长大隧道地震响应分析与试验方法新进展
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摘要
隧道抗震研究是当今地下工程防灾领域重要的研究方向之一。目前在隧道发展建设规模化、结构空间尺度大型化和局部节点构造形式复杂化的新形势下,针对长大隧道抗震研究所面临的纵向抗震设计理论、大规模地震响应分析方法、非一致地震激励效应等科学难题,在分析国内外隧道抗震研究现状的基础上,聚焦基础设施建设的重大需求,系统阐述长大隧道地震响应分析与试验方法新进展。介绍面向长大隧道纵向抗震设计的几种简化分析模型,推导任意动载作用下长大隧道纵向动力响应解析解,退化出行波效应下长大隧道纵向响应的理论解,直观地给出各参数之间相互关联的解析表达,并基于多质点-弹簧-梁模型进一步提出面向长大隧道纵向抗震设计的快速简化分析方法;建立长大隧道-地层大规模地震响应模拟的多尺度动力耦合分析方法,同时获得隧道-地层的整体宏观响应与隧道各组件细观动态演化,且不需要任何附加过滤和阻尼即可有效消除宏-细观多尺度界面的高频波虚假反射;提出长大隧道多点非一致激励振动台模型试验方法,推导模拟基岩面多个离散输入与连续输入的关联性,研制节段型模型箱及其联动装置,构建振动台阵多个独立台面分区多点输入的非一致激励隧道地震试验平台。以港珠澳大桥沉管隧道等实际重大工程为应用案例,阐述所建立长大隧道非一致地震响应分析原理和试验方法的适用性。最后介绍隧道关键节点的减震控制方法。研究结果在一定程度上反映了目前长大隧道纵向抗震设计和分析的发展水平,同时也为今后抗震工作的研究重点指明了方向。
The seismic analysis of tunnel structures for disaster prevention is an important topic in the field of underground engineering. Nowadays, long and large tunnels with complex joints are widely constructed. Critical issues such as the longitudinal seismic design theory, large-scale seismic response analysis method, and non-uniform earthquake excitation effects are challenging for the seismic analysis of large and long tunnels. Based on literature review and urgent demands for the seismic design of tunnel structures, this paper focuses on seismic analysis theories and test methods of long tunnels subjected to non-uniform seismic loadings. First, several simplified models for seismic design of long tunnels were developed and analytical solutions for longitudinal responses of long tunnels under arbitrary dynamic loads were derived, and degraded solutions were obtained for the special load case of travelling waves. These solutions can be conveniently used to obtain the overall response of a tunnel structure subjected to seismic loading. Based on the proposed multi-mass-spring-beam model, a simplified method was also developed for the longitudinal seismic design of long tunnels. Second, a multiscale method was developed for the large-scale seismic analysis of long tunnels, with coarse and refined finite element meshes, or with the discrete element method and the finite difference method. The proposed multiscale method was used to compute the overall seismic response of the tunnel while including detailed dynamic responses at positions of potential damage or of interest. This multiscale method did not have spurious wave reflections at the fine/coarse interface and did not require filtering procedures. Third, a multi-point shaking table test method is proposed for long tunnels subjected to non-uniform excitations. The multi-point shaking tables worked in coordination as a large linear shaking table array. A discrete multi-point input mechanism was derived to accomplish a continuous and coordinated excitation over a long tunnel. A long segmental model container was also developed to realize an equivalent transformation from independent shaking tables into continuous excitations. The proposed analytical, numerical, and test methods were applied to major projects such as the immersed tunnel of Hongkong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge to demonstrate their applicability. Finally, seismic mitigation methods for critical joints in long tunnels were also developed. This paper can lead to state-of-the-art longitudinal seismic design and analysis of long and large tunnels and provide suggestions for future seismic research.
The seismic analysis of tunnel structures for disaster prevention is an important topic in the field of underground engineering. Nowadays, long and large tunnels with complex joints are widely constructed. Critical issues such as the longitudinal seismic design theory, large-scale seismic response analysis method, and non-uniform earthquake excitation effects are challenging for the seismic analysis of large and long tunnels. Based on literature review and urgent demands for the seismic design of tunnel structures, this paper focuses on seismic analysis theories and test methods of long tunnels subjected to non-uniform seismic loadings. First, several simplified models for seismic design of long tunnels were developed and analytical solutions for longitudinal responses of long tunnels under arbitrary dynamic loads were derived, and degraded solutions were obtained for the special load case of travelling waves. These solutions can be conveniently used to obtain the overall response of a tunnel structure subjected to seismic loading. Based on the proposed multi-mass-spring-beam model, a simplified method was also developed for the longitudinal seismic design of long tunnels. Second, a multiscale method was developed for the large-scale seismic analysis of long tunnels, with coarse and refined finite element meshes, or with the discrete element method and the finite difference method. The proposed multiscale method was used to compute the overall seismic response of the tunnel while including detailed dynamic responses at positions of potential damage or of interest. This multiscale method did not have spurious wave reflections at the fine/coarse interface and did not require filtering procedures. Third, a multi-point shaking table test method is proposed for long tunnels subjected to non-uniform excitations. The multi-point shaking tables worked in coordination as a large linear shaking table array. A discrete multi-point input mechanism was derived to accomplish a continuous and coordinated excitation over a long tunnel. A long segmental model container was also developed to realize an equivalent transformation from independent shaking tables into continuous excitations. The proposed analytical, numerical, and test methods were applied to major projects such as the immersed tunnel of Hongkong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge to demonstrate their applicability. Finally, seismic mitigation methods for critical joints in long tunnels were also developed. This paper can lead to state-of-the-art longitudinal seismic design and analysis of long and large tunnels and provide suggestions for future seismic research.
引文
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[3] YU H T, CHEN J T, BOBET A, et al. Damage Observation and Assessment of the Longxi Tunnel During the Wenchuan Earthquake [J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2016, 54: 102-116.
[4] DOWDING C H, ROZEN A. Damage to Rock Tunnels from Earthquake Shaking [J]. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Division, 1978, 104 (2): 175-191.
[5] SHARMA S, JUDD W R. Underground Opening Damage from Earthquakes [J]. Engineering Geology, 1991, 30: 263-276.
[6] YU Hai-tao, CHEN Jun-tao, YUAN Yong, et al. Seismic Damage of Mountain Tunnels During the 5·12 Wenchuan Earthquake [J]. Journal of Mountain Science, 2016, 13 (11): 1958-1972.
[7] KUESEL T R. Earthquake Design Criteria for Subways [J]. Journal of the Structural Division, 1969, 95 (6): 1213-1231.
[8] ST JOHN C M, ZAHRAH T F. Aseismic Design of Underground Structures [J]. Tunneling and Underground Space Technology, 1987, 2: 165-197.
[9] WANG J N. Seismic Design of Tunnels: A State-of-the-art Approach [M]. New York: Parsons Brinckerhoff Inc., 1993.
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