重庆地区油菜收获后单作竹豆适宜播期和翻埋期的研究
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摘要
在重庆地区,选择夏季豆科绿肥作物竹豆为研究对象,设置3个播期(间隔5 d)与3个翻压期(间隔15 d),测定了不同生育期竹豆的地上/地下干物质和养分含量;采取尼龙袋法测定不同翻压期竹豆干物质和氮磷钾等养分的腐解速率;同时测定了竹豆翻埋后土壤速效养分含量的变化情况。结果表明,播期与翻压期显著影响单作竹豆生物量及养分含量。随着播期的推迟,地上部干重显著下降,根冠比早期下降,后期有增加趋势。推迟播种时,植株全氮含量在生育后期整体高于对照。植株全磷含量不同时期变化趋势不同,全钾含量推迟播种后整体表现出显著下降的趋势。翻埋后,不同播期植株干物质及养分降解速率变化趋势基本一致,翻压期推迟15 d时的干物质、全氮、全磷及全钾残留率均显著高于对照。随着翻埋时间的延长,土壤碱解氮含量整体呈增加趋势,而土壤速效钾和速效磷含量不同时期存在差异。综合分析认为,在重庆地区单作竹豆应在前茬油菜收获后推迟10 d播种,翻压时间宜在8月初。
Rice bean(Phaseolus calcaratus) is an important summer green manure crop for improvement of soil quality. In the current study, rice bean was sown on three dates(May 2, May 7, and May 12) and was ploughed in soil on August 4, August 18 or September 2 in Chongqing, China(9 treatments; 3 replicates). Data collected included the above-and below-ground biomass, the plant nutrient contents at different growth stages, the decay rate of matter after burial using a nylon bag method, and levels of soil available nutrients(N, P, and K) after the rice bean was buried. With later sowing dates, the aboveground biomass was significantly decreased, while the root∶shoot ratio was reduced with earlier sowing, but tended to be increased with later sowing. Delayed sowing increased the rice bean plant total nitrogen(TN) content when compared with the control. Plant total potassium(TK) content was significantly reduced by delayed sowing date, whereas differences between sowing dates for total phosphorus(TP) showed no consistent pattern. Dry matter decay rate and plant nutrient levels showed similar trends for the different sowing dates. The values for residual dry matter in nylon bags, TN, TP, and TK were significantly higher than those of the control when the burial date was delayed 15 days in August. After the rice bean was buried, soil available N levels increased during the 21 days, whereas soil available K and P levels were variable. Because of the higher rice bean biomass and nutrient contents from earlier sowing, 10 days after canola harvest is the recommended sowing date for rice bean in Chongqing. The burial date should be in early August, when temperatures are still high enough for the buried plant material to decompose.
Rice bean(Phaseolus calcaratus) is an important summer green manure crop for improvement of soil quality. In the current study, rice bean was sown on three dates(May 2, May 7, and May 12) and was ploughed in soil on August 4, August 18 or September 2 in Chongqing, China(9 treatments; 3 replicates). Data collected included the above-and below-ground biomass, the plant nutrient contents at different growth stages, the decay rate of matter after burial using a nylon bag method, and levels of soil available nutrients(N, P, and K) after the rice bean was buried. With later sowing dates, the aboveground biomass was significantly decreased, while the root∶shoot ratio was reduced with earlier sowing, but tended to be increased with later sowing. Delayed sowing increased the rice bean plant total nitrogen(TN) content when compared with the control. Plant total potassium(TK) content was significantly reduced by delayed sowing date, whereas differences between sowing dates for total phosphorus(TP) showed no consistent pattern. Dry matter decay rate and plant nutrient levels showed similar trends for the different sowing dates. The values for residual dry matter in nylon bags, TN, TP, and TK were significantly higher than those of the control when the burial date was delayed 15 days in August. After the rice bean was buried, soil available N levels increased during the 21 days, whereas soil available K and P levels were variable. Because of the higher rice bean biomass and nutrient contents from earlier sowing, 10 days after canola harvest is the recommended sowing date for rice bean in Chongqing. The burial date should be in early August, when temperatures are still high enough for the buried plant material to decompose.
引文
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[7] Wcp E,Sangakkara U R,Stamp P.Impact of green manure and mineral fertilizer inputs on soil organic matter and crop productivity in a sloping landscape of Sri Lanka.Field Crops Research,2012,129:21-27.
[8] Lan Y,Huang G Q,Yang B J,et al.Paddy field green manure rotation improves soil nutrients and increases organic carbon pool.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2014,30(13):146-152.兰延,黄国勤,杨滨娟,等.稻田绿肥轮作提高土壤养分增加有机碳库.农业工程学报,2014,30(13):146-152.
[9] Si G H,Zhao S J,Wang R,et al.Effects of consecutive overturning of green manure on soil physical and biological characteristics in tobacco-planting fields.Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers,2014,20(4):905-912.佀国涵,赵书军,王瑞,等.连年翻压绿肥对植烟土壤物理及生物性状的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(4):905-912.
[10] Mancinelli R,Marinari S,Di Felice V,et al.Soil property,CO2 emission and aridity index as agroecological indicators to assess the mineralization of cover crop green manure in a Mediterranean environment.Ecological Indicators,2013,34:31-40
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[12] Song L,Han S,Lu J W,et al.Study on characteristics of decomposing and nutrients releasing of different proportional mixture of rape straw and Chinese milk vetch in rice field.Soils and Fertilizers Sciences in China,2015,(3):100-104.宋莉,韩上,鲁剑巍,等.油菜秸秆、紫云英绿肥及其不同比例配施还田的腐解及养分释放规律研究.中国土壤与肥料,2015,(3):100-104.
[13] Chen N,Gao L,Liu G D,et al.Decomposing characteristics of green manure of tropical leguminosae plants.Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops,2016,37(8):1470-1475.陈宁,高玲,刘国道,等.热带豆科绿肥腐解特性探究.热带作物学报,2016,37(8):1470-1475.
[14] Yuan S C.The suitable crop rotation and the improvement of the cropping system on rice field in Hubei Province.Acta Agronomica Sinica,1981,(3):211-216.元生朝.合理的复种轮作与湖北省稻田耕作制度改革.作物学报,1981,(3):211-216.
[15] Du Q F,Wang D J,Yu X Y,et al.The effects of corn and green manure intercropping on soil nutrient availability and plant nutrient uptake.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2016,25(3):225-233.杜青峰,王党军,于翔宇,等.玉米间作夏季绿肥对当季植物养分吸收和土壤养分有效性的影响.草业学报,2016,25(3):225-233.
[16] Facelli J M,Steward T A,Pickett S T A.Plant litter:Its dynamics and effects on plant community structure.Botanical Review,1991,57(1):1-32.
[17] Wang X W,Yang W T,Wang S B,et al.The effect of perennial ryegrass extracts on the germination and seedling growth of rice,soybean and corn.Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Jiangxiensis,2014,36(3):470-475.王晓维,杨文亭,王淑彬,等.黑麦草浸提液对水稻、大豆和玉米种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响.江西农业大学学报,2014,36(3):470-475.
[18] Zhang S H.Excellent summer green manure - rice bean and its use promotion.Chinese Journal of Soil Science,1988,(2):38-39.张书豪.优良夏绿肥——竹豆及其利用推广.土壤通报,1988,(2):38-39
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[20] Bao S D.Analysis of soil agrochemical.Third Edition.Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2005.鲍士旦.土壤农化分析(第三版).北京:中国农业出版社,2005.
[21] Chang Q,Chen C,Qian A,et al.Progressive and active adaptations of cropping system to climate change in Northeast China.European Journal of Agronomy,2012,38(1):94-103
[22] Hocking P J,Stapper M.Effects of sowing time and nitrogen fertiliser on canola and wheat,and nitrogen fertiliser on Indian mustard.I.Dry matter production,grain yield,and yield components.Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,2001,52:623-634.
[23] Song C Y,Guo K,Liu G H.Effect of sowing date on yield and phytomass allocation of maize in Hunshandak Sandy Land.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2008,(4):865-868.宋创业,郭柯,刘高焕.播期对浑善达克沙地青贮玉米产量及生物量分配的影响.中国生态农业学报,2008,(4):865-868.
[24] Zhao X H,Shu H M,Wang Y H,et al.Effects of sowing date on accumulation and distribution of biomass and nitrogen in cotton bolls.Acta Agronomica Sinica,2010,36(10):1707-1714.赵新华,束红梅,王友华,等.播期对棉铃生物量和氮累积与分配的影响及其与棉铃品质的关系.作物学报,2010,36(10):1707-1714.
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