退化森林生态系统评价指标体系研究进展
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摘要
森林是陆地生态系统的主要组成部分,而森林退化是全球面临的主要环境问题之一,准确评价退化森林生态系统是进行森林生态系统恢复与重建的重要前提,建立合理的评价指标体系目前已成为生态学研究的热点问题。在研究国内外提出的关于退化森林生态系统评价理论的基础上,综述了森林退化的定义、特征和一般过程,梳理了退化森林生态系统评价指标筛选的一般原则和指标体系构建的主要方法,分析比较了不同学者所提出的主要评价指标。并在此基础上,重新筛选、构建了一套退化森林生态系统评价指标体系,即从生态系统的组成结构、功能和生境这3个方面选取了32个能够较全面反映退化生态系统主要特征的评价指标,以期为构建我国区域尺度上的退化森林生态系统评价指标体系提供参考,为退化森林生态系统的恢复和重建提供科学依据。总结分析了退化森林生态系统评价指标体系在构建过程中产生的一些问题和不足,提出了今后开展研究和探索应该深入的方向,以提高评价指标体系的科学性、准确性和合理性。
Forests are the major components of terrestrial ecosystems,and degradation of forests has become a major environmental problem worldwide. Accurate evaluation of degraded forest ecosystems is the primary prerequisite for forest restoration and reconstruction. Recently,establishment of a rational evaluation index system for degraded forest ecosystems has received much attention. On the basis of numerous studies on degraded forest ecosystems,we reviewed the definition,characteristics,and general processes of forest degradation in this paper. We also summarized the general principles of indicator selection and main methods for establishing the evaluation index system. In addition,we analyzed and compared several types of indicators suggested by previous researchers. On this basis,we re-screened and established an evaluation index system for the assessment of degraded forest ecosystems. We selected 32 key evaluation indicators based on the composition,function,and habitat aspects of the ecosystem,that could synthetically reflect the degraded forest ecosystem.This may provide references for the establishment of an evaluation index system for degraded forest ecosystems at regional and national scales and a scientific basis for the restoration and reconstruction of degraded forest ecosystems in China.Moreover,some limitations during the establishment of the evaluation index system for degraded forest ecosystems werediscussed,and the main issues were suggested to improve the scientific accuracy and rationality of the evaluation index system.
Forests are the major components of terrestrial ecosystems,and degradation of forests has become a major environmental problem worldwide. Accurate evaluation of degraded forest ecosystems is the primary prerequisite for forest restoration and reconstruction. Recently,establishment of a rational evaluation index system for degraded forest ecosystems has received much attention. On the basis of numerous studies on degraded forest ecosystems,we reviewed the definition,characteristics,and general processes of forest degradation in this paper. We also summarized the general principles of indicator selection and main methods for establishing the evaluation index system. In addition,we analyzed and compared several types of indicators suggested by previous researchers. On this basis,we re-screened and established an evaluation index system for the assessment of degraded forest ecosystems. We selected 32 key evaluation indicators based on the composition,function,and habitat aspects of the ecosystem,that could synthetically reflect the degraded forest ecosystem.This may provide references for the establishment of an evaluation index system for degraded forest ecosystems at regional and national scales and a scientific basis for the restoration and reconstruction of degraded forest ecosystems in China.Moreover,some limitations during the establishment of the evaluation index system for degraded forest ecosystems werediscussed,and the main issues were suggested to improve the scientific accuracy and rationality of the evaluation index system.
引文
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[15]Morales-Barquero L,Borrego A,Skutsch M,Kleinn C,Healey J R.Identification and quantification of drivers of forest degradation in tropical dry forests:a case study in Western Mexico.Land Use Policy,2015,49:296-309.
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[20]Zambon I,Colantoni A,Carlucci M,Morrow N,Sateriano A,Salvati L.Land quality,sustainable development and environmental degradation in agricultural districts:a computational approach based on entropy indexes.Environmental Impact Assessment Review,2017,64:37-46.
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[24]ITTO.ITTO Guidelines for the Restoration,Management and Rehabilitation of Degraded and Secondary Tropical Forests.Yokohama:ITTO,2002.
[25]UNEP CBD.Main theme:forest biological diversity//Review of the Status and Trends of,and Major Threats to,the Forest Biological Diversity,Prepared by the Ad Hoc Technical Expert Group on Forest Biological Diversity[C].Montreal:UNEP,2001.
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[28]刘国华,傅伯杰,陈利顶,郭旭东.中国生态退化的主要类型、特征及分布.生态学报,2000,20(1):13-19.
[29]雷静品,肖文发,刘建锋,白彦锋,刘昕.森林退化及其评价研究.林业科学,2010,46(12):153-157.
[30]张小全,侯振宏.森林退化、森林管理、植被破坏和恢复的定义与碳计量问题.林业科学,2003,39(4):140-144.
[31]谢云,王洪荣.四川省人工防护林退化研究.四川林业科技2017,38(3):32-35,74-74.
[32]李治宇,庞勇.森林退化及其修复研究概述.四川林勘设计,2011,(1):12-18.
[33]韦秀文,林积泉,王瑞仙,付莉婷.退化喀斯特森林恢复研究进展.现代农业科技,2016,(2):172-174,177-177.
[34]陈开伟,商志伟.退化森林生态系统恢复评价分析.湖北第二师范学院学报,2012,29(8):100-102.
[35]孙德亮,张军以,周秋文.喀斯特地区退化植被生态系统修复技术初探.广东农业科学,2013,40(3):135-138.
[36]孙清芳,李云红,刘玉龙,沃晓棠,陈瑶.森林土壤退化的起因、影响及防治对策研究综述.林业科技情报,2013,45(1):1-5.
[37]张劲峰.滇西北亚高山退化森林生态系统特征及恢复对策研究[D].昆明:云南大学,2012.
[38]章家恩,徐琪.退化生态系统的诊断特征及其评价指标体系.长江流域资源与环境,1999,8(2):215-220.
[39]朱道光,倪红伟,崔福星.大兴安岭林区退化森林湿地生态系统恢复研究进展.国土与自然资源研究,2013,(5):61-63.
[40]高均凯.森林健康基本理论及评价方法研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2007.
[41]白降丽,彭道黎,庾晓红.退化生态系统恢复与重建的研究进展.浙江林学院学报,2005,22(4):464-468.
[42]余坤勇,刘健,许章华,许晶.基于RS林地退化监测技术.东北林业大学学报,2010,38(1):60-63.
[43]刘洪来,鲁为华,陈超.草地退化演替过程及诊断研究进展.草地学报,2011,19(5):865-871.
[44]史凯航.“三北”防护林退化及指标分析.辽宁林业科技,2015,(5):57-59.
[45]王潜,李海涛,梁涛,顾晨洁,王佰梅.湖滨带退化生态系统健康评价指标体系研究.安徽农业科学,2009,37(5):2226-2228,2288-2288.
[46]杨晨玲.广西滨海湿地退化及其原因分析[D].桂林:广西师范大学,2014.
[47]张红玉.基于“结构-过程-功能”一体化的喀斯特退化生态系统恢复和评价指标研究.生态科学,2015,34(5):205-210.
[48]孙晓娟.三峡库区森林生态系统健康评价与景观安全格局分析[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2007.
[49]高志亮,余新晓,陈国亮,岳永杰,樊登星,曹波.北京市八达岭林场森林健康评价研究.林业资源管理,2008,(04):77-82.
[50]何琼,孙世群,吴开亚,胡淑恒,聂磊.区域生态安全评价的AHP赋权方法研究.合肥工业大学学报:自然科学版,2004,27(4):433-437.
[51]刘利,王赫,段亮.3种主要生态系统评价方法的对比与分析.安徽农业科学,2013,41(29):11781-11782,11830-11830.
[2]何正盛.退化森林生态系统恢复与重建的基本理论及其应用.重庆教育学院学报,2003,16(3):59-62.
[3]马姜明,刘世荣,史作民,刘兴良,缪宁.退化森林生态系统恢复评价研究综述.生态学报,2010,30(12):3297-3303.
[4]Ghazoul J,Burivalova Z,Garcia-Ulloa J,King L A.Conceptualizing forest degradation.Trends in Ecology&Evolution,2015,30(10):622-632.
[5]Asner G P,Knapp D E,Broadbent E N,Oliveira P J C,Keller M,Silva J N.Selective logging in the Brazilian Amazon.Science,2005,310(5747):480-482.
[6]Riva M J,Daliakopoulos I N,Eckert S,Hodel E,Liniger H.Assessment of land degradation in Mediterranean forests and grazing lands using a landscape unit approach and the normalized difference vegetation index.Applied Geography,2017,86:8-21.
[7]赵劼,陆文明.森林认证的现状与发展趋势.世界林业研究,2004,17(1):1-4.
[8]李贤伟,罗承德,胡庭兴,张健.长江上游退化森林生态系统恢复与重建刍议.生态学报,2001,21(12):2117-2124.
[9]Hobbs R J.Ecological management and restoration:assessment,setting goals and measuring success.Ecological Management&Restoration,2003,4(S1):S2-S3.
[10]卢昌义,吝涛,叶勇,江锦祥,李荣冠.红树林生态退化机制评估指标体系构建与漳江河口案例研究.台湾海峡,2011,30(1):97-102.
[11]杨娟,李静,宋永昌,蔡永立.受损常绿阔叶林生态系统退化评价指标体系和模型.生态学报,2006,26(11):3749-3756.
[12]蔡品迪,喻理飞,付邦奎,殷建强.退化喀斯特森林近自然度评价指标体系的构建---以贵州省修文县示范区为例.中南林业科技大学学报,2012,32(6):87-91.
[13]Mitchard E T A,Flintrop C M.Woody encroachment and forest degradation in sub-Saharan Africa's woodlands and savannas 1982-2006.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,2013,368(1625):20120406.
[14]Melendez-Pastor I,Navarro-Pedre1o J,Koch M,Gómez I,Hernández E I.Evaluation of land degradation after forest fire with a fuzzy logic model.Environmental Engineering and Management Journal,2013,12(11):2087-2096.
[15]Morales-Barquero L,Borrego A,Skutsch M,Kleinn C,Healey J R.Identification and quantification of drivers of forest degradation in tropical dry forests:a case study in Western Mexico.Land Use Policy,2015,49:296-309.
[16]Le Polain de Waroux Y,Lambin E F.Monitoring degradation in arid and semi-arid forests and woodlands:The case of the argan woodlands(Morocco).Applied Geography,2012,32(2):777-786.
[17]Bahamondez C,Thompson I D.Determining forest degradation,ecosystem state and resilience using a standard stand stocking measurement diagram:theory into practice.Forestry:An International Journal of Forest Research,2016,89(3):290-300.
[18]姜帆,董希斌.山地退化森林生态系统恢复评价方法的研究.森林工程,2007,23(4):5-7.
[19]Ferrara C,Moretti V,Serra P,Salvati L.Towards a sustainable agro-forest landscape?assessing land degradation(1950-2010)and soil quality in Castelporziano forest and peri-urban Rome,Italy.Rendiconti Lincei,2015,26(3):597-604.
[20]Zambon I,Colantoni A,Carlucci M,Morrow N,Sateriano A,Salvati L.Land quality,sustainable development and environmental degradation in agricultural districts:a computational approach based on entropy indexes.Environmental Impact Assessment Review,2017,64:37-46.
[21]熊昌盛,谭荣.基于GIS和LSA的林地质量评价与保护分区.自然资源学报,2016,31(3):457-467.
[22]Christensen Jr N L.An historical perspective on forest succession and its relevance to ecosystem restoration and conservation practice in North America.Forest Ecology and Management,2014,330:312-322.
[23]FAO.Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000-Main Report-FRA 2000,Forestry Paper 140,Rome,2000.
[24]ITTO.ITTO Guidelines for the Restoration,Management and Rehabilitation of Degraded and Secondary Tropical Forests.Yokohama:ITTO,2002.
[25]UNEP CBD.Main theme:forest biological diversity//Review of the Status and Trends of,and Major Threats to,the Forest Biological Diversity,Prepared by the Ad Hoc Technical Expert Group on Forest Biological Diversity[C].Montreal:UNEP,2001.
[26]IPCC.Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Cambridge,UK:Cambridge University Press,2007.
[27]朱教君,李凤芹.森林退化/衰退的研究与实践.应用生态学报,2007,18(7):1601-1609.
[28]刘国华,傅伯杰,陈利顶,郭旭东.中国生态退化的主要类型、特征及分布.生态学报,2000,20(1):13-19.
[29]雷静品,肖文发,刘建锋,白彦锋,刘昕.森林退化及其评价研究.林业科学,2010,46(12):153-157.
[30]张小全,侯振宏.森林退化、森林管理、植被破坏和恢复的定义与碳计量问题.林业科学,2003,39(4):140-144.
[31]谢云,王洪荣.四川省人工防护林退化研究.四川林业科技2017,38(3):32-35,74-74.
[32]李治宇,庞勇.森林退化及其修复研究概述.四川林勘设计,2011,(1):12-18.
[33]韦秀文,林积泉,王瑞仙,付莉婷.退化喀斯特森林恢复研究进展.现代农业科技,2016,(2):172-174,177-177.
[34]陈开伟,商志伟.退化森林生态系统恢复评价分析.湖北第二师范学院学报,2012,29(8):100-102.
[35]孙德亮,张军以,周秋文.喀斯特地区退化植被生态系统修复技术初探.广东农业科学,2013,40(3):135-138.
[36]孙清芳,李云红,刘玉龙,沃晓棠,陈瑶.森林土壤退化的起因、影响及防治对策研究综述.林业科技情报,2013,45(1):1-5.
[37]张劲峰.滇西北亚高山退化森林生态系统特征及恢复对策研究[D].昆明:云南大学,2012.
[38]章家恩,徐琪.退化生态系统的诊断特征及其评价指标体系.长江流域资源与环境,1999,8(2):215-220.
[39]朱道光,倪红伟,崔福星.大兴安岭林区退化森林湿地生态系统恢复研究进展.国土与自然资源研究,2013,(5):61-63.
[40]高均凯.森林健康基本理论及评价方法研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2007.
[41]白降丽,彭道黎,庾晓红.退化生态系统恢复与重建的研究进展.浙江林学院学报,2005,22(4):464-468.
[42]余坤勇,刘健,许章华,许晶.基于RS林地退化监测技术.东北林业大学学报,2010,38(1):60-63.
[43]刘洪来,鲁为华,陈超.草地退化演替过程及诊断研究进展.草地学报,2011,19(5):865-871.
[44]史凯航.“三北”防护林退化及指标分析.辽宁林业科技,2015,(5):57-59.
[45]王潜,李海涛,梁涛,顾晨洁,王佰梅.湖滨带退化生态系统健康评价指标体系研究.安徽农业科学,2009,37(5):2226-2228,2288-2288.
[46]杨晨玲.广西滨海湿地退化及其原因分析[D].桂林:广西师范大学,2014.
[47]张红玉.基于“结构-过程-功能”一体化的喀斯特退化生态系统恢复和评价指标研究.生态科学,2015,34(5):205-210.
[48]孙晓娟.三峡库区森林生态系统健康评价与景观安全格局分析[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2007.
[49]高志亮,余新晓,陈国亮,岳永杰,樊登星,曹波.北京市八达岭林场森林健康评价研究.林业资源管理,2008,(04):77-82.
[50]何琼,孙世群,吴开亚,胡淑恒,聂磊.区域生态安全评价的AHP赋权方法研究.合肥工业大学学报:自然科学版,2004,27(4):433-437.
[51]刘利,王赫,段亮.3种主要生态系统评价方法的对比与分析.安徽农业科学,2013,41(29):11781-11782,11830-11830.