凝胶型核壳结构粉体抑制A类火的有效性研究
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摘要
通过设计一种凝胶型核壳结构粉体灭火介质,旨在灭火剂剂型上进行集成创新,克服传统灭火剂在环保、效能以及腐蚀性上的不足。利用高速剪切法将气相二氧化硅、磷酸二氢氨溶液、结冷胶与甲基含氢硅油相结合制备该介质,并对其耐压性和灭火有效性进行表征,研究介质的协同作用机理。结果表明:该介质的粒径在100～200μm并且充装压力不大于1.2 MPa时的破损率最小。该新型介质具有较好的抑制熄灭A类火的效能,并且在灭火过程中能够发挥协同作用:水作为惰性灭火组分能够迅速蒸发冷却降温;磷酸二氢铵作为化学灭火组分分解吸热并捕捉燃烧反应自由基,切断链式反应扑灭火焰;凝胶能附着在木垛表面形成隔离层,持续降温抑制阴燃和复燃。凝胶型核壳结构粉体灭火介质的灭火效能优于普通ABC干粉,且成本更低,有较好的应用前景。
A new gel-type fire extinguishant with core-shell structure is designed which aims at the integrated innovation in the form of the extinguishant to overcome the shortcomings of environmental protection, efficiency and corrosiveness of traditional extinguishant. The gas-phase silicon dioxide, aqueous ammonium dihydrogen phosphate solution, gellan gum and methyl hydrogen silicone combined to prepare the extinguishant by high-speed shearing method. The pressure resistance and fire extinguishing effectiveness of the extinguishant are characterized, and the synergistic mechanism of the extinguishant is studied. The obtained results show that the damage rate is minimal when the size of as-prepared particles ranged between 100—200 μm and the exerting pressure is less than 1.2 MPa.The extinguishant has better performance in suppression class A fire and played a synergistic effect in the process of fire extinguishing: the water acts as an inert component which could evaporate rapidly and cool down the fuel; the ammonium dihydrogen phosphate acts as a chemical component which decomposed by heat absorption and capturer a dicals of the flame for cutting the chain reaction. The gel adheres to the wooden surface and forms an isolation layer, the smoldering and resurgence are inhibited by continuous cooling. Fire-extinguishing performance of geltype core-shell structure powder fire extinguishing medium is better than that of ordinary ABC dry powder, and the cost is lower, which has a good application prospect.
A new gel-type fire extinguishant with core-shell structure is designed which aims at the integrated innovation in the form of the extinguishant to overcome the shortcomings of environmental protection, efficiency and corrosiveness of traditional extinguishant. The gas-phase silicon dioxide, aqueous ammonium dihydrogen phosphate solution, gellan gum and methyl hydrogen silicone combined to prepare the extinguishant by high-speed shearing method. The pressure resistance and fire extinguishing effectiveness of the extinguishant are characterized, and the synergistic mechanism of the extinguishant is studied. The obtained results show that the damage rate is minimal when the size of as-prepared particles ranged between 100—200 μm and the exerting pressure is less than 1.2 MPa.The extinguishant has better performance in suppression class A fire and played a synergistic effect in the process of fire extinguishing: the water acts as an inert component which could evaporate rapidly and cool down the fuel; the ammonium dihydrogen phosphate acts as a chemical component which decomposed by heat absorption and capturer a dicals of the flame for cutting the chain reaction. The gel adheres to the wooden surface and forms an isolation layer, the smoldering and resurgence are inhibited by continuous cooling. Fire-extinguishing performance of geltype core-shell structure powder fire extinguishing medium is better than that of ordinary ABC dry powder, and the cost is lower, which has a good application prospect.
引文
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[25] Oliveira J T, Martins L, Picciochi R, et al. Gellan gum:a new biomaterial for cartilage tissue engineering applications[J].Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 2010, 93A(3):852-863.
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[28] Yildiz G, Ronsse F, Venderbosch R, et al. Effect of biomass ash in catalytic fast pyrolysis of pine wood[J]. Applied Catalysis B Environmental, 2015, 168/169:203-211.
[29] Somorin T O, Kolios A J, Parker A, et al. Faecal-wood biomass co-combustion and ash composition analysis[J]. Fuel, 2017, 203:781-791.
[30] Kovacs H, Szemmelveisz K, Koós T. Theoretical and experimental metals flow calculations during biomass combustion[J]. Fuel,2016, 185:524-531.
[31] Yang M, Chen X, Yuan B, et al. Inhibition effect of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate on the thermal decomposition characteristics and thermal sensitivity of ammonium nitrate[J].Journal of Analytical&Applied Pyrolysis, 2018, 134:195-201.
[32] Li H, Han K, Wang Q, et al. Pyrolysis of rice straw with ammonium dihydrogen phosphate:properties and gaseous potassium release characteristics during combustion of the products[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2015, 197:193-200.
[33] Rao W H, Zhu Z M, Wang S X, et al. A reactive phosphoruscontaining polyol incorporated into flexible polyurethane foam:self-extinguishing behavior and mechanism[J]. Polymer Degradation&Stability, 2018, 153:192-200.
[2] Pagliaro J L, Linteris G T, Babushok V I. Premixed flame inhibition by C2HF3Cl2and C2HF5[J]. Combustion&Flame, 2016,163:54-65.
[3] Pagliaro J L, Linteris G T, Sunderland P B, et al. Combustion inhibition and enhancement of premixed methane–air flames by halon replacements[J]. Combustion and Flame, 2014, 162(1):41-49.
[4] Linteris G T, Babushok V I, Sunderland P B, et al. Unwanted combustion enhancement by C6F12O fire suppressant[J].Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2013, 34(2):2683-2690.
[5] Al-Awad T K, Saidan M N, Gareau B J. Halon management and ozone-depleting substances control in Jordan[J]. International Environmental Agreements Politics Law&Economics, 2018, 18(3):1-18.
[6] Zhang P, Tang X, Tian X, et al. Experimental study on the interaction between fire and water mist in long and narrow spaces[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2016, 94:706-714.
[7] Haile M, Fomete S, Lopez I D, et al. Aluminum hydroxide multilayer assembly capable of extinguishing flame on polyurethane foam[J]. Journal of Materials Science, 2016, 51(1):375-381.
[8] Pei B, Yu M, Chen L, et al. Experimental study on the synergistic inhibition effect of nitrogen and ultrafine water mist on gas explosion in a vented duct[J]. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2016, 40:546-553.
[9] Kunin A V, Smirnov S A, Lapshin D N, et al. Technology development for the production of ABCE fire extinguishing dry powders[J]. Russian Journal of General Chemistry, 2016, 86(2):450-459.
[10] Lapshin D N, Kunin A V, Semenov A D. Influence of chemical impurities in ammonium phosphate and ammonium sulfate on the properties of ABCE fire extinguishing dry powders[J]. Russian Journal of General Chemistry, 2016, 86(2):439-449.
[11] Babushok V I, Linteris G T, Hoorelbeke P, et al. Flame inhibition by potassium-containing compounds[J]. Combustion Science&Technology, 2017, 189(12):2039-2055.
[12] Koshiba Y, Okazaki S, Ohtani H. Experimental investigation of the fire extinguishing capability of ferrocene-containing water mist[J]. Fire Safety Journal, 2016, 83:90-98.
[13] Feng M H, Tao J J, Qin J, et al. Extinguishment of counter-flow diffusion flame by water mist derived from aqueous solutions containing chemical additives[J]. Journal of Fire Sciences, 2016,34(1):51-68.
[14] Zhang T W, Du Z M, Han Z Y, et al. Performance evaluation of water mist with additives in suppressing cooking oil fires based on temperature analysis[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2016, 102:1069-1074.
[15] Zhang T W, Han Z Y, Du Z M, et al. Cooling characteristics of cooking oil using water mist during fire extinguishment[J].Applied Thermal Engineering, 2016, 107:863-869.
[16] Su C H, Chen C C, Liaw H J, et al. The assessment of fire suppression capability for the ammonium dihydrogen phosphate dry powder of commercial fire extinguishers[J]. Procedia Engineering, 2014, 84:485-490.
[17] Vilesov A D, Suvorova O M, Yudin V E, et al. Novel microencapsulated liquid fire extinguishers with a nanomodified microcapsule shell[J]. Polymer Science Series B, 2014, 56(4):512-519.
[18] Clegg P, Tavacoli J W, Wilde P. One-step production of multiple emulsions:microfluidic, polymer-stabilized and particlestabilized approaches[J]. Soft Matter, 2016, 12(4):998-1008.
[19] Bakar S A, Ribeiro C. Low temperature synthesis of N-doped TiO2, with rice-like morphology through peroxo assisted hydrothermal route:materials characterization and photocatalytic properties[J]. Applied Surface Science, 2016, 377:121-133.
[20] Binks B P, Tyowua A T. Particle-stabilized powdered water-inoil emulsions[J]. Langmuir, 2016, 32(13):3110-3115.
[21] He J, Ren Z R, Chen C, et al. Dry water extinguishing agent fire suppressant powder[C]//IUPAC 8th International Conference on Novel Materials and Synthesis(NMS-Ⅷ)&22nd International Symposium on Fine Chemistry and Functional Polymers(FCFP-ⅩⅫ). 2014.
[22] Ni X M, Zhang S G, Zheng Z, et al. Application of water@silica core-shell particles for suppressing gasoline pool fires[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2018, 341:20-27.
[23] Han Z, Zhang Y, Du Z, et al. New-type gel dry-water extinguishants and its effectiveness[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2017, 166:590-600.
[24] Yan Y, Han Z, Du Z, et al. New type pyrotechnically generated aerosol extinguishing agents containing phosphorus[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2017, 154:151-158.
[25] Oliveira J T, Martins L, Picciochi R, et al. Gellan gum:a new biomaterial for cartilage tissue engineering applications[J].Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 2010, 93A(3):852-863.
[26]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.干粉灭火剂第二部分:ABC干粉灭火剂:GB4066.2—2004[S].北京:中国标准出版社, 2004.General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the Peoples Republic of China, Standardization Administration of the Peoples Republic of China. Powder extinguishing agent part two:ABC extinguishing agent:GB4066.2—2004[S]. Beijing:Standards Press of China, 2004.
[27]中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部,中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.细水雾灭火系统技术规范:GB50898—2013[S].北京,中国计划出版社, 2013.Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the Peoples Republic of China, General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the Peoples Republic of China. The technical specification of water mist fire extinguishing system:GB50898—2013[S]. Beijing:China Planning Press, 2013.
[28] Yildiz G, Ronsse F, Venderbosch R, et al. Effect of biomass ash in catalytic fast pyrolysis of pine wood[J]. Applied Catalysis B Environmental, 2015, 168/169:203-211.
[29] Somorin T O, Kolios A J, Parker A, et al. Faecal-wood biomass co-combustion and ash composition analysis[J]. Fuel, 2017, 203:781-791.
[30] Kovacs H, Szemmelveisz K, Koós T. Theoretical and experimental metals flow calculations during biomass combustion[J]. Fuel,2016, 185:524-531.
[31] Yang M, Chen X, Yuan B, et al. Inhibition effect of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate on the thermal decomposition characteristics and thermal sensitivity of ammonium nitrate[J].Journal of Analytical&Applied Pyrolysis, 2018, 134:195-201.
[32] Li H, Han K, Wang Q, et al. Pyrolysis of rice straw with ammonium dihydrogen phosphate:properties and gaseous potassium release characteristics during combustion of the products[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2015, 197:193-200.
[33] Rao W H, Zhu Z M, Wang S X, et al. A reactive phosphoruscontaining polyol incorporated into flexible polyurethane foam:self-extinguishing behavior and mechanism[J]. Polymer Degradation&Stability, 2018, 153:192-200.