拉美工会发展特征及其在左右翼执政周期的角色转换
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摘要
工会是广义非政府组织的一员,在非政府组织兴盛的拉美,工会发展相对滞后,影响力偏弱。发展不均衡、组织松散及内部分化是当前拉美工会的重要特征。拉美工会在左右翼执政时期扮演了不同角色。在右翼执政时期,拉美工会积极抗争,频频举行全国性罢工,积极与政府和国际金融组织对话,争取更大权益;在左翼执政时期,拉美工会通常会与政府合作,主动参与国家治理,兼有零散斗争。但是,拉美工会在争取工人权益方面并未充分发挥作用,成绩乏善可陈。究其原因,除了内部分化、高度政治化等自身问题,新自由主义发展模式也限制了工会作用的发挥。这些都导致拉美工会产生了寻求政府庇护的意愿,抵御外界影响的能力脆弱,只能在不同历史时期依靠被动的角色调整求得生存和发展。中国工会要吸取拉美工会的教训,既要坚持党的领导,也要坚持群众组织的本色,充分发挥维护职工权益的作用。
Trade union is a part of non-governmental organizations(NGOs)in a broad sense.In Latin America,the development of trade unions lagged behind and yielded less influence in comparison with other NGOs.Trade unions in Latin America are characterized by the imbalance among different sub-regions or different industries,as well as the organizational slack and internal division.Latin-American trade unions play different roles under different ruling parties.Under right-wing governments,they express their claims and strive for greater rights by holding nationwide strikes or negotiating with governments.During left-wing governments,they usually cooperate with governments and participate actively in the governance of the country,with some sporadic struggles occasionally.However,the internal division,high politicization and the impact of neoliberalism have forced them to turn to government for shelter,thus made them vulnerable to external impact and restricted the effect of their actions.They had to seek for survival and development by adjusting their role in different periods.Chinese trade unions should learn from the Latin-American counterparts,adhering to the leadership of Chinese Communist Party while at the same time safeguarding workers’rights and interests.
Trade union is a part of non-governmental organizations(NGOs)in a broad sense.In Latin America,the development of trade unions lagged behind and yielded less influence in comparison with other NGOs.Trade unions in Latin America are characterized by the imbalance among different sub-regions or different industries,as well as the organizational slack and internal division.Latin-American trade unions play different roles under different ruling parties.Under right-wing governments,they express their claims and strive for greater rights by holding nationwide strikes or negotiating with governments.During left-wing governments,they usually cooperate with governments and participate actively in the governance of the country,with some sporadic struggles occasionally.However,the internal division,high politicization and the impact of neoliberalism have forced them to turn to government for shelter,thus made them vulnerable to external impact and restricted the effect of their actions.They had to seek for survival and development by adjusting their role in different periods.Chinese trade unions should learn from the Latin-American counterparts,adhering to the leadership of Chinese Communist Party while at the same time safeguarding workers’rights and interests.
引文
(1)范蕾:《拉美非政府组织与政府的关系模式》,载《拉丁美洲研究》,2010年第4期,第21页。
(2)这18个国家分别为阿根廷、玻利维亚、巴西、哥伦比亚、哥斯达黎加、智利、厄瓜多尔、萨尔瓦多、危地马拉、洪都拉斯、墨西哥、尼加拉瓜、巴拿马、巴拉圭、秘鲁、波多黎各、乌拉圭和委内瑞拉。
(1)郑家恒:《拉美工会运动面临的挑战》,载《国外理论动态》,2004年第5期。
(1)张凡:《80年代以来拉美工会运动的特点》,载《拉丁美洲研究》,1992年第6期,第40页。
(1)Patricio Frías Fernández,“Los Desafíos del Sindicalismo en los Inicios del Siglo XXI”.http://bibliotecavirtual.clacso.org.ar/ar/libros/coedicion/frias/.[2017-02-28]
(1)Vanesa Coscia,“Fortalezas y Debilidades de los Sindicatos en Argentina(2004-2007)”.https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=4125772.[2017-02-28]
(2)Patricio Frías Fernández,“Los Desafíos del Sindicalismo en los Inicios del Siglo XXI”.http://bibliotecavirtual.clacso.org.ar/ar/libros/coedicion/frias/.[2017-02-28]
(1)《巴西银行业又到了一年一度“例行”罢工时节》。http://bank.cngold.org/c/2016-09-08/c4376901.html.[2017-02-20]
(1)2006年,拉美工人中央工会和美洲地区工人组织合并为美洲工会联合会,代表29个国家的5000多万工人。“三足鼎立”转变为“双雄并立”,但左右政治倾向之争犹存。
(2)Patricio Frías Fernández,“Los Desafíos del Sindicalismo en los Inicios del Siglo XXI”.http://bibliotecavirtual.clacso.org.ar/ar/libros/coedicion/frias.[2017-02-28]
(3)张凡:《80年代以来拉美工会运动的特点》,载《拉丁美洲研究》,1992年第6期,第41页。
(1)徐世澄:《拉美的民主社会主义与工人运动》,载《拉丁美洲研究》,1993年第4期,第13页。
(2)《墨西哥工会政党权钱交易》。http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2014-05/30/c_126565190.htm.[2017-02-20]
(1)Joana Verenice,“Transparencia y Rendición de Cuentas por Parte de los Sindicatos”.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1870467016300069.[2017-02-28]
(1)“Sindicatos de América Latina y el Caribe Enfrentan el Reto de Autorreformarse”.http://www.ilo.org/americas/sala-de-prensa/WCMS_191759/lang-es/index.htm.[2017-02-28]
(2)这18个国家分别为阿根廷、玻利维亚、巴西、哥伦比亚、哥斯达黎加、智利、厄瓜多尔、萨尔瓦多、危地马拉、洪都拉斯、墨西哥、尼加拉瓜、巴拿马、巴拉圭、秘鲁、波多黎各、乌拉圭和委内瑞拉。
(1)郑家恒:《拉美工会运动面临的挑战》,载《国外理论动态》,2004年第5期。
(1)张凡:《80年代以来拉美工会运动的特点》,载《拉丁美洲研究》,1992年第6期,第40页。
(1)Patricio Frías Fernández,“Los Desafíos del Sindicalismo en los Inicios del Siglo XXI”.http://bibliotecavirtual.clacso.org.ar/ar/libros/coedicion/frias/.[2017-02-28]
(1)Vanesa Coscia,“Fortalezas y Debilidades de los Sindicatos en Argentina(2004-2007)”.https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=4125772.[2017-02-28]
(2)Patricio Frías Fernández,“Los Desafíos del Sindicalismo en los Inicios del Siglo XXI”.http://bibliotecavirtual.clacso.org.ar/ar/libros/coedicion/frias/.[2017-02-28]
(1)《巴西银行业又到了一年一度“例行”罢工时节》。http://bank.cngold.org/c/2016-09-08/c4376901.html.[2017-02-20]
(1)2006年,拉美工人中央工会和美洲地区工人组织合并为美洲工会联合会,代表29个国家的5000多万工人。“三足鼎立”转变为“双雄并立”,但左右政治倾向之争犹存。
(2)Patricio Frías Fernández,“Los Desafíos del Sindicalismo en los Inicios del Siglo XXI”.http://bibliotecavirtual.clacso.org.ar/ar/libros/coedicion/frias.[2017-02-28]
(3)张凡:《80年代以来拉美工会运动的特点》,载《拉丁美洲研究》,1992年第6期,第41页。
(1)徐世澄:《拉美的民主社会主义与工人运动》,载《拉丁美洲研究》,1993年第4期,第13页。
(2)《墨西哥工会政党权钱交易》。http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2014-05/30/c_126565190.htm.[2017-02-20]
(1)Joana Verenice,“Transparencia y Rendición de Cuentas por Parte de los Sindicatos”.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1870467016300069.[2017-02-28]
(1)“Sindicatos de América Latina y el Caribe Enfrentan el Reto de Autorreformarse”.http://www.ilo.org/americas/sala-de-prensa/WCMS_191759/lang-es/index.htm.[2017-02-28]