低渗透薄层难动用边际油藏地质工程一体化技术——以滨里海盆地Zanazour油田为例
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摘要
滨里海Zanazour油田已持续开发20多年,主体区采出程度高、地层压力低,作为油田开发的潜力区,主体构造边部油藏渗透率低、有效油层厚度薄,常规直井开发方式单井产量低、有效开发难度大。为了解决以上难点,实现边际油藏的有效开发,提出了水平井地质工程一体化技术,在以Zanazour油田为代表的边际油藏开展了一系列攻关研究和现场实践。低渗透、薄层边际油藏地质工程一体化技术,以水平井分段压裂为主要手段,从顶层设计出发,匹配地质、油藏特征,实现钻完井工程、分段压裂、采油工程的有机融合,主要体现在以下几方面:①根据水平井分段压裂对产量的影响,有效储层的孔隙度下限从8%下降到了4%～5%。②综合考虑地应力分布、人工裂缝走向、有效油层厚度及其分布等因素,优选水平段目的层并确定水平段方位。③为了提高分段压裂有效性,使用旋转地质导向和随钻测井技术,在1.4～6.1m的薄油层中钻遇率从20.7%提高到72%。④多举措提高水平段固井质量及抗射孔、压裂等作业的冲击能力,保证分段的有效性。⑤考虑水平段非均质性,按照"一段一方案"的原则,优化分段改造方案及施工参数。⑥为了实现低压储层分段压裂后的有效返排,优化配套了气举和液氮助排技术。所形成的技术体系在以H8井为代表的边部开发井获得了应用并获得突破,H8井分段压裂后的产量是邻井产量的11倍。目前共完成了8口井的现场试验,实现累计增产原油11×10~4t。实践表明,对于直井开发效益低的低渗透、薄层边际油藏,采用以分段压裂为主要手段的地质工程一体化技术模式,可以实现此类油藏的有效开发。
After developing for more than 20 years, the main part of the Zanazour oilfield in the pre-Caspian Basin, has demonstrated high recovery efficiency and low reservoir pressure. However, the marginal reservoirs with low permeability and thin pay remain a challenge for effective development, with only low productivity by conventional vertical wells. To develop these low-permeability and thin reservoirs, a horizontal well geology-engineering integration technology system was proposed, and a series of research and field test were carried out. This technology system organically integrates drilling and completion, staged fracturing and oil production engineer with consideration to geologic and reservoir characteristics. It is manifested in six aspects. First, the lowest effective porosity is reduced from 8% to 4%–5% considering the influence of horizontal well staged fracturing on production. Second, preferable target layers are selected and horizontal section orientation is determined depending on stress distribution, orientation of induced fractures, and thickness and distribution of pay zones comprehensively.Third, rotary geosteering and LWD techniques are combined to increase the drill-in rate of thin layers(1.4–6.1 m) from 20.7% to 72%.Fourth, multiple measures are taken to improve the cementing quality in horizontal section and the resistance to impact by perforation and fracturing operations. Fifth, the staged fracturing design and parameters are optimized in accordance with the principle of "one design for on stage" by considering the heterogeneity of horizontal section. Sixth, gas lift and liquid nitrogen assisting flowback techniques are adopted for low-pressure reservoirs. The technology system has been successfully applied in development wells(e.g. H8) in marginal reservoirs. Well H8's post-fracturing production is 11 times of the adjacent well. So far, field test has been completed in 8 wells, revealing a cumulative oil production added by 11×104 t. Thus, the geology-engineering integration technology system represented by staged fracture is proved efficient for low-permeability and thin marginal reservoirs.
After developing for more than 20 years, the main part of the Zanazour oilfield in the pre-Caspian Basin, has demonstrated high recovery efficiency and low reservoir pressure. However, the marginal reservoirs with low permeability and thin pay remain a challenge for effective development, with only low productivity by conventional vertical wells. To develop these low-permeability and thin reservoirs, a horizontal well geology-engineering integration technology system was proposed, and a series of research and field test were carried out. This technology system organically integrates drilling and completion, staged fracturing and oil production engineer with consideration to geologic and reservoir characteristics. It is manifested in six aspects. First, the lowest effective porosity is reduced from 8% to 4%–5% considering the influence of horizontal well staged fracturing on production. Second, preferable target layers are selected and horizontal section orientation is determined depending on stress distribution, orientation of induced fractures, and thickness and distribution of pay zones comprehensively.Third, rotary geosteering and LWD techniques are combined to increase the drill-in rate of thin layers(1.4–6.1 m) from 20.7% to 72%.Fourth, multiple measures are taken to improve the cementing quality in horizontal section and the resistance to impact by perforation and fracturing operations. Fifth, the staged fracturing design and parameters are optimized in accordance with the principle of "one design for on stage" by considering the heterogeneity of horizontal section. Sixth, gas lift and liquid nitrogen assisting flowback techniques are adopted for low-pressure reservoirs. The technology system has been successfully applied in development wells(e.g. H8) in marginal reservoirs. Well H8's post-fracturing production is 11 times of the adjacent well. So far, field test has been completed in 8 wells, revealing a cumulative oil production added by 11×104 t. Thus, the geology-engineering integration technology system represented by staged fracture is proved efficient for low-permeability and thin marginal reservoirs.
引文
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[3]黄玉珍,黄金亮,葛春梅,程克明,董大忠.技术进步是推动美国页岩气快速发展的关键[J].天然气工业,2009,29(5):7-10.Huang Yuzhen,Huang Jinliang,Ge Chunmei,Cheng Keming,Dong Dazhong.A key factor promoting rapid development of shale gas in America:technical progress[J].Natural Gas Industry,2009,29(5):7-10.
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[5]周新源,杨海军.塔里木油田碳酸盐岩油气藏勘探开发一体化实践与成效[J].中国石油勘探,2012,17(5):1-9.Zhou Xingyuan,Yang Haijun.Tarim oilfield carbonate oil and gas exploration and development integration practice and effect[J].China Petroleum Exploration,2012,17(5):1-9.
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[7]刘旭礼.页岩气水平井钻井的随钻地质导向方法[J].天然气工业,2016,36(5):69-73.Liu Xuli.Geosteering technology in the drilling of shale gas horizontal wells[J].Natural Gas Industry,2016,36(5):69-73.
[8]陈志鹏,梁兴,王高成,焦亚军,张介辉,李兆丰,等.旋转地质导向技术在水平井中的应用及体会——以昭通页岩气示范区为例[J].天然气工业,2015,35(12):64-70.Chen Zhipeng,Liang Xing,Wang Gaocheng,Jiao Yajun,Zhang Jiehui,Li Zhaofeng,et al.Application of rotary geosteering technology in horizontal wells and its implication:a case study of the Zhaotong shale gas demonstration area of Yunnan[J].Natural Gas Industry,2015,35(12):64-70.
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[12]吴奇,胥云,王晓泉,王腾飞,张守亮.非常规油气藏体积改造技术——内涵、优化设计与实现[J].石油勘探与开发,2012,39(3):352-358.Wu Qi,Xu Yun,Wang Xiaoquan,Wang Tengfei,Zhang Shouliang.Volume fracturing technology of unconventional r e s e r v o i r s:c o n n o t a t i o n,o p t i m i z a t i o n d e s i g n a n d implementation[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2012,39(3):352-358.
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[16]陈民锋,陈璐,张琪琛,王兆琪,杨曜宁.低渗透油藏改造后水平井压力分布规律[J].深圳大学学报理工版,2016,33(4):37-41.Chen Minfeng,Chen Lu,Zhang Qichen,Wang Zhaoqi,Yang Yaoning.Field pressure distribution of horizontal wells in low permeable stimulated reservoirs[J].Journal of Shenzhen University Science and Engineering,2016,33(4):37-41.
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