少年篮球运动员和普通中学生身体成分及骨密度比较:来源一所中学的数据
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摘要
背景:研究少年篮球运动员群体的身体成分和骨密度不仅关系篮球事业的长远发展,关系到全民健身事业的可持续性。目的:探讨篮球运动对14岁汉族少年身体成分和骨密度的影响以及骨密度的性别差异及原因。方法:受试者共270人,全部为郑州市14岁汉族少年中学生,其中少年篮球运动员(运动员组)为79人(男性28人,女性51人),不考虑身高体质量的普通中学生(对照组1)为87人(男性32人,女性55人),身高体质量与少年篮球运动员相仿的普通中学生(对照组2)为104人(男性40人,女性64人)。采用问卷调查法来获取受试者日常生活情况的相关数据。采用骨密度仪Metriscan测量受试者利手中指中段的骨密度;测量受试者身高和体质量,计算体质量指数;采用DBA-550人体成分分析仪测量受试者的身体成分,计算出与体质量的相对比率。结果与结论:①女性少年篮球运动员身体中的总水分比率显著性的高于同性别的普通中学生(P <0.05);②相同性别少年篮球运动员身体中蛋白质比率显著性高于普通中学生(P <0.05),这在女性的两组之间表现的尤为突出(P <0.01);③脂肪和去脂体质量在相同性别的两组之间差异均有非常显著性意义(P <0.01);④相同性别的少年篮球运动员无机盐比率显著性高于普通中学生(P <0.05);⑤少年篮球运动员和身高体质量与运动员相仿的普通中学生的中指骨密度差异有显著性意义(P <0.05);相同性别的少年篮球运动员中指骨密度显著性高于普通中学生(P <0.05);⑥在日常生活习惯指标上,相同性别的少年篮球运动员每天体育锻炼时间显著性高于普通中学生,其他生活指标表现的规律性不强;⑦结果提示,篮球运动对人体的身体成分有良好的改善作用,能够降低身体中的脂肪含量,提高身体中蛋白质、水分、无机盐和去脂体质量的含量,同时篮球运动能够提高人体中指的骨密度,可以用于肥胖和骨质疏松症防治,篮球运动员的身体成分和骨密度指标可以为篮球运动的训练和选材提供参考。
BACKGROUND: Studying the body composition and bone mineral density(BMD) of juvenile basketball players is not only related to the long-term development of basketball, but also related to the sustainability of national fitness. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of basketball on the body composition and BMD in 14-year-old Han population, and to analyze the differences in BMD between sexes, and the causes. METHODS: Two hundred seventy 14-year-old middle school students of Han nationality in Zhengzhou were enrolled, 79 juvenile basketball players were included as athlete group(28 males, 51 females), 87 ordinary middle school students without consideration of height and body mass as control group 1(32 males, 55 females), and 104 ordinary middle school students, whose height and body mass were similar to the juvenile basketball players as control group 2(40 males, 64 females). The relevant data of daily life were obtained by questionnaire survey. The BMD of the middle segment of middle finger of handedness was measured by Aleris Metriscan. The height and body mass were detected, and the body mass index was calculated. The body composition was analyzed using DBA-550 Body Composition Analyzer, and the relative ratio of body mass was calculated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The total water content of female juvenile basketball players was significantly higher than that of female ordinary middle school students(P < 0.05). The protein ratio of juvenile basketball players was significantly higher than that of ordinary middle school students with same sex(P < 0.05), especially in females(P < 0.01). There were significant differences in the fat and fat-free body mass between two groups with same sex(P < 0.01). The inorganic salt ratio of juvenile basketball players was significantly higher than that of ordinary middle school students of the same sex(P < 0.05). There was a significant difference in the BMD of middle finger between athlete group and control group 2(P < 0.05), and the BMD in the control group 2 was significantly higher than that in the control group 1 of the same sex(P < 0.05). The daily physical exercise time of the juvenile basketball players was significantly higher than that of ordinary students, and the other indicators of life performance showed no obvious regularity. These results indicate that basketball plays a good role in improving the body composition, can reduce the fat content, improve the contents of protein, water, inorganic salts and fat-free body mass. Meanwhile, basketball can increase the BMD of middle finger, which can be used for preventing and treating obesity and osteoporosis. Additionally, the body composition and BMD indexes of basketball players can provide reference for the training and selection.
BACKGROUND: Studying the body composition and bone mineral density(BMD) of juvenile basketball players is not only related to the long-term development of basketball, but also related to the sustainability of national fitness. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of basketball on the body composition and BMD in 14-year-old Han population, and to analyze the differences in BMD between sexes, and the causes. METHODS: Two hundred seventy 14-year-old middle school students of Han nationality in Zhengzhou were enrolled, 79 juvenile basketball players were included as athlete group(28 males, 51 females), 87 ordinary middle school students without consideration of height and body mass as control group 1(32 males, 55 females), and 104 ordinary middle school students, whose height and body mass were similar to the juvenile basketball players as control group 2(40 males, 64 females). The relevant data of daily life were obtained by questionnaire survey. The BMD of the middle segment of middle finger of handedness was measured by Aleris Metriscan. The height and body mass were detected, and the body mass index was calculated. The body composition was analyzed using DBA-550 Body Composition Analyzer, and the relative ratio of body mass was calculated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The total water content of female juvenile basketball players was significantly higher than that of female ordinary middle school students(P < 0.05). The protein ratio of juvenile basketball players was significantly higher than that of ordinary middle school students with same sex(P < 0.05), especially in females(P < 0.01). There were significant differences in the fat and fat-free body mass between two groups with same sex(P < 0.01). The inorganic salt ratio of juvenile basketball players was significantly higher than that of ordinary middle school students of the same sex(P < 0.05). There was a significant difference in the BMD of middle finger between athlete group and control group 2(P < 0.05), and the BMD in the control group 2 was significantly higher than that in the control group 1 of the same sex(P < 0.05). The daily physical exercise time of the juvenile basketball players was significantly higher than that of ordinary students, and the other indicators of life performance showed no obvious regularity. These results indicate that basketball plays a good role in improving the body composition, can reduce the fat content, improve the contents of protein, water, inorganic salts and fat-free body mass. Meanwhile, basketball can increase the BMD of middle finger, which can be used for preventing and treating obesity and osteoporosis. Additionally, the body composition and BMD indexes of basketball players can provide reference for the training and selection.
引文
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[4]许晓东,柏友萍,张晶,等.篮球、手球、足球运动员体成分及肌肉力量的比较分析[J].辽宁体育科技,2012,34(4):37-41.
[5]杨建雄,王健.6-21岁学生体成分的性别特点与年龄规律[J].体育科学,2005,25(8):67-70.
[6]叶心明,肖巧俐,易红赤.中国学龄儿童饮食习惯、营养摄入及与BMI相关研究[J].成都体育学院学报,2016,42(2):116-121.
[7]Hung LS,Tidwell DK,Hall ME,et al.A meta-analysis of school-based obesity prevention programs demonstrates limited efficacy of decreasing childhood obesity.Nutr Res.2015;35(3):229-240.
[8]Ross R,Blair SN,Arena R,et al.Importance of assessing cardiorespiratory fitness in clinical practice:A case for fitness as a clinical vital sign:a scientific statement from the american heart association.Circulation.2016;134(24):e653.
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[10]李新,李晓彤,王正珍,等.不同运动量对少年心肺耐力和身体成分影响的干预研究[J].中国体育科技,2017,53(5):110-116.
[11]汪媛,金永堂.肌力和体力活动与骨密度关系研究进展[J].卫生研究,2003,32(2):169-171.
[12]沈友青,姜霞.运动与儿童少年骨密度的改变[J].武汉体育学院学报,2004,38(5):56-57.
[13]徐锋鹏,胡敏,黄俊豪,等.不同类型运动对骨密度影响的研究进展[J].上海体育学院学报,2017,41(1):55-60.
[14]Frost HM.Skeletal structure adapations to mechanical usage(SATMU):1.Redefining Wolff law:the bone modeline problem.Anat Rec.1990;226(4):403-413.
[15]丁焕香.不同专项学生身体成分调查分析[J].临沂师范学院学报,2009,31(6):97-101.
[16]詹晓梅,潘珊珊,陈文鹤.运动干预对肥胖青少年体成分、血脂、胰岛素抵抗及超敏C反应蛋白的影响[J].上海体育学院学报,2012.6(6):62-66.
[17]廖鲁頔.不同技能主导类项目运动员身体成分的比较研究-以山西技能主导类优势项目运动员为例[J].2015,30(5):124-128.
[18]袁凌燕.青少年儿童肥胖干预理论与实践[M].杭州:杭州出版社,2013,7.
[19]黄优强,周武.对中国男篮后备人才培养模式的审视[J].北京体育大学学报,2014,37(4):133-139.
[20]黄长剑,徐瑞芳.我国青少年篮球培养现状与对策-以福建省为例[J].长沙大学学报,2011,25(5):153-156.
[21]高治.我国青少年校园篮球运动发展的动力机制研究[D].武汉:武汉体育学院,2016.
[22]丁广鹏.我国7-12岁儿童篮球启蒙训练的实证研究[J].湖北体育科技,2017,36(7):598-602.
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