川西北高寒牧区青贮调制技术研究现状
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摘要
从饲草生产现状、青贮饲料生产关键控制点、青贮添加剂的使用、青贮用乳酸菌的筛选与应用等方面综述了川西北高寒牧区青贮饲料生产技术研究现状,认为:低温是川西北高寒牧区青贮饲料生产推广的重要限制因素;通过控制饲草物候期,适当萎蔫,增加发酵底物,前期维持较高贮存温度,能够促进乳酸发酵,缩短青贮时间,可确保川西北高寒牧区饲草青贮成功;开发环保、无污染、高效的青贮添加剂(尤其是乳酸菌制剂),确保乳酸发酵充分,改善青贮饲料发酵品质;并从反刍动物采食量、生产性能、免疫力调控、肉质(奶质)等方面评估青贮产品,优化青贮调制技术。因此,通过青贮调制技术示范辐射作用,能够有效利用饲草资源,缓解牧区日趋尖锐的草畜矛盾,增强抗灾保畜能力,促进高寒牧区草牧业稳定、健康、持续发展。
This paper systematically reviewed the present situation of silage production technology,from forage production status,the key control points of silage production,the use of silage additives,the screening and application of lactic acid bacteria in the alpine pastoral areas of Northwest Sichuan. The low temperature is the most important limiting factors for silage production. The lactic acid production could be enhance by controlling the forage phenology,proper wilting technology,increase the fermentation substrate and pre-maintain a high storage temperature. Development of environmentally friendly,non-polluting and efficient silage additives( especially lactic acid bacteria preparation),could ensure that lactic acid fermentation is sufficient. It could evaluate and optimize silage technology from intake,production performance,immunity control,meat/milk of ruminant feed. Therefore,the silage technology can effectively use the forage resources,alleviate the increasingly sharp contradiction between amimal needs and grass supply in the pasture.
This paper systematically reviewed the present situation of silage production technology,from forage production status,the key control points of silage production,the use of silage additives,the screening and application of lactic acid bacteria in the alpine pastoral areas of Northwest Sichuan. The low temperature is the most important limiting factors for silage production. The lactic acid production could be enhance by controlling the forage phenology,proper wilting technology,increase the fermentation substrate and pre-maintain a high storage temperature. Development of environmentally friendly,non-polluting and efficient silage additives( especially lactic acid bacteria preparation),could ensure that lactic acid fermentation is sufficient. It could evaluate and optimize silage technology from intake,production performance,immunity control,meat/milk of ruminant feed. Therefore,the silage technology can effectively use the forage resources,alleviate the increasingly sharp contradiction between amimal needs and grass supply in the pasture.
引文
[1]泽柏,但其明,李昌平,等.川西北牧区草地畜牧业可持续发展对策研究[J].草业与畜牧,2008,(08):1-7.
[2]陈立坤,白史且,泽柏,等.川西北高原优质青干草捆加工调制关键技术研究[J].安徽农业科学,2014,(16):5050-5051.
[3]张瑞珍,何光武,张新跃,等.川西北高寒牧区鸭茅产草量年际动态研究[J].草地学报,2011,(06):1055-1059.
[4]张瑞珍,张新跃,何光武,等.川西北高寒牧区紫花苜蓿和披碱草生产性能研究[J].草地学报,2015,(04):874-877.
[5]张晋侦.高寒地区聚合草的青贮[J].饲料研究,1985,(11):9-10.
[6]刘刚,赵桂琴,白史且,等.川西北高寒牧区冬春补饲饲草营养价值的综合评价[J].草业科学,2009,(07):94-98.
[7]张丽霞,李英,毛中丽.川西北牧区应积极推广牧草捆裹青贮[J].草业与畜牧,2012,(12):16.
[8]李平,游明鸿,白史且,等.丙酸和甲酸钠对“川草2号”老芒麦青贮品质的影响[J].草业与畜牧,2012,(11):1-4.
[9]李平,白史且,游明鸿,等.不同添加剂对低水分草青贮品质的影响[J].草业与畜牧,2013,(6):1-5.
[10]李平,鄢家俊,白史且,等.川西北高寒牧区老芒麦和草青贮效果初步研究[J].草地学报,2012,20(2):368-372.
[11]李平,游明鸿,白史且,等.牦牛奶渣乳酸菌对草青贮品质的影响[J].草业与畜牧,2012,(10):6-9.
[12]李平,白史且,鄢家俊,等.添加不同乳酸菌制剂对“川草2号”老芒麦青贮品质的影响[J].草业与畜牧,2012,(12):1-5.
[13]李平,白史且,鄢家俊,等.添加剂及含水量对老芒麦青贮品质的影响[J].草地学报,2013,21(6):1176-1181.
[14]Mulrooney C N,Kung Jr.L.Short Communication:The Effect of Water Temperature on the Viability of Silage Inoculants[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2008,91(1):236-240.
[15]Weinberg Z,Szakacs G,Ashbell G,et al.The effect of temperature on the ensiling process of corn and wheat[J].Journal of Applied Microbiology,2001,(90):561-566.
[16]Borreani G,Tabacco E.The relationship of silage temperature with the microbiological status of the face of corn silage bunkers[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2010,93(6):2620-2629.
[17]Chen M M,Liu Q H,Xin G R,et al.Characteristics of lactic acid bacteria isolates and their inoculating effects on the silage fermentation at high temperature[J].Letters in Applied Microbiology,2013,56(1):71-78.
[18]Wang C,Nishino N.Effects of storage temperature and ensiling period on fermentation products,aerobic stability and microbial communities of total mixed ration silage[J].Journal of Applied Microbiology,2013,114(6):1687-1695.
[19]Wang C,Nishino N.Presence of sourdough lactic acid bacteria in commercial total mixed ration silage as revealed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis[J].Letters in Applied Microbiology,2010,51(4):436-442.
[20]Weinberg Z G,Chen Y.Effects of storage period on the composition of whole crop wheat and corn silages[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2013,185(3-4):196-200.
[21]Chen M M,Liu Q H,Xin G R,et al.Characteristics of lactic acid bacteria isolates and their inoculating effects on the silage fermentation at high temperature[J].Letters in Applied Microbiology,2013,56(1):71-78.
[22]Kim S C,Adesogan A T,Kim J H,et al.Influence of replacing rice straw with wormwood(Artemisia montana)silage on feed intake,digestibility and ruminal fermentation characteristics of sheep[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2006,128(1–2):1-13.
[23]秦丽萍,柯文灿,丁武蓉,等.温度对垂穗披碱草青贮品质的影响[J].草业科学,2013,(09):1433-1438.
[24]庄一芬,安宅一夫,张文昌.添加剂、收割期对猫尾草青贮细胞壁成分和体外干物质消化率的影响[J].江西农业大学学报,2006,28(3):436-439.
[25]舒思敏,杨春华,唐智松,等.乳酸菌添加剂对扁穗牛鞭草青贮品质的影响[J].中国草地学报,2011,(05):67-71.
[26]刘平督.不同温度条件下紫花苜蓿青贮发酵品质的研究[D].南京农业大学,2010.
[27]Murdoch J C,Holdsworth M C.The effect of temperature in the mass on the chemical composition of silage[J].Grass and Forage Science,1960,15(3):240-245.
[28]王鹏,白春生,刘林,等.低温条件下混合乳酸菌制剂对芦苇发酵品质的影响[J].草地学报,2011,(01):127-131.
[29]Nishino N,Hattori H,Wada H,et al.Biogenic amine production in grass,maize and total mixed ration silages inoculated with Lactobacillus casei or Lactobacillus buchneri[J].Journal of Applied Microbiology,2007,103(2):325-332.
[30]Cantarel B L,Coutinho P M,Rancurel C,et al.The Carbohydrate-Active En Zymes database(CAZy):an expert resource for Glycogenomics[J].Nucleic Acids Research,2009,(37):233-238.
[31]Tao S,Wang T M,Shimojo,et al.Effect of ensi1ing density on fermentation quality of guineagrass(Panicum ma mum Jacq)silage during the early stage of ensiling AsianAust[J].Animal Science,2005,18(9):1273-1278.
[32]Woolford M K,Sawczyc M K.An investigation into the effect of cultures of lactic acid bacteria on fermentation in silage[J].Grass and Forage Science,1984,39(2):149-158.
[33]Santos E M,Pereira O G,Garcia R,et al.Effect of regrowth interval and a microbial inoculant on the fermentation profile and dry matter recovery of guinea grass silages[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2014,97(7):4423-4432.
[34]Santos A O,ávila C L S,Pinto J C,et al.Fermentative profile and bacterial diversity of corn silages inoculated with new tropical lactic acid bacteria[J].Journal of Applied Microbiology,2015.
[35]Dos Santos W C C,Do Nascimento W G,Magalh2es A L R,et al.Nutritive value,total losses of dry matter and aerobic stability of the silage from three varieties of sugarcane treated with commercial microbial additives[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2015,(204):1-8.
[36]Santos A O,ávila C L S,Schwan R F.Selection of tropical lactic acid bacteria for enhancing the quality of maize silage[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2013,96(12):7777-7789.
[37]Santos A O,ávila C L S,Schwan R F.Selection of tropical lactic acid bacteria for enhancing the quality of maize silage[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2013,96(12):7777-7789.
[38]李梦寒.藏东南乳酸菌青贮添加剂的研究及应用[D].西藏大学,2009.
[39]Schmidt R J,Emara M G,Kung Jr L.The use of a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for identification and enumeration of Lactobacillus buchneri in silage[J].Journal of Applied Microbiology,2008,105(3):920-929.
[40]Filya I,Sucu E.The effects of lactic acid bacteria on the fermentation,aerobic stability and nutritive value of maize silage[J].Grass and Forage Science,2010,65(4):446-455.
[41]Nishino N,Hattori H.Resistance to aerobic deterioration of total mixed ration silage inoculated with and without homofermentative or heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,2007,87(13):2420-2426.
[42]Sharp R,Hooper P G,Armstrong D G.The digestion of grass silages produced using inoculants of lactic acid bacteria[J].Grass and Forage Science,1994,49(1):42-53.
[43]李永凯.西藏乳酸菌的分离筛选及对青贮饲料发酵品质的影响[D].南京农业大学,2012.
[44]高静.藏北嵩草附着乳酸菌的生物学特性及其对苜蓿青贮饲料发酵品质的影响[D].兰州大学,2013.
[45]秦丽萍.青藏高原垂穗披碱草青贮饲料中耐低温乳酸菌的筛选及其发酵性能研究[D].兰州大学,2014.
[46]储徐建.耐低温乳酸菌的筛选与六种原料青贮中的应用[D].青海大学,2014.
[2]陈立坤,白史且,泽柏,等.川西北高原优质青干草捆加工调制关键技术研究[J].安徽农业科学,2014,(16):5050-5051.
[3]张瑞珍,何光武,张新跃,等.川西北高寒牧区鸭茅产草量年际动态研究[J].草地学报,2011,(06):1055-1059.
[4]张瑞珍,张新跃,何光武,等.川西北高寒牧区紫花苜蓿和披碱草生产性能研究[J].草地学报,2015,(04):874-877.
[5]张晋侦.高寒地区聚合草的青贮[J].饲料研究,1985,(11):9-10.
[6]刘刚,赵桂琴,白史且,等.川西北高寒牧区冬春补饲饲草营养价值的综合评价[J].草业科学,2009,(07):94-98.
[7]张丽霞,李英,毛中丽.川西北牧区应积极推广牧草捆裹青贮[J].草业与畜牧,2012,(12):16.
[8]李平,游明鸿,白史且,等.丙酸和甲酸钠对“川草2号”老芒麦青贮品质的影响[J].草业与畜牧,2012,(11):1-4.
[9]李平,白史且,游明鸿,等.不同添加剂对低水分草青贮品质的影响[J].草业与畜牧,2013,(6):1-5.
[10]李平,鄢家俊,白史且,等.川西北高寒牧区老芒麦和草青贮效果初步研究[J].草地学报,2012,20(2):368-372.
[11]李平,游明鸿,白史且,等.牦牛奶渣乳酸菌对草青贮品质的影响[J].草业与畜牧,2012,(10):6-9.
[12]李平,白史且,鄢家俊,等.添加不同乳酸菌制剂对“川草2号”老芒麦青贮品质的影响[J].草业与畜牧,2012,(12):1-5.
[13]李平,白史且,鄢家俊,等.添加剂及含水量对老芒麦青贮品质的影响[J].草地学报,2013,21(6):1176-1181.
[14]Mulrooney C N,Kung Jr.L.Short Communication:The Effect of Water Temperature on the Viability of Silage Inoculants[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2008,91(1):236-240.
[15]Weinberg Z,Szakacs G,Ashbell G,et al.The effect of temperature on the ensiling process of corn and wheat[J].Journal of Applied Microbiology,2001,(90):561-566.
[16]Borreani G,Tabacco E.The relationship of silage temperature with the microbiological status of the face of corn silage bunkers[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2010,93(6):2620-2629.
[17]Chen M M,Liu Q H,Xin G R,et al.Characteristics of lactic acid bacteria isolates and their inoculating effects on the silage fermentation at high temperature[J].Letters in Applied Microbiology,2013,56(1):71-78.
[18]Wang C,Nishino N.Effects of storage temperature and ensiling period on fermentation products,aerobic stability and microbial communities of total mixed ration silage[J].Journal of Applied Microbiology,2013,114(6):1687-1695.
[19]Wang C,Nishino N.Presence of sourdough lactic acid bacteria in commercial total mixed ration silage as revealed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis[J].Letters in Applied Microbiology,2010,51(4):436-442.
[20]Weinberg Z G,Chen Y.Effects of storage period on the composition of whole crop wheat and corn silages[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2013,185(3-4):196-200.
[21]Chen M M,Liu Q H,Xin G R,et al.Characteristics of lactic acid bacteria isolates and their inoculating effects on the silage fermentation at high temperature[J].Letters in Applied Microbiology,2013,56(1):71-78.
[22]Kim S C,Adesogan A T,Kim J H,et al.Influence of replacing rice straw with wormwood(Artemisia montana)silage on feed intake,digestibility and ruminal fermentation characteristics of sheep[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2006,128(1–2):1-13.
[23]秦丽萍,柯文灿,丁武蓉,等.温度对垂穗披碱草青贮品质的影响[J].草业科学,2013,(09):1433-1438.
[24]庄一芬,安宅一夫,张文昌.添加剂、收割期对猫尾草青贮细胞壁成分和体外干物质消化率的影响[J].江西农业大学学报,2006,28(3):436-439.
[25]舒思敏,杨春华,唐智松,等.乳酸菌添加剂对扁穗牛鞭草青贮品质的影响[J].中国草地学报,2011,(05):67-71.
[26]刘平督.不同温度条件下紫花苜蓿青贮发酵品质的研究[D].南京农业大学,2010.
[27]Murdoch J C,Holdsworth M C.The effect of temperature in the mass on the chemical composition of silage[J].Grass and Forage Science,1960,15(3):240-245.
[28]王鹏,白春生,刘林,等.低温条件下混合乳酸菌制剂对芦苇发酵品质的影响[J].草地学报,2011,(01):127-131.
[29]Nishino N,Hattori H,Wada H,et al.Biogenic amine production in grass,maize and total mixed ration silages inoculated with Lactobacillus casei or Lactobacillus buchneri[J].Journal of Applied Microbiology,2007,103(2):325-332.
[30]Cantarel B L,Coutinho P M,Rancurel C,et al.The Carbohydrate-Active En Zymes database(CAZy):an expert resource for Glycogenomics[J].Nucleic Acids Research,2009,(37):233-238.
[31]Tao S,Wang T M,Shimojo,et al.Effect of ensi1ing density on fermentation quality of guineagrass(Panicum ma mum Jacq)silage during the early stage of ensiling AsianAust[J].Animal Science,2005,18(9):1273-1278.
[32]Woolford M K,Sawczyc M K.An investigation into the effect of cultures of lactic acid bacteria on fermentation in silage[J].Grass and Forage Science,1984,39(2):149-158.
[33]Santos E M,Pereira O G,Garcia R,et al.Effect of regrowth interval and a microbial inoculant on the fermentation profile and dry matter recovery of guinea grass silages[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2014,97(7):4423-4432.
[34]Santos A O,ávila C L S,Pinto J C,et al.Fermentative profile and bacterial diversity of corn silages inoculated with new tropical lactic acid bacteria[J].Journal of Applied Microbiology,2015.
[35]Dos Santos W C C,Do Nascimento W G,Magalh2es A L R,et al.Nutritive value,total losses of dry matter and aerobic stability of the silage from three varieties of sugarcane treated with commercial microbial additives[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2015,(204):1-8.
[36]Santos A O,ávila C L S,Schwan R F.Selection of tropical lactic acid bacteria for enhancing the quality of maize silage[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2013,96(12):7777-7789.
[37]Santos A O,ávila C L S,Schwan R F.Selection of tropical lactic acid bacteria for enhancing the quality of maize silage[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2013,96(12):7777-7789.
[38]李梦寒.藏东南乳酸菌青贮添加剂的研究及应用[D].西藏大学,2009.
[39]Schmidt R J,Emara M G,Kung Jr L.The use of a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for identification and enumeration of Lactobacillus buchneri in silage[J].Journal of Applied Microbiology,2008,105(3):920-929.
[40]Filya I,Sucu E.The effects of lactic acid bacteria on the fermentation,aerobic stability and nutritive value of maize silage[J].Grass and Forage Science,2010,65(4):446-455.
[41]Nishino N,Hattori H.Resistance to aerobic deterioration of total mixed ration silage inoculated with and without homofermentative or heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,2007,87(13):2420-2426.
[42]Sharp R,Hooper P G,Armstrong D G.The digestion of grass silages produced using inoculants of lactic acid bacteria[J].Grass and Forage Science,1994,49(1):42-53.
[43]李永凯.西藏乳酸菌的分离筛选及对青贮饲料发酵品质的影响[D].南京农业大学,2012.
[44]高静.藏北嵩草附着乳酸菌的生物学特性及其对苜蓿青贮饲料发酵品质的影响[D].兰州大学,2013.
[45]秦丽萍.青藏高原垂穗披碱草青贮饲料中耐低温乳酸菌的筛选及其发酵性能研究[D].兰州大学,2014.
[46]储徐建.耐低温乳酸菌的筛选与六种原料青贮中的应用[D].青海大学,2014.