覆盖方式对旱地不同熟性马铃薯产量及土壤水分的影响
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摘要
【目的】了解西北半干旱雨养条件下不同覆盖种植方式对马铃薯产量和水分的影响.【方法】以‘LK99’(早熟)、‘克新1号’(中熟)和‘青薯9号’(晚熟)为材料,设置秸秆带状覆盖(T_1)、地膜覆盖(T_2)和露地平作(CK)3种不同栽培方式,系统研究不同处理的土壤水分、产量和水分利用效率.【结果】与CK相比,T_1鲜薯产量增加13.7%～23.9%,干薯产量水分利用效率(WUE_D)提高34.3%～73.8%;T_2鲜薯产量增加24.7%～44.5%,WUE_D提高42.5%～63.8%.不同品种间鲜薯产量和WUE_D的最大增幅T_1处理均为早熟,T_2处理依次为早熟和中熟.覆盖显著提高单薯质量是增产的主要原因,早、中、晚熟马铃薯平均单薯质量比CK依次增加10.6、19.9和26.4 g.鲜薯产量与耗水量呈显著负相关(r=-0.671~*),与WUE_D呈极显著正相关(r=0.959~(**)).覆盖对各品种的不同时期和土层均具有增墒或降墒的双重效应,增墒作用更为显著,覆盖材料间增墒效果相似,但品种间差异较大,以晚熟品种覆盖土壤含水量较CK提高最显著(1.5%).【结论】秸秆带状覆盖和地膜覆盖均是半干旱雨养农区提高马铃薯产量和高效用水的技术,而秸秆带状覆盖栽培技术可减少污染,提高秸秆资源利用效率.
【Objective】 In order to deeply understand the effects of different mulching patterns on soil moisture and tuber yield of potato cultivars with different maturities under semiarid rain-fed ecosystem.【Method】 The cultivars 'LK99'(very early),'Kexin 1'(medium-early)and 'Qingshu 9'(late) were selected to measure the soil moisture,tuber yield and water use efficiency under three cultivation patterns,including the flat-planting without mulching(CK),alternating the strips mulching with whole maize straw and bare plots with no ridges(T_1);alternating large and small ridges mulching with black plastic film(T_2).【Result】 Compared with CK,T_1 significantly increased fresh tuber yield by 13.7% to 23.9% and water use efficiency of drying tuber yield(WUE_D) by 34.3% to 73.8%.T_2 greatly improved fresh tuber yield by 24.7% to 44.5% and WUE_D by 42.5% to 63.8%.The maximum increasing range of fresh tuber yield and WUE_D were both the early maturing variety in T_1,and early and medium-early maturing varieties in T_2.Mulching treatments significantly increased single tuber weight,which was the main factor for tuber yield increasing.The average single tuber weight of early,medium-early and late potato cultivars with different maturities under mulching patterns significantly was increased by 10.6,19.9 and 26.4 g respectively compared with CK.The fresh tuber yield was negatively correlated with water consumption(r=-0.671~*) and extremely positively correlated with WUE_D(r=0.959~(**)).Mulching had the dual effects on the increase or decrease of soil moisture in different soil layers at different growth stage,and the effect of increasing soil moisture was more significant.Both straw strips mulching and plastic mulching obtained similar soil moisture,but there were great differences among different varieties.The highest soil water content(1.5 percentage point higher than CK) occurred in late maturing cultivar under mulching.【Conclusion】 Straw strips coverage and plastic mulching were proper techniques for improving potato yield and water use efficiency in semi-arid areas.Additionally,straw strips mulching could be applied as one of the effective farmland management practices to reduce pollution and enhance the utilization efficiency of straw resources.
【Objective】 In order to deeply understand the effects of different mulching patterns on soil moisture and tuber yield of potato cultivars with different maturities under semiarid rain-fed ecosystem.【Method】 The cultivars 'LK99'(very early),'Kexin 1'(medium-early)and 'Qingshu 9'(late) were selected to measure the soil moisture,tuber yield and water use efficiency under three cultivation patterns,including the flat-planting without mulching(CK),alternating the strips mulching with whole maize straw and bare plots with no ridges(T_1);alternating large and small ridges mulching with black plastic film(T_2).【Result】 Compared with CK,T_1 significantly increased fresh tuber yield by 13.7% to 23.9% and water use efficiency of drying tuber yield(WUE_D) by 34.3% to 73.8%.T_2 greatly improved fresh tuber yield by 24.7% to 44.5% and WUE_D by 42.5% to 63.8%.The maximum increasing range of fresh tuber yield and WUE_D were both the early maturing variety in T_1,and early and medium-early maturing varieties in T_2.Mulching treatments significantly increased single tuber weight,which was the main factor for tuber yield increasing.The average single tuber weight of early,medium-early and late potato cultivars with different maturities under mulching patterns significantly was increased by 10.6,19.9 and 26.4 g respectively compared with CK.The fresh tuber yield was negatively correlated with water consumption(r=-0.671~*) and extremely positively correlated with WUE_D(r=0.959~(**)).Mulching had the dual effects on the increase or decrease of soil moisture in different soil layers at different growth stage,and the effect of increasing soil moisture was more significant.Both straw strips mulching and plastic mulching obtained similar soil moisture,but there were great differences among different varieties.The highest soil water content(1.5 percentage point higher than CK) occurred in late maturing cultivar under mulching.【Conclusion】 Straw strips coverage and plastic mulching were proper techniques for improving potato yield and water use efficiency in semi-arid areas.Additionally,straw strips mulching could be applied as one of the effective farmland management practices to reduce pollution and enhance the utilization efficiency of straw resources.
引文
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[7] 王红丽,张绪成,于显枫,等.黑色地膜覆盖的土壤水热效应及其对马铃薯产量的影响[J].生态学报,2016,36(16):5215- 5226.
[8] 谷晓博,李援农,银敏华,等.降解膜覆盖对油菜根系、产量和水分利用效率的影响[J].农业机械学报,2015,28(12):184- 193.
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[11] 李辉,柴守玺,常磊,等.西北半干旱区秸秆带状覆盖对土壤水分及马铃薯产量的影响[J].水土保持学报,2017,39(6):148-156.
[12] 程宏波,牛建彪,柴守玺,等.不同覆盖材料和方式对旱地春小麦产量及土壤水温环境的影响[J].草业学报,2016,25(2):47-57.
[13] 宋亚丽,杨长刚,李博文,等.秸秆带状覆盖对旱地冬小麦产量及土壤水分的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2016(6):765- 772.
[14] Chen Y Z,Chai S X,Tian H H,et al.Straw strips mulch on furrows improves water use efficiency and yield of potato in a rainfed semiarid area[J].Agricultural Water Management,2019,211(1):142-151.
[15] 韩凡香,常磊,柴守玺,等.半干旱雨养区秸秆带状覆盖种植对土壤水分及马铃薯产量的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2016(7):874- 882.
[16] 李倩,刘景辉,张磊,等.适当保水剂施用和覆盖促进旱作马铃薯生长发育和产量提高[J].农业工程学报,2013,26(7):83-90.
[17] 纪晓玲,张静,乔文远,等.不同覆盖方式对旱地马铃薯产量和水分利用效率的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2016,34(6):58-62.
[18] 包建财,郁继华,冯致,等.西部七省区作物秸秆资源分布及利用现状[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(1):181- 187.
[19] 王如芳,张吉旺,董树亭,等.我国玉米主产区秸秆资源利用现状及其效果[J].应用生态学报,2011,21(6):1504-1510.
[20] 高世铭,张绪成,王亚宏.旱地不同覆盖沟垄种植方式对马铃薯土壤水分和产量的影响[J].水土保持学报,2010,32(1):249-251,2.
[21] 赵天武,黄高宝,轩春香,等.黄土高原旱地不同保护性耕作措施对马铃薯田土壤水温效应及产量的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2009,27(1):101-106,1.
[22] 王亚宏.覆盖种植及垄作对旱地马铃薯水分利用效率的影响[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2009.
[23] 何文清,严昌荣,赵彩霞,等.我国地膜应用污染现状及其防治途径研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2009,28(3):533-538.
[24] 李静静,李从锋,李连禄,等.苗带深松条件下秸秆覆盖对春玉米土壤水温及产量的影响[J].作物学报,2014,40(10):1787-1796.
[25] 武中林.秸秆的污染治理及其综合利用[J].农业资源与环境学报,2010,27(1):94-94.
[26] Gan Y,Siddique K M,Turner N C,et al.Chapter seven-ridge-furrow mulching systems-an Innovative technique for boosting crop productivity in semiarid rain-fed environments[J].Advances in Agronomy,2013,118:429-476.
[27] Zhang S L,L?vdahl L,Harald G,et al.Effects of mulching and catch cropping on soil temperature,soil moisture and wheat yield on the Loess Plateau of China[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2009,102(1):78-86.
[28] 萧复兴,李海金,刘国定,等.旱地麦田二次秸秆覆盖增产模式及机理研究[J].水土保持研究,1996(3):70- 76.
[29] 陈素英,张喜英,刘孟雨.玉米秸秆覆盖麦田下的土壤温度和土壤水分动态规律[J].中国农业气象,2002,23(4):34-37.
[30] 李月兴,张宝丽,魏永霞.秸秆覆盖的土壤温度效应及其对玉米生长的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2011,30(2):82-85.
[31] 侯贤清,李荣.免耕覆盖对宁南山区土壤物理性状及马铃薯产量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2015,28(19):112- 119.
[32] 汤瑛芳,高世铭,王亚红,等.旱地马铃薯不同覆盖种植方式的土壤水热效应及其对产量的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2013,31(1):1-7.
[2] Li F R,Zhao S L,Geballe G T.Water use patterns and agronomic performance for some cropping systems with and without fallow crops in a semi-arid environment of northwest China[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems & Environment,2000,79(2):129-142.
[3] 肖国举,王静.黄土高原集水农业研究进展[J].生态学报,2003,23(5):1003-1011.
[4] 孟炀,何文寿.不同垄作方式对雨养区马铃薯水分利用效率及经济效益的影响[J].河南农业大学学报,2018,52(4):506-513.
[5] 罗磊,李亚杰,姚彦红,等.旱地不同覆盖垄作种植对马铃薯生长、产量、品质和经济效益的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2018,36(1):194- 199.
[6] 王晓宇,郭华春.不同培育温度对马铃薯生长及产量的影响[J].中国马铃薯,2009(6):344-346.
[7] 王红丽,张绪成,于显枫,等.黑色地膜覆盖的土壤水热效应及其对马铃薯产量的影响[J].生态学报,2016,36(16):5215- 5226.
[8] 谷晓博,李援农,银敏华,等.降解膜覆盖对油菜根系、产量和水分利用效率的影响[J].农业机械学报,2015,28(12):184- 193.
[9] 严昌荣,刘恩科,舒帆,等.我国地膜覆盖和残留污染特点与防控技术[J].农业资源与环境学报,2014(2):95-102.
[10] Wang Q J,Lu C Y,Li H W,et al.The effects of no-tillage with subsoiling on soil properties and maize yield:12-Year experiment on alkaline soils of Northeast China[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2014,137(4):43-49.
[11] 李辉,柴守玺,常磊,等.西北半干旱区秸秆带状覆盖对土壤水分及马铃薯产量的影响[J].水土保持学报,2017,39(6):148-156.
[12] 程宏波,牛建彪,柴守玺,等.不同覆盖材料和方式对旱地春小麦产量及土壤水温环境的影响[J].草业学报,2016,25(2):47-57.
[13] 宋亚丽,杨长刚,李博文,等.秸秆带状覆盖对旱地冬小麦产量及土壤水分的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2016(6):765- 772.
[14] Chen Y Z,Chai S X,Tian H H,et al.Straw strips mulch on furrows improves water use efficiency and yield of potato in a rainfed semiarid area[J].Agricultural Water Management,2019,211(1):142-151.
[15] 韩凡香,常磊,柴守玺,等.半干旱雨养区秸秆带状覆盖种植对土壤水分及马铃薯产量的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2016(7):874- 882.
[16] 李倩,刘景辉,张磊,等.适当保水剂施用和覆盖促进旱作马铃薯生长发育和产量提高[J].农业工程学报,2013,26(7):83-90.
[17] 纪晓玲,张静,乔文远,等.不同覆盖方式对旱地马铃薯产量和水分利用效率的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2016,34(6):58-62.
[18] 包建财,郁继华,冯致,等.西部七省区作物秸秆资源分布及利用现状[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(1):181- 187.
[19] 王如芳,张吉旺,董树亭,等.我国玉米主产区秸秆资源利用现状及其效果[J].应用生态学报,2011,21(6):1504-1510.
[20] 高世铭,张绪成,王亚宏.旱地不同覆盖沟垄种植方式对马铃薯土壤水分和产量的影响[J].水土保持学报,2010,32(1):249-251,2.
[21] 赵天武,黄高宝,轩春香,等.黄土高原旱地不同保护性耕作措施对马铃薯田土壤水温效应及产量的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2009,27(1):101-106,1.
[22] 王亚宏.覆盖种植及垄作对旱地马铃薯水分利用效率的影响[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2009.
[23] 何文清,严昌荣,赵彩霞,等.我国地膜应用污染现状及其防治途径研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2009,28(3):533-538.
[24] 李静静,李从锋,李连禄,等.苗带深松条件下秸秆覆盖对春玉米土壤水温及产量的影响[J].作物学报,2014,40(10):1787-1796.
[25] 武中林.秸秆的污染治理及其综合利用[J].农业资源与环境学报,2010,27(1):94-94.
[26] Gan Y,Siddique K M,Turner N C,et al.Chapter seven-ridge-furrow mulching systems-an Innovative technique for boosting crop productivity in semiarid rain-fed environments[J].Advances in Agronomy,2013,118:429-476.
[27] Zhang S L,L?vdahl L,Harald G,et al.Effects of mulching and catch cropping on soil temperature,soil moisture and wheat yield on the Loess Plateau of China[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2009,102(1):78-86.
[28] 萧复兴,李海金,刘国定,等.旱地麦田二次秸秆覆盖增产模式及机理研究[J].水土保持研究,1996(3):70- 76.
[29] 陈素英,张喜英,刘孟雨.玉米秸秆覆盖麦田下的土壤温度和土壤水分动态规律[J].中国农业气象,2002,23(4):34-37.
[30] 李月兴,张宝丽,魏永霞.秸秆覆盖的土壤温度效应及其对玉米生长的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2011,30(2):82-85.
[31] 侯贤清,李荣.免耕覆盖对宁南山区土壤物理性状及马铃薯产量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2015,28(19):112- 119.
[32] 汤瑛芳,高世铭,王亚红,等.旱地马铃薯不同覆盖种植方式的土壤水热效应及其对产量的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2013,31(1):1-7.