线性还是非线性?工作家庭双向冲突与工作绩效的关系研究
|
摘要
本文以企业员工为调查对象,旨在研究工作家庭冲突的两个维度工作-家庭冲突和家庭-工作冲突对员工工作绩效的影响,并在此基础上探讨了工作满意度的中介作用。现有研究多从线性关系考虑工作家庭冲突与工作绩效间的关系,忽略了二者间可能存在的曲线关系。本文基于资源保存理论和激活理论提出了工作-家庭冲突、家庭-工作冲突、工作满意度和工作绩效的理论模型。实证结果表明:工作-家庭冲突与工作绩效呈倒U型曲线关系,即存在最佳的工作-家庭冲突水平可以使员工获得最佳工作体验和工作绩效,工作满意度中介了二者间的倒U型曲线关系。家庭-工作冲突跨领域对工作绩效产生了消极影响,工作满意度中介了二者间的负相关关系。
Based on the data from companies' employees, this study explores the impact of the two-dimensional conflict(work-family conflict and family-work conflict) upon the employees' job performance, as well as the mediating effects of job satisfaction. Considerable amount of present research on this study focused mainly on the linear relationship between work family conflict and job performance while ignoring the possible curve relationship. Based on the Conservation of Resource Theory and Activation Theory, this paper proposes a theoretical model among work-family conflict, family-work conflict, job satisfaction and job performance. The results indicated that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between work-family conflict and job performance. That is to say there is an optimal level of work-family conflict which can enable employees to obtain the best job performance. And the job satisfaction mediates their nonlinear relationship. The family-work conflict has a negative impact on job performance, and the job satisfaction mediates the negative correlation between family-work conflict and job performance.
Based on the data from companies' employees, this study explores the impact of the two-dimensional conflict(work-family conflict and family-work conflict) upon the employees' job performance, as well as the mediating effects of job satisfaction. Considerable amount of present research on this study focused mainly on the linear relationship between work family conflict and job performance while ignoring the possible curve relationship. Based on the Conservation of Resource Theory and Activation Theory, this paper proposes a theoretical model among work-family conflict, family-work conflict, job satisfaction and job performance. The results indicated that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between work-family conflict and job performance. That is to say there is an optimal level of work-family conflict which can enable employees to obtain the best job performance. And the job satisfaction mediates their nonlinear relationship. The family-work conflict has a negative impact on job performance, and the job satisfaction mediates the negative correlation between family-work conflict and job performance.
引文
1.陈方英.(2011).酒店一线员工工作家庭冲突及其组织行为后果的实证研究.北京第二外国语学院学报,33(5),71-77.
2 .陈耘,赵富强,罗奎,张光磊.(2017).工作-家庭关系对工作绩效的影响:交叉观还是匹配观?——来自元分析的证据.中国人力资源开发,(12),73-88.
3 .范雪灵,王琦琦,刘军.(2018).组织领地氛围抑制组织指向公民行为涌现的链式机制研究.管理学报,15(5),669-677.
4 .冯一丹,李爱梅,颜亮,王笑天.(2017).工作时间压力对主观幸福感的倒U型影响——基本心理需求满足的中介作用.中国人力资源开发,(8),25-35.
5 .黄海艳.(2014).绩效评价导向对研发人员的工作压力——工作绩效曲线关系的调节作用.科学学与科学技术管理,(7),162-170.
6 .李海,姚蕾,张勉,朱金强.(2017).工作—家庭冲突交叉效应的性别差异.南开管理评论,20(4),153-164.
7 .梁祖晨,董加骥,楼儒铠.(2009).工作-家庭冲突对IT员工工作绩效影响研究——基于组织支持和自我效能之探讨.现代物业旬刊,8(9),119-120.
8 .林忠,鞠蕾,陈丽.(2013).工作—家庭冲突研究与中国议题:视角、内容和设计.管理世界,29(9),154-171.
9 .刘永强,赵曙明.(2006).工作—家庭冲突的影响因素及其组织行为后果的实证研究.南京社会科学,(5),1-9.
10 .陆佳芳,时勘,John J.Lawler.(2002).工作家庭冲突的初步研究.应用心理学,8(2),45-50.
11 .聂琦,谢煜.(2018).家庭支持型主管行为与离职倾向:工作——家庭冲突双向性和工作满意度的多重中介作用.中国人力资源开发,(1),48-59.
12 .温忠麟,黄彬彬,汤丹丹.(2018).问卷数据建模前传.心理科学,41(1),204-210.
13 .谢义忠,曾垂凯,时勘.(2007).工作家庭冲突对电讯人员工作倦怠和心理健康的影响.心理科学,30(4),940-943.
14 .张伶,胡藤.(2007).工作-家庭冲突结果变量的实证研究——以高校教师为例.华南师范大学学报(社会科学版),(5),130-136.
15 .张伶,张大伟.(2006).工作—家庭冲突研究:国际进展与展望.南开管理评论,9(4),55-63.
16 .张勉,李海,魏钧,杨百寅.(2011).交叉影响还是直接影响?工作-家庭冲突的影响机制.心理学报,43(5),573-588.
17 .张涑贤,赵帆.(2012).建筑施工项目员工工作绩效影响因素研究.西安建筑科技大学学报(自然科学版),44(6),870-875.
18 .赵帆.(2013).工程项目员工工作家庭冲突、满意度与工作绩效关系研究.(博士学位论文).西安:西安建筑科技大学.
19 .赵富强,罗奎,张光磊,陈耘.(2016).基于资源保存理论的工作家庭冲突对工作绩效的影响研究.中国人力资源开发,(21),25-33.
20 .赵秀清.(2014).工作压力与工作绩效关系研究——积极应对策略的视角.中国管理科学,22(S1),132-138.
21.周浩,龙立荣.(2004).共同方法偏差的统计检验与控制方法.心理科学进展,12(6),942-950.
22 .Aftab,H.,&Idrees,W.(2012).A study of job satisfaction and it's impact on the performance in the banking industry of pakistan.International Journal of Business&Social Science,3(19),174-180.
23 .Ahmad,A.(2013).Direct and indirect effects of work-family conflict on job performance.International Journal of Knowledge Management Studies,3(2),176-180.
24 .Allen,T.D.,Herst,D.E.,Bruck,C.S.,&Sutton,M.(2000).Consequences associated with work-to-family conflict:A review and agenda for future research.Journal of Occupational Health Psychology,5(2),278-308.
25 .Aziri,B.(2011).Job satisfaction:A literature review.Management Research&Practice,3(4),77-86.
26 .Babin,B.J.,&Boles,J.S.(1998).Employee behavior in a service environment:A model and test of potential differences between men and women.Journal of Marketing,62(2),77-91.
27 .Baron,R.M.,&Kenny,D.A.(1986).The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research:Conceptual,strategic,and statistical consideration.Journal of Personalitu&Social Psychologu,51,1173-1182.
28 .Batur,O.,&Nart,S.(2014).The relation between work-family conflict,job stress,organizational commitment and job performance:A study on turkish primary teachers,International Association of Social Science Research,2(2),72-72.
29 .De Dreu,C.K.W.(2006).When too little or too much hurts:Evidence for a curvilinear relationship between task conflict and innovation in teams.Journal of Management,32(1),83-107.
30 .Deci,E.L.,Ryan,R.M.,Gagné,M.,Leone,D.R.,Usunov,J.,&Kornazheva,B.P.(2001).Need satisfaction,motivation,and well-being in the work organizations of a former eastern bloc country:A cross-cultural study of self-determination.Personality&Social Psychology Bulletin,27(8),930-942.
31 .Direnzo,M.S.,Greenhaus,J.H.,&Weer,C.H.(2011).Job level,demands,and resources as antecedents of work–family conflict.Journal of Vocational Behavior,78(2),305-314.
32 .Edwards,J.R.,&Rothbard,N.P.(2000).Mechanisms linking work and family:Clarifying the relationship between work and family constructs.Academy of Management Review,25(1),178-199.
33 .Frone,M.R.,Russell,M.,&Cooper,M.L.(1992).Antecedents and outcomes of work-family conflict:Testing a model of the work-family interface.Journal of Applied Psychology,77(1),65-78.
34 .Gardner,D.G.(1986).Activation theory and task design:an empirical test of several new predictions.Journal of Applied Psychology,71(3),411-418.
35 .Grandey,A.A.,&Cropanzano,R.(1999).The conservation of resources model applied to work–family conflict and strain.Journal of Vocational Behavior,54(2),350-370.
36 .Greenhaus,J.H.,&Beutell,N.J.(1985).Sources of conflict between work and family roles.Academy Management Review,10(1),76-88.
37 .Hackman,J.R.,&Oldham,G.R.(1975).Development of the job diagnostic survey.Journal of Applied Psychology,60(2),159-170.
38 .Hayes,A.F.,&Preacher,K.J.(2010).Quantifying and testing indirect effects in simple mediation models when the constituent paths are nonlinear.Multivariate Behavioral Research,45(4),627-660.
39 .Hobfoll,S.E.(1989).Conservation of resources.A new attempt at conceptualizing stress.American Psychologist,44(3),513-524.
40 .Huffman,A.H.,Casper,W.J.,&Payne,S.C.(2014).How does spouse career support relate to employee turnover?Work interfering with family and job satisfaction as mediators.Journal of Organizational Behavior,35(2),194-212.
41 .Jenaibi,B.A.(2011).Job satisfaction comparisons among diverse public organizations in the uae.Management Science&Engineering,5(2),60-79.
42 .Karaka?,A.(2017).The relation between work family life conflict,job performance and job stress:A research on hotel employee.Sosyoekonomi Journal,25(3),51-69.
43 .Karatepe,O.M.,&Karadas,G.(2014).The effect of psychological capital on conflicts in the work-family interface,turnover and absence intentions.International Journal of Hospitality Management,43(1),132-143.
44 .Karatepe,O.M.,&Sokmen,A.(2006).The effects of work role and family role variables on psychological and behavioral outcomes of frontline employees.Tourism Management,27(2),255-268.
45 .Kengatharan,N.(2015).The nature of work family conflict:a review and agenda for future research.International Journal of Human Resource Studies,5(2),163-188.
46 .Mesmer-Magnus,J.R.,&Viswesvaran,C.(2005).Convergence between measures of work-to-family and family-to-work conflict:A metaanalytic examination.Journal of Vocational Behavior,67(2),215-232.
47 .Michel,Jesse S,Kotrba,Lindsey M,Mitchelson,Jacqueline K,Clark,Malissa A,&Baltes,Boris B.(2011).Antecedents of work–family conflict:a meta-analytic review.Journal of Organizational Behavior,32(5),689-725.
48 .Netemeyer,R.G.,Boles,J.S.,&Mcmurrian,R.(1996).Development and validation of work-family conflict and family-work conflict scales.Journal of Applied Psychology,81(4),400-410.
49 .Platis,C.,Reklitis,P.,&Zimeras,S.(2015).Relation between job satisfaction and job performance in healthcare services.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,175,480-487.
50 .Podsakoff,P.M.,Mackenzie,S.B.,Lee,J.Y.,&Podsakoff,N.P.(2003).Common method biases in behavioral research:A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies.Journal of Applied Psychology,88(5),879-903.
51 .Powell,G.N.,&Greenhaus,J.H.(2010).Sex,gender,and decisions at the family-work interface.Journal of Management,36(4),1011-1039.
52 .Preacher,K.J.,&Hayes,A.F.(2004).Spss and sas procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models.Behavior Research Methods Instruments&Computers,36(4),717-731.
53 .Rich,B.L.,Lepine,J.A.,&Crawford,E.R.(2010).Job engagement:Antecedents and effects on job performance.Academy of Management Journal,53(3),617-635.
54 .Schaufeli,W.B.,&Bakker,A.B.(2004).Job demands,job resources,and their relationship with burnout and engagement:A multisample study.Journal of Organizational Behavior,25(3),293-315.
55 .Shah,S.A.M.,Soomro,A.A.,&Breitenecker,R.J.(2018).Relation of work-life balance,work-family conflict and family-work conflict with the employee performance-moderating role of job satisfaction.South Asian Journal of Business Studies,7(3),129-146.
56 .Shmailan,A S B.(2016).The relationship between job satisfaction,job performance and employee engagement:An explorative study.Issue in Business Management and Economics Original Research Article,4(1),1-8.
57 .Tsui,A.S.,Pearce,J.L.,Porter,L.W.,&Tripoli,A.M.(1997).Alternative approaches to employee-organization relationship:Does investment in employee pay off?Academy of Management Journal,40(5),1089-1121.
58 .Wang,M.L.,&Tsai,L.J.(2014).Work-family conflict and job performance in nurses:The moderating effects of social support.Journal of Nursing Research,22(3),200-207.
59 .Wayne,J.H.,Musisca,N.,&Fleeson,W.(2004).Considering the role of personality in the work–family experience:Relationships of the big five to work–family conflict and facilitation.Journal of Vocational Behavior,64(1),108-130.
60 .Westman,M.(2001).Stress and strain crossover.Human Relations,54(6),717-751.
2 .陈耘,赵富强,罗奎,张光磊.(2017).工作-家庭关系对工作绩效的影响:交叉观还是匹配观?——来自元分析的证据.中国人力资源开发,(12),73-88.
3 .范雪灵,王琦琦,刘军.(2018).组织领地氛围抑制组织指向公民行为涌现的链式机制研究.管理学报,15(5),669-677.
4 .冯一丹,李爱梅,颜亮,王笑天.(2017).工作时间压力对主观幸福感的倒U型影响——基本心理需求满足的中介作用.中国人力资源开发,(8),25-35.
5 .黄海艳.(2014).绩效评价导向对研发人员的工作压力——工作绩效曲线关系的调节作用.科学学与科学技术管理,(7),162-170.
6 .李海,姚蕾,张勉,朱金强.(2017).工作—家庭冲突交叉效应的性别差异.南开管理评论,20(4),153-164.
7 .梁祖晨,董加骥,楼儒铠.(2009).工作-家庭冲突对IT员工工作绩效影响研究——基于组织支持和自我效能之探讨.现代物业旬刊,8(9),119-120.
8 .林忠,鞠蕾,陈丽.(2013).工作—家庭冲突研究与中国议题:视角、内容和设计.管理世界,29(9),154-171.
9 .刘永强,赵曙明.(2006).工作—家庭冲突的影响因素及其组织行为后果的实证研究.南京社会科学,(5),1-9.
10 .陆佳芳,时勘,John J.Lawler.(2002).工作家庭冲突的初步研究.应用心理学,8(2),45-50.
11 .聂琦,谢煜.(2018).家庭支持型主管行为与离职倾向:工作——家庭冲突双向性和工作满意度的多重中介作用.中国人力资源开发,(1),48-59.
12 .温忠麟,黄彬彬,汤丹丹.(2018).问卷数据建模前传.心理科学,41(1),204-210.
13 .谢义忠,曾垂凯,时勘.(2007).工作家庭冲突对电讯人员工作倦怠和心理健康的影响.心理科学,30(4),940-943.
14 .张伶,胡藤.(2007).工作-家庭冲突结果变量的实证研究——以高校教师为例.华南师范大学学报(社会科学版),(5),130-136.
15 .张伶,张大伟.(2006).工作—家庭冲突研究:国际进展与展望.南开管理评论,9(4),55-63.
16 .张勉,李海,魏钧,杨百寅.(2011).交叉影响还是直接影响?工作-家庭冲突的影响机制.心理学报,43(5),573-588.
17 .张涑贤,赵帆.(2012).建筑施工项目员工工作绩效影响因素研究.西安建筑科技大学学报(自然科学版),44(6),870-875.
18 .赵帆.(2013).工程项目员工工作家庭冲突、满意度与工作绩效关系研究.(博士学位论文).西安:西安建筑科技大学.
19 .赵富强,罗奎,张光磊,陈耘.(2016).基于资源保存理论的工作家庭冲突对工作绩效的影响研究.中国人力资源开发,(21),25-33.
20 .赵秀清.(2014).工作压力与工作绩效关系研究——积极应对策略的视角.中国管理科学,22(S1),132-138.
21.周浩,龙立荣.(2004).共同方法偏差的统计检验与控制方法.心理科学进展,12(6),942-950.
22 .Aftab,H.,&Idrees,W.(2012).A study of job satisfaction and it's impact on the performance in the banking industry of pakistan.International Journal of Business&Social Science,3(19),174-180.
23 .Ahmad,A.(2013).Direct and indirect effects of work-family conflict on job performance.International Journal of Knowledge Management Studies,3(2),176-180.
24 .Allen,T.D.,Herst,D.E.,Bruck,C.S.,&Sutton,M.(2000).Consequences associated with work-to-family conflict:A review and agenda for future research.Journal of Occupational Health Psychology,5(2),278-308.
25 .Aziri,B.(2011).Job satisfaction:A literature review.Management Research&Practice,3(4),77-86.
26 .Babin,B.J.,&Boles,J.S.(1998).Employee behavior in a service environment:A model and test of potential differences between men and women.Journal of Marketing,62(2),77-91.
27 .Baron,R.M.,&Kenny,D.A.(1986).The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research:Conceptual,strategic,and statistical consideration.Journal of Personalitu&Social Psychologu,51,1173-1182.
28 .Batur,O.,&Nart,S.(2014).The relation between work-family conflict,job stress,organizational commitment and job performance:A study on turkish primary teachers,International Association of Social Science Research,2(2),72-72.
29 .De Dreu,C.K.W.(2006).When too little or too much hurts:Evidence for a curvilinear relationship between task conflict and innovation in teams.Journal of Management,32(1),83-107.
30 .Deci,E.L.,Ryan,R.M.,Gagné,M.,Leone,D.R.,Usunov,J.,&Kornazheva,B.P.(2001).Need satisfaction,motivation,and well-being in the work organizations of a former eastern bloc country:A cross-cultural study of self-determination.Personality&Social Psychology Bulletin,27(8),930-942.
31 .Direnzo,M.S.,Greenhaus,J.H.,&Weer,C.H.(2011).Job level,demands,and resources as antecedents of work–family conflict.Journal of Vocational Behavior,78(2),305-314.
32 .Edwards,J.R.,&Rothbard,N.P.(2000).Mechanisms linking work and family:Clarifying the relationship between work and family constructs.Academy of Management Review,25(1),178-199.
33 .Frone,M.R.,Russell,M.,&Cooper,M.L.(1992).Antecedents and outcomes of work-family conflict:Testing a model of the work-family interface.Journal of Applied Psychology,77(1),65-78.
34 .Gardner,D.G.(1986).Activation theory and task design:an empirical test of several new predictions.Journal of Applied Psychology,71(3),411-418.
35 .Grandey,A.A.,&Cropanzano,R.(1999).The conservation of resources model applied to work–family conflict and strain.Journal of Vocational Behavior,54(2),350-370.
36 .Greenhaus,J.H.,&Beutell,N.J.(1985).Sources of conflict between work and family roles.Academy Management Review,10(1),76-88.
37 .Hackman,J.R.,&Oldham,G.R.(1975).Development of the job diagnostic survey.Journal of Applied Psychology,60(2),159-170.
38 .Hayes,A.F.,&Preacher,K.J.(2010).Quantifying and testing indirect effects in simple mediation models when the constituent paths are nonlinear.Multivariate Behavioral Research,45(4),627-660.
39 .Hobfoll,S.E.(1989).Conservation of resources.A new attempt at conceptualizing stress.American Psychologist,44(3),513-524.
40 .Huffman,A.H.,Casper,W.J.,&Payne,S.C.(2014).How does spouse career support relate to employee turnover?Work interfering with family and job satisfaction as mediators.Journal of Organizational Behavior,35(2),194-212.
41 .Jenaibi,B.A.(2011).Job satisfaction comparisons among diverse public organizations in the uae.Management Science&Engineering,5(2),60-79.
42 .Karaka?,A.(2017).The relation between work family life conflict,job performance and job stress:A research on hotel employee.Sosyoekonomi Journal,25(3),51-69.
43 .Karatepe,O.M.,&Karadas,G.(2014).The effect of psychological capital on conflicts in the work-family interface,turnover and absence intentions.International Journal of Hospitality Management,43(1),132-143.
44 .Karatepe,O.M.,&Sokmen,A.(2006).The effects of work role and family role variables on psychological and behavioral outcomes of frontline employees.Tourism Management,27(2),255-268.
45 .Kengatharan,N.(2015).The nature of work family conflict:a review and agenda for future research.International Journal of Human Resource Studies,5(2),163-188.
46 .Mesmer-Magnus,J.R.,&Viswesvaran,C.(2005).Convergence between measures of work-to-family and family-to-work conflict:A metaanalytic examination.Journal of Vocational Behavior,67(2),215-232.
47 .Michel,Jesse S,Kotrba,Lindsey M,Mitchelson,Jacqueline K,Clark,Malissa A,&Baltes,Boris B.(2011).Antecedents of work–family conflict:a meta-analytic review.Journal of Organizational Behavior,32(5),689-725.
48 .Netemeyer,R.G.,Boles,J.S.,&Mcmurrian,R.(1996).Development and validation of work-family conflict and family-work conflict scales.Journal of Applied Psychology,81(4),400-410.
49 .Platis,C.,Reklitis,P.,&Zimeras,S.(2015).Relation between job satisfaction and job performance in healthcare services.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,175,480-487.
50 .Podsakoff,P.M.,Mackenzie,S.B.,Lee,J.Y.,&Podsakoff,N.P.(2003).Common method biases in behavioral research:A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies.Journal of Applied Psychology,88(5),879-903.
51 .Powell,G.N.,&Greenhaus,J.H.(2010).Sex,gender,and decisions at the family-work interface.Journal of Management,36(4),1011-1039.
52 .Preacher,K.J.,&Hayes,A.F.(2004).Spss and sas procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models.Behavior Research Methods Instruments&Computers,36(4),717-731.
53 .Rich,B.L.,Lepine,J.A.,&Crawford,E.R.(2010).Job engagement:Antecedents and effects on job performance.Academy of Management Journal,53(3),617-635.
54 .Schaufeli,W.B.,&Bakker,A.B.(2004).Job demands,job resources,and their relationship with burnout and engagement:A multisample study.Journal of Organizational Behavior,25(3),293-315.
55 .Shah,S.A.M.,Soomro,A.A.,&Breitenecker,R.J.(2018).Relation of work-life balance,work-family conflict and family-work conflict with the employee performance-moderating role of job satisfaction.South Asian Journal of Business Studies,7(3),129-146.
56 .Shmailan,A S B.(2016).The relationship between job satisfaction,job performance and employee engagement:An explorative study.Issue in Business Management and Economics Original Research Article,4(1),1-8.
57 .Tsui,A.S.,Pearce,J.L.,Porter,L.W.,&Tripoli,A.M.(1997).Alternative approaches to employee-organization relationship:Does investment in employee pay off?Academy of Management Journal,40(5),1089-1121.
58 .Wang,M.L.,&Tsai,L.J.(2014).Work-family conflict and job performance in nurses:The moderating effects of social support.Journal of Nursing Research,22(3),200-207.
59 .Wayne,J.H.,Musisca,N.,&Fleeson,W.(2004).Considering the role of personality in the work–family experience:Relationships of the big five to work–family conflict and facilitation.Journal of Vocational Behavior,64(1),108-130.
60 .Westman,M.(2001).Stress and strain crossover.Human Relations,54(6),717-751.