基于普职融通的教育与学生未来发展的有效衔接——美国加利福尼亚州高中关联学习模式探究
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摘要
多样化发展是当前高中教育发展的趋势和主题。而我国普通高中教育存在以"升学"为单一导向的倾向,不利于实现培养全面发展创新性人才的功能。美国加利福尼亚州高中关联学习(Linked Learning)教育教学模式的实施取得了一定的成效,其面向全体学生,高中教师、高等教育工作者、雇主、社区领导等共同参与和协作,学校、社区、行业及企事业单位通力配合,学生自主选择和专业人员指导相结合,旨在实现升学、就业、工作胜任以及指导学生正确选择学习目标和规划职业生涯相结合的教育目标,以实现学生的全面、自由发展。这种教育教学模式对于我国高中教育多样化发展的质量评价机制、学制改革以及课程与教学设计有一定的借鉴价值。
Diversification is trend and theme for the development and popularization of high school education. However,there exists a tendency of single-oriented "admitted to University" in general high school in China,so it's not good for developing the function of high school education and cultivating innovative talents. The implementation of Linked Learning model in California's high school has achieved some results in America,which aimed at all students. Their teacher is composed of high school teachers,university teachers,employers,community leaders and the others. There is an accordant goal with high school,community,industry and enterprises for students' development,which achieve in admitted to University,obtained employment,improving job competency,personality education and choosing the correct learning objectives and occupation career planning. Linked Learning has some reference for the quality evaluation mechanism,reform of school education system and he design of curriculum and teaching of the diversified development of high school education in China.
Diversification is trend and theme for the development and popularization of high school education. However,there exists a tendency of single-oriented "admitted to University" in general high school in China,so it's not good for developing the function of high school education and cultivating innovative talents. The implementation of Linked Learning model in California's high school has achieved some results in America,which aimed at all students. Their teacher is composed of high school teachers,university teachers,employers,community leaders and the others. There is an accordant goal with high school,community,industry and enterprises for students' development,which achieve in admitted to University,obtained employment,improving job competency,personality education and choosing the correct learning objectives and occupation career planning. Linked Learning has some reference for the quality evaluation mechanism,reform of school education system and he design of curriculum and teaching of the diversified development of high school education in China.
引文
[1]国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要(2010-2020年)[EB/OL].(2010-07-29)[2017-12-05].http://old.moe.gov.cn/publicfiles/business/htmlfiles/moe/info_list/201407/xxgk_171904.html.
[2]国务院关于印发国家教育事业发展“十三五”规划的通知(国发[2017]4号)[EB/OL].(2017-01-19)[2017-12-05].http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2017-01/19/content_5161341.
[3][23]Marisa Saunders,Christopher A.Chrisman.Linking Learning to the 21st Century:Preparing All Students for College,Career,and Civic Participation[R/OL].[2017-12-18].https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED518181.pdf.
[4]王辉.美国“升级版”职业教育体系及启示[J].比较教育研究,2016,(3):89-95.
[5][17][27]Linked Learning Alliance:About Linked Learning[EB/OL].[2017-12-18].http://www.linked learning.org/zh/about.
[6][21]Saunders,M.,etc.Linked Learning:A Guide to Making High School Work[EB/OL].[2018-01-18].http://connected California.org/direct/files/Linked Learning-A Guide to Making High School Work.pdf.
[7]Green,Patricia J..A Profile of the American High School Senior in 1992:Statistical Analysis Report[R/OL].[2017-12-18].https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED386502.pdf.
[8][10]胡庆芳.美国高中教育普及的历程与现行改革[J].全球教育展望,2006,(2):55-59.
[9]Harold L.Long.High School Dropouts:Where Do We Go from Here?[EB/OL].[2018-01-14].http://selfcenter.clemson.edu/article.php?story=20050908150253435.
[11]U.S.Department of Education.Three-myths-high-school-reform-secretary-arne-Duncan'sremarks-college-board-ap-confere[EB/OL].(2010-07-15)[2018-06-25].http://www.ed.gov/news/speeches/.
[12]William Hayes.No Child Left Behind:past,present,and future[M].New York:Rowman&Littlefield Publishing Group,Inc,2008:1.
[13]Why Linked Learning?[EB/OL].[2017-12-20].http://www.linked learning.org/zh/about/linked-learning-in-California/.
[14]America's Divided Recovery[EB/OL].[2017-12-19].https://cew.georgetown.edu/cew-reports/Americas-divided-recovery.
[15][16]Linked Learning Alliance:Linked Learning Course List[EB/OL].[2017-12-28].http://www.linked learning.org/zh/about/linked-learning-course-list.
[18]Guha,R.,Caspary,K.,etc..Taking stock of the California Linked Learning District Initiative.Fifth-year evaluation report[R/OL].[2018-01-05].https://irvine-dot-org.s3.amazonaws.com/documents/160/attachments/year5linkedlearningevaluationreportdec2014.pdf.
[19]Warner,M.,etc..Taking stock of the California Linked Learning District Initiative.Sixth-year evaluation report[R/OL].[2018-01-03].https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289505901_Taking_stock_of_the_California_Linked_Learning_District_Initiative_Sixth-year_evaluation_report.
[20]LL_Annual Report[EB/OL].[2017-12-20].http://dev-linked learning.pantheonsite.io/wpcontent/uploads/2016/11/.
[22]Symonds,W.,etc..Pathways to Prosperity:Meeting the Challenge of Preparing Young Americans for the 21st Century[R/OL].[2018-01-18].http://www.gse.har-vard.edu/news events/features/2011/Pathways_to_Prosperity_Feb 2011.pdf.
[24]U.S.Department of Education,National Center for Education Statistics.The Condition of Education(NCES 2005-094)[R].Washington,D.C.:U.S.Government Printing Office,2005:1.
[25]刘骥.美国基础教育财政改革解析与思考[J].全球教育展望,2017,(7):114-122.
[26]Race to the Top-Wikipedia[EB/OL].[2018-01-17].https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race-tothe-Top.
[28]重磅!教育部印发普通高中课程方案和课程标准(2017版)[EB/OL].(2018-01-17)[2018-05-05].http://news.e21.cn/gdtp/201801/t20180117_81098.shtml.
(1)“a-g”是指为达到加州大学(University of California,简称UC)入学要求所要求的科目和年数。“a-g”科目是(a)历史、(b)英语、(c)数学、(d)实验科学、(e)非英语语言、(f)视觉和表演艺术、(g)大学预科选修课程。参见:What does"a-g"mean?[EB/OL].[2018-01-10].http://admission.university of california.edu/counselors/q-and-a/subject/#1.
(1)国家学术基金会(National Academy Foundation,简称NAF)是一个非营利性教育组织。它的使命是通过将教育、企业和社区管理者聚集在一起,转变传统高中教育的教学模式,解决教育和经济面临的重大挑战。NAF的教育设计激发了学生对学习的热情,并为企业提供了通过转变学习环境来塑造未来员工队伍的机会,包括STEM注入行业特定的课程和工作学习经验。
(2)小型主题学校(Small-Themed Schools)是美国一种专注于环境保护、艺术教育、法律或者卫生保健等专业的学校。
(1)按照各州根据自愿性原则向联邦政府提交的政策计划与申请书,联邦政府组织专家从州内成功因素、教学与支持数据系统、是否关注表现最差的学校、优质师资与领导力等七个方面进行评审,通过评审后可获得RTT项目所提供的竞争性拨款。最终,11个州级政府与华盛顿特区分别赢得了4年期7 500万美元~7亿美元不等的财政拨款,各州政府被允许保留50%的资金作为州级政府教育开支,另外50%则按联邦政府设定的拨款公式流向政策涉及的地方教育机构。
(1)我国已先后颁布了《中华人民共和国义务教育法》、《中华人民共和国教师法》、《中华人民共和国教育法》、《中华人民共和国职业教育法》、《中华人民共和国高等教育法》、《中华人民共和国民办教育促进法》等教育法规,另外,也出台了一些相关规定和条例(如《幼儿园工作规程》、《幼儿园管理条例》、《教师资格条例》等)等,唯独在高中教育方面的法律法规还是一片空白。
[2]国务院关于印发国家教育事业发展“十三五”规划的通知(国发[2017]4号)[EB/OL].(2017-01-19)[2017-12-05].http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2017-01/19/content_5161341.
[3][23]Marisa Saunders,Christopher A.Chrisman.Linking Learning to the 21st Century:Preparing All Students for College,Career,and Civic Participation[R/OL].[2017-12-18].https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED518181.pdf.
[4]王辉.美国“升级版”职业教育体系及启示[J].比较教育研究,2016,(3):89-95.
[5][17][27]Linked Learning Alliance:About Linked Learning[EB/OL].[2017-12-18].http://www.linked learning.org/zh/about.
[6][21]Saunders,M.,etc.Linked Learning:A Guide to Making High School Work[EB/OL].[2018-01-18].http://connected California.org/direct/files/Linked Learning-A Guide to Making High School Work.pdf.
[7]Green,Patricia J..A Profile of the American High School Senior in 1992:Statistical Analysis Report[R/OL].[2017-12-18].https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED386502.pdf.
[8][10]胡庆芳.美国高中教育普及的历程与现行改革[J].全球教育展望,2006,(2):55-59.
[9]Harold L.Long.High School Dropouts:Where Do We Go from Here?[EB/OL].[2018-01-14].http://selfcenter.clemson.edu/article.php?story=20050908150253435.
[11]U.S.Department of Education.Three-myths-high-school-reform-secretary-arne-Duncan'sremarks-college-board-ap-confere[EB/OL].(2010-07-15)[2018-06-25].http://www.ed.gov/news/speeches/.
[12]William Hayes.No Child Left Behind:past,present,and future[M].New York:Rowman&Littlefield Publishing Group,Inc,2008:1.
[13]Why Linked Learning?[EB/OL].[2017-12-20].http://www.linked learning.org/zh/about/linked-learning-in-California/.
[14]America's Divided Recovery[EB/OL].[2017-12-19].https://cew.georgetown.edu/cew-reports/Americas-divided-recovery.
[15][16]Linked Learning Alliance:Linked Learning Course List[EB/OL].[2017-12-28].http://www.linked learning.org/zh/about/linked-learning-course-list.
[18]Guha,R.,Caspary,K.,etc..Taking stock of the California Linked Learning District Initiative.Fifth-year evaluation report[R/OL].[2018-01-05].https://irvine-dot-org.s3.amazonaws.com/documents/160/attachments/year5linkedlearningevaluationreportdec2014.pdf.
[19]Warner,M.,etc..Taking stock of the California Linked Learning District Initiative.Sixth-year evaluation report[R/OL].[2018-01-03].https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289505901_Taking_stock_of_the_California_Linked_Learning_District_Initiative_Sixth-year_evaluation_report.
[20]LL_Annual Report[EB/OL].[2017-12-20].http://dev-linked learning.pantheonsite.io/wpcontent/uploads/2016/11/.
[22]Symonds,W.,etc..Pathways to Prosperity:Meeting the Challenge of Preparing Young Americans for the 21st Century[R/OL].[2018-01-18].http://www.gse.har-vard.edu/news events/features/2011/Pathways_to_Prosperity_Feb 2011.pdf.
[24]U.S.Department of Education,National Center for Education Statistics.The Condition of Education(NCES 2005-094)[R].Washington,D.C.:U.S.Government Printing Office,2005:1.
[25]刘骥.美国基础教育财政改革解析与思考[J].全球教育展望,2017,(7):114-122.
[26]Race to the Top-Wikipedia[EB/OL].[2018-01-17].https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race-tothe-Top.
[28]重磅!教育部印发普通高中课程方案和课程标准(2017版)[EB/OL].(2018-01-17)[2018-05-05].http://news.e21.cn/gdtp/201801/t20180117_81098.shtml.
(1)“a-g”是指为达到加州大学(University of California,简称UC)入学要求所要求的科目和年数。“a-g”科目是(a)历史、(b)英语、(c)数学、(d)实验科学、(e)非英语语言、(f)视觉和表演艺术、(g)大学预科选修课程。参见:What does"a-g"mean?[EB/OL].[2018-01-10].http://admission.university of california.edu/counselors/q-and-a/subject/#1.
(1)国家学术基金会(National Academy Foundation,简称NAF)是一个非营利性教育组织。它的使命是通过将教育、企业和社区管理者聚集在一起,转变传统高中教育的教学模式,解决教育和经济面临的重大挑战。NAF的教育设计激发了学生对学习的热情,并为企业提供了通过转变学习环境来塑造未来员工队伍的机会,包括STEM注入行业特定的课程和工作学习经验。
(2)小型主题学校(Small-Themed Schools)是美国一种专注于环境保护、艺术教育、法律或者卫生保健等专业的学校。
(1)按照各州根据自愿性原则向联邦政府提交的政策计划与申请书,联邦政府组织专家从州内成功因素、教学与支持数据系统、是否关注表现最差的学校、优质师资与领导力等七个方面进行评审,通过评审后可获得RTT项目所提供的竞争性拨款。最终,11个州级政府与华盛顿特区分别赢得了4年期7 500万美元~7亿美元不等的财政拨款,各州政府被允许保留50%的资金作为州级政府教育开支,另外50%则按联邦政府设定的拨款公式流向政策涉及的地方教育机构。
(1)我国已先后颁布了《中华人民共和国义务教育法》、《中华人民共和国教师法》、《中华人民共和国教育法》、《中华人民共和国职业教育法》、《中华人民共和国高等教育法》、《中华人民共和国民办教育促进法》等教育法规,另外,也出台了一些相关规定和条例(如《幼儿园工作规程》、《幼儿园管理条例》、《教师资格条例》等)等,唯独在高中教育方面的法律法规还是一片空白。