeng has higher species diversity of bryophytes and it is a natural refuge for the species in karst rocky desertification area.
In order to explore the diversity characteristics of bryophytes in the underground forest,we use gradient method to study the diversity of bryophytes in underground forest of Monkey-ear Tiankeng,which is about-280 meters apart from the earth's surface and its diameter is about 300 metres.Research results show that:(1)there are 71 species of bryophytes in underground forest,there are five growth matrices of bryophytes,and the trunk is the most abundant growth matrix of bryophytes(41 species).The number of the other four growth matrix species presents adecreasing trend of forest land>stone surface>carrion>leaf surface.(2)There are 10 species of life-forms in underground forest,a total of 88% of the life-form types enjoy the dark and humid environment,while only 12 percent are adapted to the bright and dry environment.(3)Studying on the Margalef of bryophytes,shows that middle(8.461 7)>bottom(7.502 0)>top(6.978 5),and Pielou of bryophytes shows that top(0.945 4)>bottom(0.907 2)>middle(0.844 5).(4)Analysis of the Bata diversity of bryophytes,which shows that the difference of bryophyte community is between(0.75-1.00)in different gradient of underground forest,and the difference between bottom and top is as high as 0.960 8.(5)Analysis shows that the underground forest has high dissimilarity not only in different gradient but also in whole forest,its structure differentiation is obvious andits habitat is complex,all of that is because of its unique topography and hydrothermal conditions.(6)RDA analysis showed that light,humidity and temperature were the main factors influencing the bryophytes species distribution of underground forest of Tiankeng,among which light had the greatest influence.(7)The comparison of species diversity in and out of Tiankeng shows that underground forest of Tiankeng has higher species diversity of bryophytes and it is a natural refuge for the species in karst rocky desertification area.
引文
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[13]唐启明,薛跃规,党桂兰,等.广西苔藓植物新纪录[J].广西师范大学学报,2016,34(2):143-146.TANG Q M,XUE Y Q,DANG G L,et al.Bryophytes species new records to Guangxi,China[J].Journal of Guangxi Normal University,2016,34(2):143-146.
[14] HAROLD R,JAMES W.The bryophyte of certain limestone sinks in Alpena county,Michigan[J].The Bryologist,1956,59(1):12-17.
[15]张天汉,王智慧,张朝晖.贵州思雅河河谷地区喀斯特峰丛石漠苔藓植物群落研究[J].西北植物学报,2013,33(10):2104-2 112.ZHANG T H,WANG Z H,ZHANG Z H.Distribution of bryophyte community from karst peak cluster rock desertification ivalley of Siya River,Guizhou Provinces[J].Acta Botanica BorealiOccidentalia Sinica,2013,33(10):2 104-2 112.
[16]张朝晖,艾伦·培特客斯.英格兰洞穴苔藓植物区系特征及其岩溶沉积研究[J].西北植物学报,2002,22(2):359-367.ZHANG Z H,ALAN P.The characteristics of the bryophytes and karst deposition in karst caves,England[J].Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2002,22(2):359-367.
[17]陈肖鹏,张朝晖.贵州木油厂汞矿区4种藓类植物及其基质中重金属元素分析[J].西北植物学报,2009,29(12):2 535-2 541.CHEN X P,ZHANG Z H.Content of heavy metal elements in four species of bryophytes and their matrix from muyouchang mercury mine,Guizhou Provinces[J].Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2009,29(12):2 535-2 541.
[18]王登富,张朝晖.赤水河上游主要森林植被中苔藓物种多样性研究[J].植物研究,2013,33(5):558-563.WANG D F,ZHANG Z H.Species diversity of bryophytes in main forest vegetation in upper reaches of Chishui River[J].Plant Research,2013,33(5):558-563.
[19] BENGT G J.The bryophyte diaspore bank and its role after small-scale disturbance in a boreal forest[J].Journal of Vegetation Science,2010,4(6):819-826.
[20]高谦.中国苔藓志(第1卷)[M].北京:科学出版社,1966.
[21]高谦.中国苔藓志(第2卷)[M].北京:科学出版社,1996.
[22]黎兴江.中国苔藓志(第4卷)[M].北京:科学出版社,2006.
[23]吴鹏程,贾渝.中国苔藓志(第5卷)[M].北京:科学出版社,2011.
[24]吴鹏程.中国苔藓志(第6卷)[M].北京:科学出版社,2011.
[25]胡人亮,王幼芳.中国苔藓志(第7卷)[M].北京:科学出版社,2005.
[26]吴鹏程,贾渝.中国苔藓志(第8卷)[M].北京:科学出版社,2004.
[27]高谦,吴玉环.中国苔纲和角苔纲植物属志(上、下册)[M].北京:科学出版社,2006.
[28] CHEN G,CROSBY M R.Moss flora of China Vol.1[M].(English Version)St.Louis:Missouri Botanical Garden Press,1999:1-273.
[29] CHEN G,CR0SBY M R.Moss flora of China[M].(English Version)Vol.3St.Louis:Missouri Botanical Garden Press,2003:1-141.
[30] WU P C,CROSBY M R.Moss Flora of China Vol.7[M].(English Version)St.Louis:Missouri Botanical Garden Press,2008:1-258.
[31] LI X J,CROSBY M R.Moss Flora of China Vol.2[M].(English Version)St.Louis:Missouri Botanical Garden Press,2001:1-283.
[32]斯辛峰,赵郁豪,陈传武,等.Bata多样性分解:方法、应用与展望[J].生物多样性,2017,25(5):464-480.SHI X F,ZHAO Y H,CHEN C W,et al.Bata diversity decomposition:methods,applications and prospects[J].Biodiversity Science,2017,25(5):464-480.
[33] BATES J W.Is“life-form”a useful concept in bryophyte ecology[J].Oikos,1998,82:223-237.
[34] MGDEFRAU K.Life-forms of bryophytes[J].Bryophyte Ecology,1982,45-58.
[35] MLSON K,RYDIN H.Competitive hierarchy,but no competitive exclusions in experiments with rich fen bryophytes[J].Journal of Bryology,2009,31(1):41-45.
[36]王文和,于童泉,徐红梅,等.鹫峰国家森林公园苔藓植物研究[J].北京农业学院学报,2006,21(2):5-7.WANG W H,YU T Q,XU H M,et al.JiuFeng national forest park bryophyte research[J].Journal of Beijing Agricultural College,2006,21(2):5-7.
[37]马文章,刘文耀,宋亮,等.哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林不同生长基质苔藓植物的组成与分布特征[J].植物分类与资源学报,2011,33(4):443-450.MA W Y,LIU W Y,SONG L,et al.Species composition and distribution of bryophytes on different substrate types in middle mountain moist evergreen broad-leaved forest in Ailao Mountains[J].Plant Diversity and Resources,2011,33(4):443-450.
[38]李德峰,傅彤,胡自治,等.生物多样性与生产力间的关系及对降水变化的响应[J].草地学报,2010,18(5):651-655.LI D F,FU T,HU Z Z,et al.Response of relationship between biodiversity and productivity to precipitation change[J].Journal of Grassland Science,2010,18(5):651-655.
[39]税伟,陈毅萍,简小枚,等.喀斯特原生天坑垂直梯度上植物多样性特征——以云南沾益天坑为例[J].山地学报,2018,36(1):53-62.SHUI W,CHEN Y P,JIAN X M,et al.Plant diversity characteristics of the original karst Tiankeng along vertical gradient:a case study of Zhanyi Tiankeng in Yunnan[J].Journal of Montane,2018,36(1):53-62.
[2] EVELPIDOU N,PIRAZZOLI P A,SALIGE J F,et al.Submerged notches and doline sediments as evidence for Holocene subside ce[J].Continental Shelf Research,2011,31(12):1 273-1 281.
[3]HATTAWAY R A.The calciphilous bryophytes of three limestone sinks in eastern Tennessee[J].Bryologist,1980,83(2):161-169.
[4] NOLD STEPHENt C,BELLECOURT,et al.Underwater sinkhole sediments sequester Lake Huron's carbon[J].Biogeochemistry,2013,115(1/3):235-250.
[5]朱学稳.天坑:大地的“天窗”[J].森林与人类,2010,12:46-51.ZHU X W.Tiankeng:the“skylight”of the earth[J].Forests and Humans,2010,12:46-51.
[6]陈伟海,朱德浩,朱学稳.重庆市奉节天坑地缝岩溶景观特征及评价[J].地理与地理信息科学,2004,20(4):80-83.CHEN W H,ZHU D H,ZHU X W.Characteristics and evaluation of Tiankeng seam in Fengjie,Chongqing[J].GeographicandGeographicInformationScience,2004,20(4):80-83.
[7]王佳佳,郭纯青.西南岩溶石山区正负地形生态系统的对比研究及承载内涵[J].贵州农业科学,2007,35(6):85-87.WANG J J,GUO C Q.Comparative study on positive and negative topographic ecosystems in karst mountainous areas and its bearing capability[J].Guizhou Agricultural Science,2007,35(6):85-87.
[8]林宇.广西大石围天坑群天坑森林物种多样性研究[D].广西桂林:广西师范大学,2005:1-53.
[9]李伟云,向艳辉,杜宇.云南沾益海峰自然保护区地下森林群落群落特征分析[J].西南林业学院学报,2001,21(1):1-11.LI W Y,XIANG Y H,DU Y.Analysis on community characteristics of underground forest community in Zhanyi Haifeng Nature Reserve,Yunnan[J].Journal of Southwest Forestry College,2001,21(1):1-11.
[10] BTORI Z,GALLR,ERDS L,et al.Ecological condition,flora and vegetation of a large doline in the mecesk mountains(outh hungary)[J].Acta Botanica Croatica,2011,70(2):147-155.
[11] BTORI Z,FARKAS T,ERDS L,et al.A comparison of the vegetation of forested and non-forested solution dolines in Hungary:apreliminary study[J].Biologia,2014,69(10):1 339-1 348.
[12] BTORI Z,KMCZI L,ERDS L,et al.Importance of karst sinkholes in preserving redict,mountain,and wet-woodland plant species under sub-Mediterranean climate:a case study from southern Hungary[J].Journal of Cave and Carst Studies,2012,74(1):127-134.
[13]唐启明,薛跃规,党桂兰,等.广西苔藓植物新纪录[J].广西师范大学学报,2016,34(2):143-146.TANG Q M,XUE Y Q,DANG G L,et al.Bryophytes species new records to Guangxi,China[J].Journal of Guangxi Normal University,2016,34(2):143-146.
[14] HAROLD R,JAMES W.The bryophyte of certain limestone sinks in Alpena county,Michigan[J].The Bryologist,1956,59(1):12-17.
[15]张天汉,王智慧,张朝晖.贵州思雅河河谷地区喀斯特峰丛石漠苔藓植物群落研究[J].西北植物学报,2013,33(10):2104-2 112.ZHANG T H,WANG Z H,ZHANG Z H.Distribution of bryophyte community from karst peak cluster rock desertification ivalley of Siya River,Guizhou Provinces[J].Acta Botanica BorealiOccidentalia Sinica,2013,33(10):2 104-2 112.
[16]张朝晖,艾伦·培特客斯.英格兰洞穴苔藓植物区系特征及其岩溶沉积研究[J].西北植物学报,2002,22(2):359-367.ZHANG Z H,ALAN P.The characteristics of the bryophytes and karst deposition in karst caves,England[J].Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2002,22(2):359-367.
[17]陈肖鹏,张朝晖.贵州木油厂汞矿区4种藓类植物及其基质中重金属元素分析[J].西北植物学报,2009,29(12):2 535-2 541.CHEN X P,ZHANG Z H.Content of heavy metal elements in four species of bryophytes and their matrix from muyouchang mercury mine,Guizhou Provinces[J].Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2009,29(12):2 535-2 541.
[18]王登富,张朝晖.赤水河上游主要森林植被中苔藓物种多样性研究[J].植物研究,2013,33(5):558-563.WANG D F,ZHANG Z H.Species diversity of bryophytes in main forest vegetation in upper reaches of Chishui River[J].Plant Research,2013,33(5):558-563.
[19] BENGT G J.The bryophyte diaspore bank and its role after small-scale disturbance in a boreal forest[J].Journal of Vegetation Science,2010,4(6):819-826.
[20]高谦.中国苔藓志(第1卷)[M].北京:科学出版社,1966.
[21]高谦.中国苔藓志(第2卷)[M].北京:科学出版社,1996.
[22]黎兴江.中国苔藓志(第4卷)[M].北京:科学出版社,2006.
[23]吴鹏程,贾渝.中国苔藓志(第5卷)[M].北京:科学出版社,2011.
[24]吴鹏程.中国苔藓志(第6卷)[M].北京:科学出版社,2011.
[25]胡人亮,王幼芳.中国苔藓志(第7卷)[M].北京:科学出版社,2005.
[26]吴鹏程,贾渝.中国苔藓志(第8卷)[M].北京:科学出版社,2004.
[27]高谦,吴玉环.中国苔纲和角苔纲植物属志(上、下册)[M].北京:科学出版社,2006.
[28] CHEN G,CROSBY M R.Moss flora of China Vol.1[M].(English Version)St.Louis:Missouri Botanical Garden Press,1999:1-273.
[29] CHEN G,CR0SBY M R.Moss flora of China[M].(English Version)Vol.3St.Louis:Missouri Botanical Garden Press,2003:1-141.
[30] WU P C,CROSBY M R.Moss Flora of China Vol.7[M].(English Version)St.Louis:Missouri Botanical Garden Press,2008:1-258.
[31] LI X J,CROSBY M R.Moss Flora of China Vol.2[M].(English Version)St.Louis:Missouri Botanical Garden Press,2001:1-283.
[32]斯辛峰,赵郁豪,陈传武,等.Bata多样性分解:方法、应用与展望[J].生物多样性,2017,25(5):464-480.SHI X F,ZHAO Y H,CHEN C W,et al.Bata diversity decomposition:methods,applications and prospects[J].Biodiversity Science,2017,25(5):464-480.
[33] BATES J W.Is“life-form”a useful concept in bryophyte ecology[J].Oikos,1998,82:223-237.
[34] MGDEFRAU K.Life-forms of bryophytes[J].Bryophyte Ecology,1982,45-58.
[35] MLSON K,RYDIN H.Competitive hierarchy,but no competitive exclusions in experiments with rich fen bryophytes[J].Journal of Bryology,2009,31(1):41-45.
[36]王文和,于童泉,徐红梅,等.鹫峰国家森林公园苔藓植物研究[J].北京农业学院学报,2006,21(2):5-7.WANG W H,YU T Q,XU H M,et al.JiuFeng national forest park bryophyte research[J].Journal of Beijing Agricultural College,2006,21(2):5-7.
[37]马文章,刘文耀,宋亮,等.哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林不同生长基质苔藓植物的组成与分布特征[J].植物分类与资源学报,2011,33(4):443-450.MA W Y,LIU W Y,SONG L,et al.Species composition and distribution of bryophytes on different substrate types in middle mountain moist evergreen broad-leaved forest in Ailao Mountains[J].Plant Diversity and Resources,2011,33(4):443-450.
[38]李德峰,傅彤,胡自治,等.生物多样性与生产力间的关系及对降水变化的响应[J].草地学报,2010,18(5):651-655.LI D F,FU T,HU Z Z,et al.Response of relationship between biodiversity and productivity to precipitation change[J].Journal of Grassland Science,2010,18(5):651-655.
[39]税伟,陈毅萍,简小枚,等.喀斯特原生天坑垂直梯度上植物多样性特征——以云南沾益天坑为例[J].山地学报,2018,36(1):53-62.SHUI W,CHEN Y P,JIAN X M,et al.Plant diversity characteristics of the original karst Tiankeng along vertical gradient:a case study of Zhanyi Tiankeng in Yunnan[J].Journal of Montane,2018,36(1):53-62.