水肥气一体化灌溉对温室辣椒地土壤N_2O排放的影响
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摘要
采用水肥气一体化灌溉可改善土壤的通气状况,影响土壤碳氮循环过程,进而影响土壤N_2O的排放。为明确施氮、增氧和灌水对温室辣椒地土壤N_2O排放的影响,设置了施氮量(300、225 kg/hm~2)、溶氧量(40、5 mg/L)和灌水量(1. 0W、0. 6W,W为充分灌溉时的灌水量) 3因素2水平试验,采用静态箱-气相色谱法监测N_2O排放通量,系统研究了水肥气一体化灌溉对温室辣椒地土壤N_2O排放的影响,并通过结构方程模型分析各影响因子对N_2O排放的定量贡献。结果表明,增氧处理、施氮量和灌水量的增加可增加温室辣椒地土壤N_2O的排放通量峰值、排放总量和单产排放量。试验中增氧条件下N_2O排放总量较对照增加了31. 90%;充分灌溉较非充分灌溉增加了43. 22%;常量施氮较减量施氮增加了33. 01%。增氧处理和灌水量的增加可提高温室辣椒的氮素利用效率,而施氮量的增加降低了温室辣椒的氮素利用效率。综合考虑作物产量、氮素利用效率和单产N_2O排放量,减量施氮非充分灌溉增氧处理是推荐的水肥气管理方案。通过结构方程模型的路径分析,土壤温度、充水孔隙度和NO3--N含量可分别解释N_2O排放的42%、60%和58%,是影响水肥气一体化灌溉的主要影响因子。
Oxyfertigation delivers water, fertilizer and gas coupled mixture to crop root zone via subsurface drip irrigation system. This new technique changes the oxygen concentration and water distribution in soil and thus affecting the nitrogen cycling process, including nitrification and denitrification,and then affecting soil nitrous oxide( N_2 O) emissions. However,the influences of oxyfertigation on soil N_2 O emissions from greenhouse vegetable fields and its main influencing factors were both little known. To understand the influence of aeration,nitrogen application and irrigation on pepper soil N_2 O emission in greenhouse,totally eight combinations were tested,including two types of nitrogen application rates( 300 kg/hm~2 and 225 kg/hm~2),two types of aeration levels( 40 mg/L and 5 mg/L),and two types of irrigation amount( 1. 0 W and 0. 6 W,W was full irrigation amount). Soil N_2 O emission flux was monitored via using static chamber-gas chromatograph technique. Soil temperature,water-filled pore space( WFPS),dissolved oxygen( DO),NO3--N and NH4+-N content were also measured.Quantitative contribution of influential factors to N_2 O emission under oxyfertigation was analyzed by structural equation model( SEM). Results showed that aeration,the increase of nitrogen rate and water amount resulted in an increase of soil N_2 O emission peak,cumulative N_2 O emission and yield-scaled N_2 O emission under oxyfertigation. Compared with control,the cumulative N_2 O emission of aeration condition was averagely increased by 31. 90%. The cumulative N_2 O emission under full irrigation was averagely increased by 43. 22% compared with deficit irrigation. Similarly cumulative N_2 O emission under conventional nitrogen rate was averagely increased by 33. 01% compared with the 75% conventional nitrogen rate treatment. Aeration and the increase of water amount resulted in an increase of crop nitrogen use efficiency. However,the increase of nitrogen rate caused a decrease of crop nitrogen use efficiency.Considering crop yield,nitrogen use efficiency and yield-scaled N_2 O emission,the treatment of 75%conventional nitrogen rate aerated deficit irrigation was an optimal combination under oxyfertigation. The path coefficients of soil temperature, WFPS and NO3--N content were 42%, 60% and 58%,respectively. And soil temperature,WFPS and NO3--N content were identified as main influential factors. The research result provided a reference for the selection of water,gas and nitrogen coupling management and demonstrated the great significance in knowledge of soil N_2 O emission under oxyfertigation.
Oxyfertigation delivers water, fertilizer and gas coupled mixture to crop root zone via subsurface drip irrigation system. This new technique changes the oxygen concentration and water distribution in soil and thus affecting the nitrogen cycling process, including nitrification and denitrification,and then affecting soil nitrous oxide( N_2 O) emissions. However,the influences of oxyfertigation on soil N_2 O emissions from greenhouse vegetable fields and its main influencing factors were both little known. To understand the influence of aeration,nitrogen application and irrigation on pepper soil N_2 O emission in greenhouse,totally eight combinations were tested,including two types of nitrogen application rates( 300 kg/hm~2 and 225 kg/hm~2),two types of aeration levels( 40 mg/L and 5 mg/L),and two types of irrigation amount( 1. 0 W and 0. 6 W,W was full irrigation amount). Soil N_2 O emission flux was monitored via using static chamber-gas chromatograph technique. Soil temperature,water-filled pore space( WFPS),dissolved oxygen( DO),NO3--N and NH4+-N content were also measured.Quantitative contribution of influential factors to N_2 O emission under oxyfertigation was analyzed by structural equation model( SEM). Results showed that aeration,the increase of nitrogen rate and water amount resulted in an increase of soil N_2 O emission peak,cumulative N_2 O emission and yield-scaled N_2 O emission under oxyfertigation. Compared with control,the cumulative N_2 O emission of aeration condition was averagely increased by 31. 90%. The cumulative N_2 O emission under full irrigation was averagely increased by 43. 22% compared with deficit irrigation. Similarly cumulative N_2 O emission under conventional nitrogen rate was averagely increased by 33. 01% compared with the 75% conventional nitrogen rate treatment. Aeration and the increase of water amount resulted in an increase of crop nitrogen use efficiency. However,the increase of nitrogen rate caused a decrease of crop nitrogen use efficiency.Considering crop yield,nitrogen use efficiency and yield-scaled N_2 O emission,the treatment of 75%conventional nitrogen rate aerated deficit irrigation was an optimal combination under oxyfertigation. The path coefficients of soil temperature, WFPS and NO3--N content were 42%, 60% and 58%,respectively. And soil temperature,WFPS and NO3--N content were identified as main influential factors. The research result provided a reference for the selection of water,gas and nitrogen coupling management and demonstrated the great significance in knowledge of soil N_2 O emission under oxyfertigation.
引文
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[7] ABUARAB M,MOSTAFA E,IBRAHIM M. Effect of air injection under subsurface drip irrigation on yield and water use efficiency of corn in a sandy clay loam soil[J]. Journal of Advanced Research,2013,4(6):493-499.
[8]朱艳,蔡焕杰,宋利兵,等.加气灌溉对番茄植株生长、产量和果实品质的影响[J/OL].农业机械学报,2017,48(8):199-211.ZHU Yan,CAI Huanjie,SONG Libing,et al. Impacts of oxygation on plant growth,yield and fruit quality of tomato[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2017,48(8):199-211. http:∥www. j-csam. org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract. aspx? file_no=20170823&flag=1&journal_id=jcsam. DOI:10. 6041/j. issn. 1000-1298. 2017. 08. 023.(in Chinese)
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[11]陈慧,侯会静,蔡焕杰,等.加气灌溉温室番茄地土壤N2O排放特征[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(3):111-117.CHEN Hui,HOU Huijing,CAI Huanjie,et al. Soil N2O emission characteristics of greenhouse tomato fields under aerated irrigation[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2016,32(3):111-117.(in Chinese)
[12] HOU H,CHEN H,CAI H,et al. CO2and N2O emissions from Lou soils of greenhouse tomato fields under aerated irrigation[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2016,132:69-76.
[13]杜娅丹,张倩,崔冰晶,等.加气灌溉水氮互作对温室芹菜地N2O排放的影响[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(16):127-134.DU Yadan,ZHANG Qian,CUI Bingjing,et al. Effects of water and nitrogen coupling on soil N2O emission characteristics of greenhouse celery field under aerated irrigation[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2017,33(16):127-134.(in Chinese)
[14] HAN B,YE X,LI W,et al. The effects of different irrigation regimes on nitrous oxide emissions and influencing factors in greenhouse tomato fields[J]. Journal of Soils&Sediments,2017,17(10):1-12.
[15] DAVID L S. An introduction to structural equation modelling[J]. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry,2006,51(5):317-324.
[16] YAN R,TANG H,XIN X,et al. Grazing intensity and driving factors affect soil nitrous oxide fluxes during the growing seasons in the Hulunber meadow steppe of China[J]. Environmental Research Letters,2016,11(5):054004.
[17] ZHE C,YANG S,ZHANG A,et al. Nitrous oxide emissions following seasonal freeze-thaw events from arable soils in Northeast China[J]. Journal of Integrative Agriculture,2018,17(1):231-246.
[18] WANG L,SHENG R,YANG H,et al. Stimulatory effect of exogenous nitrate on soil denitrifiers and denitrifying activities in submerged paddy soil[J]. Geoderma,2017,286:64-72.
[19]张鑫,蔡焕杰,邵光成,等.膜下滴灌的生态环境效应研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2002,21(2):1-4.ZHANG Xin,CAI Huanjie,SHAO Guangcheng,et al. Effects of drip irrigation under mulch film on environment factors on vegetable field[J]. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2002,21(2):1-4.(in Chinese)
[20]王艳丽,李虎,孙媛,等.水肥一体化条件下设施菜地的N2O排放[J].生态学报,2016,36(7):2005-2014.WANG Yanli,LI Hu,SUN Yuan,et al. N2O emissions from a vegetable field with fertigation management and under greenhouse conditions[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(7):2005-2014.(in Chinese)
[21]雷宏军,胡世国,潘红卫,等.加氧灌溉与土壤通气性研究进展[J].土壤学报,2017,54(2):297-308.LEI Hongjun,HU Shiguo,PAN Hongwei,et al. Advancement in research on soil aeration and oxygation[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica,2017,54(2):297-308.(in Chinese)
[22]李银坤,武雪萍,郭文忠,等.不同氮水平下黄瓜-番茄日光温室栽培土壤N2O排放特征[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(23):260-267.LI Yinkun,WU Xueping,GUO Wenzhong,et al. Characteristics of greenhouse soil N2O emissions in cucumber-tomato rotation system under different nitrogen conditions[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2014,30(23):260-267.(in Chinese)
[23] WLODARCZYK T,SZARLIP P,KOZIELW,et al. Effect of long storage and soil type on the actual denitrification and denitrification capacity to N2O formation[J]. International Agrophysics,2014,28(3):371-381.
[24] SINGH B K,BARDGETT R D,SMITH P,et al. Microorganisms and climate change:terrestrial feedbacks and mitigation options[J]. Nature Reviews Microbiology,2010,8(11):779-790.
[25]邱炜红,刘金山,胡承孝,等.不同施氮水平对菜地土壤N2O排放的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2010,29(11):2238-2243.QIU Weihong,LIU Jinshan,HU Chengxiao,et al. Effects of nitrogen application rates on nitrous oxide emission from a typical intensive vegetable cropping system[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2010,29(11):2238-2243.(in Chinese)
[26] TAKEDA H,TAKAHASHI N,HATANO R,et al. Active N2O emission from bacterial microbiota of Andisol farmland and characterization of some N2O emitters[J]. Journal of Basic Microbiology,2012,52(4):477-486.
[27]郑循华,王明星,王跃思,等.温度对农田N2O产生与排放的影响[J].环境科学,1997,18(5):1-5.ZHENG Xunhua,WANG Mingxing,WANG Yuesi,et al. Impacts of temperature on N2O production[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Science,1997,18(5):1-5.(in Chinese)
[28]焦燕,黄耀.影响农田氧化亚氮排放过程的土壤因素[J].气候与环境研究,2003,8(4):457-466.JIAO Yan,HUANG Yao. Influence of soil properties on N2O emissions from farmland[J]. Climatic and Environmental Research,2003,8(4):457-466.(in Chinese)
[29] CASE S D C,MCNAMARA N P,REAY D S,et al. The effect of biochar addition on N2O and CO2emissions from a sandy loam soil—the role of soil aeration[J]. Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2012,51(3):125-134.
[30] LUDWIG J,MEIXNER F X,VOGEL B,et al. Soil-air exchange of nitric oxide:an overview of processes,environmental factors,and modeling studies[J]. Biogeochemistry,2001,52(3):225-257.
[31] RIYA S,MIN J,ZHOU S,et al. Short-term responses of nitrous oxide emissions and concentration profiles to fertilization and irrigation in greenhouse vegetable cultivation[J]. Pedosphere,2012,22(6):764-775.
[2] SYAKIL A A,KROEZE C. The global nitrous oxide budget revisited[J]. Greenhouse Gas Measurement&Management,2011,1(1):17-26.
[3] BOUWMAN A F,BOUMANS L J M,BATJES N H. Modeling global annual N2O and NO emissions from fertilized fields[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2002,16(4):28-1-28-9.
[4]江雨倩,李虎,王艳丽,等.滴灌施肥对设施菜地N2O排放的影响及减排贡献[J].农业环境科学学报,2016,35(8):1616-1624.JIANG Yuqian,LI Hu,WANG Yanli,et al. Effects of fertigation on N2O emissions and their mitigation in greenhouse vegetable fields[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2016,35(8):1616-1624.(in Chinese)
[5]陈浩,李博,熊正琴.减氮及硝化抑制剂对菜地氧化亚氮排放的影响[J].土壤学报,2017,54(4):938-947.CHEN Hao,LI Bo,XIONG Zhengqin. Effects of N reduction and nitrification inhibitor on N2O emissions in intensive vegetable field[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica,2017,54(4):938-947.(in Chinese)
[6] CHANG J,WU X,LIU A,et al. Assessment of net ecosystem services of plastic greenhouse vegetable cultivation in China[J].Ecological Economics,2011,70(4):740-748.
[7] ABUARAB M,MOSTAFA E,IBRAHIM M. Effect of air injection under subsurface drip irrigation on yield and water use efficiency of corn in a sandy clay loam soil[J]. Journal of Advanced Research,2013,4(6):493-499.
[8]朱艳,蔡焕杰,宋利兵,等.加气灌溉对番茄植株生长、产量和果实品质的影响[J/OL].农业机械学报,2017,48(8):199-211.ZHU Yan,CAI Huanjie,SONG Libing,et al. Impacts of oxygation on plant growth,yield and fruit quality of tomato[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2017,48(8):199-211. http:∥www. j-csam. org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract. aspx? file_no=20170823&flag=1&journal_id=jcsam. DOI:10. 6041/j. issn. 1000-1298. 2017. 08. 023.(in Chinese)
[9] TIAN D,ZHANG Y,MU Y,et al. The effect of drip irrigation and drip fertigation on N2O and NO emissions,water saving and grain yields in a maize field in the North China Plain[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2017,575:1034-1040.
[10] XU J,WEI Q,YANG S,et al. Diurnal pattern of nitrous oxide emissions from soils under different vertical moisture distribution conditions[J]. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research,2016,76(1):84-92.
[11]陈慧,侯会静,蔡焕杰,等.加气灌溉温室番茄地土壤N2O排放特征[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(3):111-117.CHEN Hui,HOU Huijing,CAI Huanjie,et al. Soil N2O emission characteristics of greenhouse tomato fields under aerated irrigation[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2016,32(3):111-117.(in Chinese)
[12] HOU H,CHEN H,CAI H,et al. CO2and N2O emissions from Lou soils of greenhouse tomato fields under aerated irrigation[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2016,132:69-76.
[13]杜娅丹,张倩,崔冰晶,等.加气灌溉水氮互作对温室芹菜地N2O排放的影响[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(16):127-134.DU Yadan,ZHANG Qian,CUI Bingjing,et al. Effects of water and nitrogen coupling on soil N2O emission characteristics of greenhouse celery field under aerated irrigation[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2017,33(16):127-134.(in Chinese)
[14] HAN B,YE X,LI W,et al. The effects of different irrigation regimes on nitrous oxide emissions and influencing factors in greenhouse tomato fields[J]. Journal of Soils&Sediments,2017,17(10):1-12.
[15] DAVID L S. An introduction to structural equation modelling[J]. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry,2006,51(5):317-324.
[16] YAN R,TANG H,XIN X,et al. Grazing intensity and driving factors affect soil nitrous oxide fluxes during the growing seasons in the Hulunber meadow steppe of China[J]. Environmental Research Letters,2016,11(5):054004.
[17] ZHE C,YANG S,ZHANG A,et al. Nitrous oxide emissions following seasonal freeze-thaw events from arable soils in Northeast China[J]. Journal of Integrative Agriculture,2018,17(1):231-246.
[18] WANG L,SHENG R,YANG H,et al. Stimulatory effect of exogenous nitrate on soil denitrifiers and denitrifying activities in submerged paddy soil[J]. Geoderma,2017,286:64-72.
[19]张鑫,蔡焕杰,邵光成,等.膜下滴灌的生态环境效应研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2002,21(2):1-4.ZHANG Xin,CAI Huanjie,SHAO Guangcheng,et al. Effects of drip irrigation under mulch film on environment factors on vegetable field[J]. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2002,21(2):1-4.(in Chinese)
[20]王艳丽,李虎,孙媛,等.水肥一体化条件下设施菜地的N2O排放[J].生态学报,2016,36(7):2005-2014.WANG Yanli,LI Hu,SUN Yuan,et al. N2O emissions from a vegetable field with fertigation management and under greenhouse conditions[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(7):2005-2014.(in Chinese)
[21]雷宏军,胡世国,潘红卫,等.加氧灌溉与土壤通气性研究进展[J].土壤学报,2017,54(2):297-308.LEI Hongjun,HU Shiguo,PAN Hongwei,et al. Advancement in research on soil aeration and oxygation[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica,2017,54(2):297-308.(in Chinese)
[22]李银坤,武雪萍,郭文忠,等.不同氮水平下黄瓜-番茄日光温室栽培土壤N2O排放特征[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(23):260-267.LI Yinkun,WU Xueping,GUO Wenzhong,et al. Characteristics of greenhouse soil N2O emissions in cucumber-tomato rotation system under different nitrogen conditions[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2014,30(23):260-267.(in Chinese)
[23] WLODARCZYK T,SZARLIP P,KOZIELW,et al. Effect of long storage and soil type on the actual denitrification and denitrification capacity to N2O formation[J]. International Agrophysics,2014,28(3):371-381.
[24] SINGH B K,BARDGETT R D,SMITH P,et al. Microorganisms and climate change:terrestrial feedbacks and mitigation options[J]. Nature Reviews Microbiology,2010,8(11):779-790.
[25]邱炜红,刘金山,胡承孝,等.不同施氮水平对菜地土壤N2O排放的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2010,29(11):2238-2243.QIU Weihong,LIU Jinshan,HU Chengxiao,et al. Effects of nitrogen application rates on nitrous oxide emission from a typical intensive vegetable cropping system[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2010,29(11):2238-2243.(in Chinese)
[26] TAKEDA H,TAKAHASHI N,HATANO R,et al. Active N2O emission from bacterial microbiota of Andisol farmland and characterization of some N2O emitters[J]. Journal of Basic Microbiology,2012,52(4):477-486.
[27]郑循华,王明星,王跃思,等.温度对农田N2O产生与排放的影响[J].环境科学,1997,18(5):1-5.ZHENG Xunhua,WANG Mingxing,WANG Yuesi,et al. Impacts of temperature on N2O production[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Science,1997,18(5):1-5.(in Chinese)
[28]焦燕,黄耀.影响农田氧化亚氮排放过程的土壤因素[J].气候与环境研究,2003,8(4):457-466.JIAO Yan,HUANG Yao. Influence of soil properties on N2O emissions from farmland[J]. Climatic and Environmental Research,2003,8(4):457-466.(in Chinese)
[29] CASE S D C,MCNAMARA N P,REAY D S,et al. The effect of biochar addition on N2O and CO2emissions from a sandy loam soil—the role of soil aeration[J]. Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2012,51(3):125-134.
[30] LUDWIG J,MEIXNER F X,VOGEL B,et al. Soil-air exchange of nitric oxide:an overview of processes,environmental factors,and modeling studies[J]. Biogeochemistry,2001,52(3):225-257.
[31] RIYA S,MIN J,ZHOU S,et al. Short-term responses of nitrous oxide emissions and concentration profiles to fertilization and irrigation in greenhouse vegetable cultivation[J]. Pedosphere,2012,22(6):764-775.