耕作方式对黄土高原土壤有效磷和速效钾的影响
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摘要
为明确黄土旱塬区农田长期免耕耕作对土壤有效磷和速效钾的影响,建立适宜的高产高效耕作技术体系。在陕西省长武县的西北农林科技大学长武黄土高原农业生态试验站,选择连续3年进行免耕耕作的试验田,于2015年9月,在冬小麦播种前分别进行免耕、翻耕和旋耕3种耕作处理。2016年冬小麦收获后,分析了3种耕作方式下0～30cm土层土壤有效磷和速效钾含量。结果表明,在0～30cm土层,土壤有效磷和速效钾含量在3种耕作方式下都随着土壤深度的增加而减少。10～20、20～30cm土层有效磷和速效钾含量较0～10cm土层分别减少了16.07%、32.74%和15.54%、27.08%,且都有显著性差异(p<0.05)。不同耕作方式下,0～10cm土层,翻耕方式下土壤有效磷含量比免耕显著减少了11.31%;翻耕、旋耕方式下土壤速效钾含量分别比免耕显著减少了6.16%、4.97%(p<0.05)。20～30cm土层,翻耕方式下土壤有效磷含量比免耕显著增加了18.12%,翻耕方式下土壤速效钾含量比免耕、旋耕下分别显著增加了17.17%、9.22%(p<0.05)。因此,在长期进行免耕的黄土旱塬上,需要进行适当的翻耕或旋耕。
In order to clarify the effects of long-term no-tillage tillage on soil available phosphorus and available potassium in loess and drought-affected areas,a suitable high-yield and highefficient tillage technology system was established.In the Changwu loess plateau agri-ecological experiment station of the Northwest A&F University of Changwu county,Shaanxi province,the no-tillage experimental field for three consecutive years was selected.In September 2015,notillage,tillage and rotation were carried out before winter wheat was sowed.After the harvest of winter wheat in 2016,the contents of available phosphorus and available potassium in 0～30 cm soil layer under three farming methods were analyzed.The results showed that in the 0～30 cm soil layer,soil available phosphorus and available potassium decreased with soil depth in the three tillage modes.The content of available phosphorus and available potassium in 10～20,20～30 cm soil layer decreased by 16.07%,32.74% and 15.54%,27.08%,respectively,compared with that in 0～10 cm soil layer,and there were significant differences(p<0.05).Under different tillage methods,the soil available phosphorus content in the 0～10 cm soil layer was significantly reduced by 11.31%compared with no-tillage.The soil available potassium content under tillage and rotary tillage was significantly reduced by 6.16% and 4.97%(p<0.05),respectively.In the 20～30 cm soil layer,the available phosphorus content in the soil under tillage was significantly increased by 18.12% compared with no-tillage.The soil available potassium content under tillage was significantly increased by 17.17% and 9.22%(p<0.05),respectively,under no-tillage and rotary tillage.Therefore,in the long-term no-tillage dry loess plateau,proper tillage or rotary tillage is required.
In order to clarify the effects of long-term no-tillage tillage on soil available phosphorus and available potassium in loess and drought-affected areas,a suitable high-yield and highefficient tillage technology system was established.In the Changwu loess plateau agri-ecological experiment station of the Northwest A&F University of Changwu county,Shaanxi province,the no-tillage experimental field for three consecutive years was selected.In September 2015,notillage,tillage and rotation were carried out before winter wheat was sowed.After the harvest of winter wheat in 2016,the contents of available phosphorus and available potassium in 0～30 cm soil layer under three farming methods were analyzed.The results showed that in the 0～30 cm soil layer,soil available phosphorus and available potassium decreased with soil depth in the three tillage modes.The content of available phosphorus and available potassium in 10～20,20～30 cm soil layer decreased by 16.07%,32.74% and 15.54%,27.08%,respectively,compared with that in 0～10 cm soil layer,and there were significant differences(p<0.05).Under different tillage methods,the soil available phosphorus content in the 0～10 cm soil layer was significantly reduced by 11.31%compared with no-tillage.The soil available potassium content under tillage and rotary tillage was significantly reduced by 6.16% and 4.97%(p<0.05),respectively.In the 20～30 cm soil layer,the available phosphorus content in the soil under tillage was significantly increased by 18.12% compared with no-tillage.The soil available potassium content under tillage was significantly increased by 17.17% and 9.22%(p<0.05),respectively,under no-tillage and rotary tillage.Therefore,in the long-term no-tillage dry loess plateau,proper tillage or rotary tillage is required.
引文
[1]王勇,姬强,刘帅,等.耕作措施对土壤水稳性团聚体及有机碳分布的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2012(7):1365-1373.
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[12]李玉洁,王慧,赵建宁,等.耕作方式对农田土壤理化因子和生物学特性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2015(3):939-948.
[13]Gao X,Wu P,Zhao X,et al.Soil moisture variability along transects over a well-developed gully in the Loess Plateau,China[J].Catena,2011,87(3):357-367.
[14]鲍士旦主编.土壤农化分析(第3版)[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[15]张文超,王玉凤,张翼飞,等.耕作方式对松嫩平原半干旱区土壤养分含量和玉米产量的影响[J].作物杂志,2017(4):123-128.
[16]孔凡磊,张明园,范士超,等.耕作方式对长期免耕农田土壤微生物生物量碳的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2011(2):240-245.
[17]Gao X,Meng T,Zhao X.Variations of soil organic carbon following land use change on deep-loess hillsopes in China:Land use-associated variations of SOC on deep-loess hillslopes[J].Land Degradation&Development,2017,28(7):1902-1912.
[18]侯贤清,李荣,韩清芳,等.轮耕对宁南旱区土壤理化性状和旱地小麦产量的影响[J].土壤学报,2012(3):592-600.
[19]张文超.耕作方式对土壤主要理化性状及玉米产量形成的影响[D].大庆:黑龙江八一农垦大学,2017.
[2]罗珠珠,黄高宝,张国盛.保护性耕作对黄土高原旱地表土容重和水分入渗的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2005(4):7-11.
[3]Sisti,C,dos Santos,H.,Henrique P,etc.Change in carbon and nitrogen stocks in soil under 13years of conventional or zero tillage in southern Brazil[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2010,155(1):31-35.
[4]Shipitalo M J,Dick W A,Edwards W M.Conservation tillage and macropore factors that affect water movement and the fate of chemicals[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2000,53(3):167-183.
[5]尚金霞,李军,贾志宽,等.渭北旱塬春玉米田保护性耕作蓄水保墒效果与增产增收效应[J].中国农业科学,2010(13):2668-2678.
[6]毛红玲,李军,贾志宽,等.旱作麦田保护性耕作蓄水保墒和增产增收效应[J].农业工程学报,2010(08):44-51.
[7]付国占,李潮海,王俊忠,等.残茬覆盖与耕作方式对土壤性状及夏玉米水分利用效率的影响[J].农业工程学报,2005(01):52-56.
[8]雷金银,吴发启,王健,等.保护性耕作对土壤物理特性及玉米产量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2008(10):40-45.
[9]Varvel G E,Wilhelm W W.No-tillage increases soil profile carbon and nitrogen under long-term rainfed cropping systems[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2011,114(1):28-36.
[10]孔凡磊,陈阜,张海林,等.轮耕对土壤物理性状和冬小麦产量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2010(08):150-155.
[11]Hernanz J L,López R,Navarrete L,et al.Long-term effects of tillage systems and rotations on soil structural stability and organic carbon stratification in semiarid central Spain[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2002,66(2):129-141.
[12]李玉洁,王慧,赵建宁,等.耕作方式对农田土壤理化因子和生物学特性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2015(3):939-948.
[13]Gao X,Wu P,Zhao X,et al.Soil moisture variability along transects over a well-developed gully in the Loess Plateau,China[J].Catena,2011,87(3):357-367.
[14]鲍士旦主编.土壤农化分析(第3版)[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[15]张文超,王玉凤,张翼飞,等.耕作方式对松嫩平原半干旱区土壤养分含量和玉米产量的影响[J].作物杂志,2017(4):123-128.
[16]孔凡磊,张明园,范士超,等.耕作方式对长期免耕农田土壤微生物生物量碳的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2011(2):240-245.
[17]Gao X,Meng T,Zhao X.Variations of soil organic carbon following land use change on deep-loess hillsopes in China:Land use-associated variations of SOC on deep-loess hillslopes[J].Land Degradation&Development,2017,28(7):1902-1912.
[18]侯贤清,李荣,韩清芳,等.轮耕对宁南旱区土壤理化性状和旱地小麦产量的影响[J].土壤学报,2012(3):592-600.
[19]张文超.耕作方式对土壤主要理化性状及玉米产量形成的影响[D].大庆:黑龙江八一农垦大学,2017.