有机无机肥分次配施对嘎啦苹果生长、~(15)N-尿素吸收利用及损失的影响
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摘要
以15年生嘎啦苹果/平邑甜茶为试材,采用~(15)N同位素示踪技术,研究有机无机肥分次配施对嘎啦苹果/平邑甜茶生长、~(15)N-尿素吸收利用及损失的影响.结果表明:与不施有机肥相比,有机无机肥配施显著提高了植株根冠比、叶绿素含量、单株叶片总氮量和单果质量,且有机无机肥分次配施的效果要优于有机无机肥一次性配施.有机无机肥配施提高了各器官对氮的吸收征调能力(Ndff值),其中有机无机肥分次配施的效果更显著;而不同施肥处理各器官的Ndff值均表现为果实最高,其次是叶片、一年生枝、细根、粗根和多年生枝,中心干最低.有机无机肥分次配施植株总氮量和~(15)N肥料利用率分别为395.39 g和28.4%,显著高于有机无机肥一次性配施处理(342.77 g和21.1%)和不施有机肥处理(296.41 g和14.6%),而~(15)N损失率为51.3%,显著低于有机无机肥一次性配施处理(57.5%)和不施有机肥处理(60.6%).
Fifteen-year-old ‘Gala'/M. hupehensis Rehd. trees and ~(15)N trace technique were used to explore the effects of split combined application of organic-inorganic fertilizers on plant growth, ~(15)N absorption, utilization and loss. The main results were as follows: compared to control, combined application of organic-inorganic fertilizers significantly increased the root-shoot ratio, chlorophyll content, total nitrogen content of leaves and mean fruit mass. The effects of split combined application of organic-inorganic fertilizers treatment were more obvious than one time combined application. Combined application of organic-inorganic fertilizers treatment improved the capacity of ~(15)N derived from fertilizer(Ndff) of different organs, with the effects of split combined application of organic-inorganic fertilizers treatment being more significant. The Ndff value of fruits in different treatments were the highest, followed by leaves, biennial branches, fine roots, large roots and perennial branches, and lowest in trunks. Total N content of plant and ~(15)N-urea utilization rate of the split combined application of organic-inorganic fertilizers treatment were 395.39 g and 28.4% respectively, which were obviously higher than the treatments of one time combined application(342.77 g and 21.1%) and no organic fertilizer application(296.41 g and 14.6%), while ~(15)N loss rate was 51.3%, which was obviously lower than the treatments of one time combined application(57.5%) and no organic fertilizer application(60.6%).
Fifteen-year-old ‘Gala'/M. hupehensis Rehd. trees and ~(15)N trace technique were used to explore the effects of split combined application of organic-inorganic fertilizers on plant growth, ~(15)N absorption, utilization and loss. The main results were as follows: compared to control, combined application of organic-inorganic fertilizers significantly increased the root-shoot ratio, chlorophyll content, total nitrogen content of leaves and mean fruit mass. The effects of split combined application of organic-inorganic fertilizers treatment were more obvious than one time combined application. Combined application of organic-inorganic fertilizers treatment improved the capacity of ~(15)N derived from fertilizer(Ndff) of different organs, with the effects of split combined application of organic-inorganic fertilizers treatment being more significant. The Ndff value of fruits in different treatments were the highest, followed by leaves, biennial branches, fine roots, large roots and perennial branches, and lowest in trunks. Total N content of plant and ~(15)N-urea utilization rate of the split combined application of organic-inorganic fertilizers treatment were 395.39 g and 28.4% respectively, which were obviously higher than the treatments of one time combined application(342.77 g and 21.1%) and no organic fertilizer application(296.41 g and 14.6%), while ~(15)N loss rate was 51.3%, which was obviously lower than the treatments of one time combined application(57.5%) and no organic fertilizer application(60.6%).
引文
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[4] Liang Y (梁尧), Yuan Y-R (苑亚茹), Han X-Z (韩晓增), et al. Distribution of organic carbon and humic acids in aggregates of Mollisol as affected by amendments with different rates of organic manure plus mineral fertilizer. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertili-zer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2016, 22(6): 1586-1594 (in Chinese)
[5] Laird DA, Fleming P, Davis DD, et al. Impact of biochar amendments on the quality of a typical Midwestern agricultural soil. Geoderma, 2010, 158: 443-449
[6] Wang X-J (王晓娟), Jia Z-K (贾志宽), Liang L-Y (梁连友), et al. Effects of organic manure application on dir land soil organic matter and water stable aggregates. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2012, 23(1): 159-165 (in Chinese)
[7] Lin Z-A (林治安), Zhao B-Q (赵秉强), Yuan L (袁亮), et al. Effects of organic manure and fertilizers long-term located application on soil fertility and crop yield. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2009, 42(8): 2809-2819 (in Chinese)
[8] Rong Q-L (荣勤雷), Liang G-Q (梁国庆), Zhou W (周卫), et al. Effect of different organic fertilization on fertility and enzyme activities of yellow clayey soil. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2014, 20(5): 1168-1177 (in Chinese)
[9] Ma Z-M (马忠明), Wang P (王平), Chen J (陈娟), et al. Combined long-term application of organic materials with nitrogen fertilizer in suitable amount could improve soil fertility and crop production profit in Hexi Oasis of Gansu Province. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2016, 22(5): 1298-1309 (in Chinese)
[10] Du W (杜伟), Zhao B-Q (赵秉强), Lin Z-A (林治安), et al. Study on the enhancement and mechanism of organic-inorganic compound fertilizer on inorganic fertilizer utilization. III. Effect of potassium sulfate combined with organic material on maize yield and K fertili-zer utilization. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2015, 21(1): 58-63 (in Chinese)
[11] Xu M-G (徐明岗), Li D-C (李冬初), Li J-M (李菊梅), et al. Effects of organic manure application combined with chemical fertilizers on nutrients absorption and yield of rice in Hunan of China. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2008, 41(10): 3133-3139 (in Chinese)
[12] Xie J (谢军), Zhao Y-N (赵亚南), Chen X-J (陈轩敬), et al. Nitrogen of organic manure replacing chemical nitrogenous fertilizer improve maize yield and nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiency. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2016, 49(20): 3934-3943 (in Chinese)
[13] Zhang F, Zhang H, Xu M. Long-term effects of manure application on grain yield under different cropping systems and ecological conditions in China. Journal of Agricultural Science, 2009, 147: 31-42
[14] Li S-Y (李恕燕), Li J-J (李吉进), Zhang B-X (张邦喜), et al. Effect of different organic fertilizers application on tomato quality and flavor. Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China (中国土壤与肥料), 2017(2): 114-119 (in Chinese)
[15] Lin ZA, Chang XH, Wang DM, et al. Long-term fertilization effects on processing quality of wheat grain in the North China Plain. Field Crops Research, 2015, 174: 55-60
[16] Li Y-Q (李燕青), Lin Z-A (林治安), Wen Y-C (温延臣), et al. Effect of combined application of chemical fertilizers with different sources of organic manure on the grain quality of winter wheat. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2016, 22(6): 1513-1522 (in Chinese)
[17] Jiang Y-M (姜远茂), Peng F-T (彭福田), Zhang F-S (张福锁), et al. Status of organic matter and nutrients in Shandong orchard soils. Chinese Journal of Soil Science (土壤通报), 2001, 32(4): 167-169 (in Chinese)
[18] Peng F-T (彭福田), Jiang Y-M (姜远茂). Characte-ristics of N, P, and K nutrition in different yield level apple orchards. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2006, 39(2): 361-367 (in Chinese)
[19] Peng L (彭玲), Liu X-X (刘晓霞), He L (何流), et al. Effects of different fulvic acid application rates on fruit yield, quality and fate of 15N-urea in ‘Red General’ apple. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2018, 29(5): 1412-1420 (in Chinese)
[20] Xie K (谢凯), Song X-H (宋晓晖), Dong C-X (董彩霞), et al. Effect of different organic fertilizers on tree growth and soil property in Huangguan pear orchard. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2013, 19(1): 214-222 (in Chinese)
[21] Camin F, Fabroni S, Rapisarda P. Influence of different organic fertilizers on quality parameters and the δ15N, δ13C, δ2H, δ34S, δ18O value of orange fruit (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2010, 58: 3502-3506
[22] Luo H (罗华), Li M (李敏), Hu D-G (胡大刚), et al. Effects of organic fertilization on fruit yield and quality of Feicheng peach. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science (植物营养与肥料学报), 2012, 18(4): 955-964 (in Chinese)
[23] Bao S-D (鲍士旦). Soil and Agricultural Chemistry Analysis. 3rd Ed. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2000: 263-268 (in Chinese)
[24] Gu M-R (顾曼如). Application of 15N on the nitrogen nutritional study in apple tree. China Fruit (中国果树), 1990(2): 46-48 (in Chinese)
[25] Peng F-T (彭福田), Jiang Y-M (姜远茂), Gu M-R (顾曼如), et al. Effect of nitrogen on apple fruit hormone changing trends and development. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science (植物营养与肥料学报), 2003, 9(2): 208-213 (in Chinese)
[26] Ding N (丁宁), Jiang Y-M (姜远茂), Peng F-T (彭福田), et al. Study on leaf senescence and 15N-urea absorption and utilization of ‘Fuji’ apple in response to topdressing nitrogen application. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science (植物营养与肥料学报), 2012, 18(3): 758-764 (in Chinese)
[27] Li C-M (李春明), Xiong S-P (熊淑萍), Zhao Q-M (赵巧梅), et al. Effects of organic manure and urea mixture on canopy architecture, grain yield and protein content of wheat. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2008, 41(12): 4287-4293 (in Chinese)
[28] Liu Y (刘艳), Gao X-H (高遐虹), Yao Y-C (姚允聪). Research on nutrient effect of different botanical organic fertilizers on young pear plant [Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm.f.) Nakai] in sandy soil. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2008, 41(8): 2546-2553 (in Chinese)
[29] Wu C-C (伍从成), Jiang H-B (姜海波), Zhao J-W (赵静文), et al. Effect of continuous application of bio-organic fertilizer for five years on the morphology and distribution of pear roots. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University (南京农业大学学报), 2017, 40(3): 473-480 (in Chinese)
[30] Zhou J-M (周江明). Effect of combined application of organic and mineral fertilizers on yield, quality and nitrogen uptake of rice. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science (植物营养与肥料学报), 2012, 18(1): 234-240 (in Chinese)
[31] Manna MC, Swarup A, Wanjari RH, et al. Long-term fertilization, manure and liming effects on soil organic matter and crop yield. Soil and Tillage Research, 2007, 94: 397-409
[32] Wang H-J (王华静), Wu L-H (吴良欢), Tao Q-N (陶勤南). Advances in the study of organic nutrition fertilizers. Ecology and Environment (生态环境), 2003, 12(1): 110-114 (in Chinese)
[33] Maria LM. Influence of planting and training systems on fruit yield in apple orchard. Journal of Fruit and Ornamental Plant Research, 2004, 12: 97-104
[34] Ge S-F (葛顺峰), Jiang Y-M (姜远茂), Wei S-C (魏绍冲), et al. Nitrogen balance under different nitrogen application rates in young apple orchards. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science (植物营养与肥料学报), 2011, 17(4): 949-955 (in Chinese)
[35] Ma C (马臣), Liu Y-N (刘艳妮), Liang L (梁璐), et al. Effects of combined application of chemical fertilizer and organic manure on wheat yield and leaching of residual nitrate-N in dryland soil. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2018, 29(4): 1240-1248 (in Chinese)
[2] Peltonen-Sainio P, Jauhiainen L, Laurila IP. Cereal yield trends in northern European conditions: Changes in yield potential and its realisation. Field Crops Research, 2009, 110: 85-90
[3] Mujuru L, Rusinamhodzi L, Nyamangara J, et al. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and manure application on storage of carbon and nitrogen under continuous maize cropping in Arenosols and Luvisols of Zimbabwe. Journal of Agricultural Science, 2016, 154: 242-257
[4] Liang Y (梁尧), Yuan Y-R (苑亚茹), Han X-Z (韩晓增), et al. Distribution of organic carbon and humic acids in aggregates of Mollisol as affected by amendments with different rates of organic manure plus mineral fertilizer. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertili-zer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2016, 22(6): 1586-1594 (in Chinese)
[5] Laird DA, Fleming P, Davis DD, et al. Impact of biochar amendments on the quality of a typical Midwestern agricultural soil. Geoderma, 2010, 158: 443-449
[6] Wang X-J (王晓娟), Jia Z-K (贾志宽), Liang L-Y (梁连友), et al. Effects of organic manure application on dir land soil organic matter and water stable aggregates. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2012, 23(1): 159-165 (in Chinese)
[7] Lin Z-A (林治安), Zhao B-Q (赵秉强), Yuan L (袁亮), et al. Effects of organic manure and fertilizers long-term located application on soil fertility and crop yield. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2009, 42(8): 2809-2819 (in Chinese)
[8] Rong Q-L (荣勤雷), Liang G-Q (梁国庆), Zhou W (周卫), et al. Effect of different organic fertilization on fertility and enzyme activities of yellow clayey soil. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2014, 20(5): 1168-1177 (in Chinese)
[9] Ma Z-M (马忠明), Wang P (王平), Chen J (陈娟), et al. Combined long-term application of organic materials with nitrogen fertilizer in suitable amount could improve soil fertility and crop production profit in Hexi Oasis of Gansu Province. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2016, 22(5): 1298-1309 (in Chinese)
[10] Du W (杜伟), Zhao B-Q (赵秉强), Lin Z-A (林治安), et al. Study on the enhancement and mechanism of organic-inorganic compound fertilizer on inorganic fertilizer utilization. III. Effect of potassium sulfate combined with organic material on maize yield and K fertili-zer utilization. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2015, 21(1): 58-63 (in Chinese)
[11] Xu M-G (徐明岗), Li D-C (李冬初), Li J-M (李菊梅), et al. Effects of organic manure application combined with chemical fertilizers on nutrients absorption and yield of rice in Hunan of China. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2008, 41(10): 3133-3139 (in Chinese)
[12] Xie J (谢军), Zhao Y-N (赵亚南), Chen X-J (陈轩敬), et al. Nitrogen of organic manure replacing chemical nitrogenous fertilizer improve maize yield and nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiency. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2016, 49(20): 3934-3943 (in Chinese)
[13] Zhang F, Zhang H, Xu M. Long-term effects of manure application on grain yield under different cropping systems and ecological conditions in China. Journal of Agricultural Science, 2009, 147: 31-42
[14] Li S-Y (李恕燕), Li J-J (李吉进), Zhang B-X (张邦喜), et al. Effect of different organic fertilizers application on tomato quality and flavor. Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China (中国土壤与肥料), 2017(2): 114-119 (in Chinese)
[15] Lin ZA, Chang XH, Wang DM, et al. Long-term fertilization effects on processing quality of wheat grain in the North China Plain. Field Crops Research, 2015, 174: 55-60
[16] Li Y-Q (李燕青), Lin Z-A (林治安), Wen Y-C (温延臣), et al. Effect of combined application of chemical fertilizers with different sources of organic manure on the grain quality of winter wheat. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2016, 22(6): 1513-1522 (in Chinese)
[17] Jiang Y-M (姜远茂), Peng F-T (彭福田), Zhang F-S (张福锁), et al. Status of organic matter and nutrients in Shandong orchard soils. Chinese Journal of Soil Science (土壤通报), 2001, 32(4): 167-169 (in Chinese)
[18] Peng F-T (彭福田), Jiang Y-M (姜远茂). Characte-ristics of N, P, and K nutrition in different yield level apple orchards. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2006, 39(2): 361-367 (in Chinese)
[19] Peng L (彭玲), Liu X-X (刘晓霞), He L (何流), et al. Effects of different fulvic acid application rates on fruit yield, quality and fate of 15N-urea in ‘Red General’ apple. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2018, 29(5): 1412-1420 (in Chinese)
[20] Xie K (谢凯), Song X-H (宋晓晖), Dong C-X (董彩霞), et al. Effect of different organic fertilizers on tree growth and soil property in Huangguan pear orchard. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2013, 19(1): 214-222 (in Chinese)
[21] Camin F, Fabroni S, Rapisarda P. Influence of different organic fertilizers on quality parameters and the δ15N, δ13C, δ2H, δ34S, δ18O value of orange fruit (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2010, 58: 3502-3506
[22] Luo H (罗华), Li M (李敏), Hu D-G (胡大刚), et al. Effects of organic fertilization on fruit yield and quality of Feicheng peach. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science (植物营养与肥料学报), 2012, 18(4): 955-964 (in Chinese)
[23] Bao S-D (鲍士旦). Soil and Agricultural Chemistry Analysis. 3rd Ed. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2000: 263-268 (in Chinese)
[24] Gu M-R (顾曼如). Application of 15N on the nitrogen nutritional study in apple tree. China Fruit (中国果树), 1990(2): 46-48 (in Chinese)
[25] Peng F-T (彭福田), Jiang Y-M (姜远茂), Gu M-R (顾曼如), et al. Effect of nitrogen on apple fruit hormone changing trends and development. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science (植物营养与肥料学报), 2003, 9(2): 208-213 (in Chinese)
[26] Ding N (丁宁), Jiang Y-M (姜远茂), Peng F-T (彭福田), et al. Study on leaf senescence and 15N-urea absorption and utilization of ‘Fuji’ apple in response to topdressing nitrogen application. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science (植物营养与肥料学报), 2012, 18(3): 758-764 (in Chinese)
[27] Li C-M (李春明), Xiong S-P (熊淑萍), Zhao Q-M (赵巧梅), et al. Effects of organic manure and urea mixture on canopy architecture, grain yield and protein content of wheat. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2008, 41(12): 4287-4293 (in Chinese)
[28] Liu Y (刘艳), Gao X-H (高遐虹), Yao Y-C (姚允聪). Research on nutrient effect of different botanical organic fertilizers on young pear plant [Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm.f.) Nakai] in sandy soil. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2008, 41(8): 2546-2553 (in Chinese)
[29] Wu C-C (伍从成), Jiang H-B (姜海波), Zhao J-W (赵静文), et al. Effect of continuous application of bio-organic fertilizer for five years on the morphology and distribution of pear roots. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University (南京农业大学学报), 2017, 40(3): 473-480 (in Chinese)
[30] Zhou J-M (周江明). Effect of combined application of organic and mineral fertilizers on yield, quality and nitrogen uptake of rice. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science (植物营养与肥料学报), 2012, 18(1): 234-240 (in Chinese)
[31] Manna MC, Swarup A, Wanjari RH, et al. Long-term fertilization, manure and liming effects on soil organic matter and crop yield. Soil and Tillage Research, 2007, 94: 397-409
[32] Wang H-J (王华静), Wu L-H (吴良欢), Tao Q-N (陶勤南). Advances in the study of organic nutrition fertilizers. Ecology and Environment (生态环境), 2003, 12(1): 110-114 (in Chinese)
[33] Maria LM. Influence of planting and training systems on fruit yield in apple orchard. Journal of Fruit and Ornamental Plant Research, 2004, 12: 97-104
[34] Ge S-F (葛顺峰), Jiang Y-M (姜远茂), Wei S-C (魏绍冲), et al. Nitrogen balance under different nitrogen application rates in young apple orchards. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science (植物营养与肥料学报), 2011, 17(4): 949-955 (in Chinese)
[35] Ma C (马臣), Liu Y-N (刘艳妮), Liang L (梁璐), et al. Effects of combined application of chemical fertilizer and organic manure on wheat yield and leaching of residual nitrate-N in dryland soil. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2018, 29(4): 1240-1248 (in Chinese)