豫西南土坎水平梯田田坎稳定性分析
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摘要
坡改梯对提高耕地的经济效益和环境生态效益具有重要的作用,梯田断面设计是保证梯田功能实现和运行的关键,梯田断面稳定性与土壤的抗剪强度有关,土壤抗剪强度与土壤类型有着直接的联系,针对豫西南坡改梯的重大需求,选取豫西南坡耕地分布区5种主要土壤类型并进行基本的物理性试验和固结不排水三轴剪切试验,得到了5种土壤类型日常工况和暴雨工况下的抗剪强度指标,采用暴雨工况下不同土壤的抗剪强度指标,分别设计4种梯田田坎高度和田坎坡度样式,利用理正软件进行土坎梯田田坎稳定性分析。结果表明:在相同工况下,立黄土梯田在设定的4种田坎高度和边坡样式条件下,都满足稳定性要求,黄刚土在田坎高度为2.5m时,梯田最大边坡不宜超过60°时,当边坡超过60°时,土坎梯田稳定性不满足安全要求。棕壤、褐土和黄棕土壤土土坎梯田设计高度不宜超过2m,边坡不宜超过65°。这说明在相条件下,立黄土土坎梯田边坡稳定性最好,其次是黄刚土,棕壤、褐土和黄棕土壤土坎梯田稳定性相对较差,研究结果可为豫西南土坎水平梯田多样化的设计提供依据。
Slop-terrace transformation project has obvious effect on improving the cultivated land economic and ecological benefits.The proper cross section design is the key to ensure the function implementation and operation of terrace,the terrace ridge stability is mainly affected by the ridge height,lateral slope,cohesion,internal friction angle and other factors,which have direct contact with the soil types.According to the great demand of slop-terrace transformation project in the southwest of He′nan Province,we selected the 5 major soil types and sampling in slope farmland distribution area of southern He′nan,after the tests of the basic physical and the triaxial consolidated-undrained shear tests on the soil samples in laboratory,we obtained the shear strength indexes of 5 kinds of soil types under the daily working conditions and heavy rain conditions.According to the different soil indicators of total cohesion,total internal friction angle,we designed 4 kinds of terrace ridge height and slope style,respectively,to different soil types,and with the software of Lizheng,analyzed the terrace stability of different soil types and different ridge and slope in the rainstorm conditions.The result show that:in the same condition,loess terrace meets the stability requirements under all kinds of loess terrace ridge height and slope style conditions,as to the Huanggang soil,when the ridgeheight is 2.5 m,the maximum slope terrace should not exceed 60° ,otherwise,the terrace ridge slope does not meet the safety requirements of the stability,while as to brown soil,cinnamon soil and yellow-brown soil,the ridge terrace design height should not exceed 2 mand the slope should not exceed 65° ,showing that,in the same condition,the stability of the loess terrace is the best,followed by Huanggang soil,while the stability of the brown soil,cinnamon soil and yellow-brown soil terrace is relatively weak.The results of this study can provide the scientific basis for the diversified design of ridged level terrace in southwest of He′nan Province.
Slop-terrace transformation project has obvious effect on improving the cultivated land economic and ecological benefits.The proper cross section design is the key to ensure the function implementation and operation of terrace,the terrace ridge stability is mainly affected by the ridge height,lateral slope,cohesion,internal friction angle and other factors,which have direct contact with the soil types.According to the great demand of slop-terrace transformation project in the southwest of He′nan Province,we selected the 5 major soil types and sampling in slope farmland distribution area of southern He′nan,after the tests of the basic physical and the triaxial consolidated-undrained shear tests on the soil samples in laboratory,we obtained the shear strength indexes of 5 kinds of soil types under the daily working conditions and heavy rain conditions.According to the different soil indicators of total cohesion,total internal friction angle,we designed 4 kinds of terrace ridge height and slope style,respectively,to different soil types,and with the software of Lizheng,analyzed the terrace stability of different soil types and different ridge and slope in the rainstorm conditions.The result show that:in the same condition,loess terrace meets the stability requirements under all kinds of loess terrace ridge height and slope style conditions,as to the Huanggang soil,when the ridgeheight is 2.5 m,the maximum slope terrace should not exceed 60° ,otherwise,the terrace ridge slope does not meet the safety requirements of the stability,while as to brown soil,cinnamon soil and yellow-brown soil,the ridge terrace design height should not exceed 2 mand the slope should not exceed 65° ,showing that,in the same condition,the stability of the loess terrace is the best,followed by Huanggang soil,while the stability of the brown soil,cinnamon soil and yellow-brown soil terrace is relatively weak.The results of this study can provide the scientific basis for the diversified design of ridged level terrace in southwest of He′nan Province.
引文
[1]李茂.河南省耕地和粮食灰色关联分析[J].地理科学进展,2002,21(2):163-172.
[2]范磊,王来刚,程永政,等.河南省土地利用变化遥感监测[J].安徽农业科学,2009,37(28):13722-13724.
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[5]欧阳昉.坡改梯是西部贫困山区脱贫致富的有效途径[J].中国农业资源与区划,2006,27(6):27-29.
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[7]高海东,李占斌,李鹏,等.梯田建设和淤地坝淤积对土壤侵蚀影响的定量分析[J].地理学报,2012,67(5):599-608.
[8]张岩,杨松,李镇,等.陕北黄土区水平条带整地措施对切沟发育的影响[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(7):125-130.
[9]张国华,谢崇宝,皮晓宇,等.不同措施红壤坡地与梯田土地生产潜力[J].山地学报,2015,33(3):88-293.
[10]陈良.低山丘陵区水土保持治理与生态环境效应[J].长江流域资源与环境,2004,13(4):370-374.
[11]胡望舒,洪浑,周侃,等.黄土丘陵区水平梯田与农民收入的关系及原因:以宁夏回族自治区固原市为例[J].干旱区地理,2013,36(3):536-544.
[12]胡建民,胡欣,左长清.红壤坡地坡改梯水土保持效应分析[J].水土保持研究,2005,12(4):271-273.
[13]陈述文,邓炜,邱金根.不同坡改梯方式的生态环境效应研究[J].安徽农业科学,2008,36(19):8251-8254.
[14]张彦军,郭胜利,南雅芳,等.水土流失治理措施对小流域土壤有机碳和全氮的影响[J].生态学报,2012,32(18):5777-5785.
[15]薛萐,刘国彬,张超,等.黄土高原丘陵区坡改梯后的土壤质量效应[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(4):310-316.
[16]刘晓燕,王富贵,杨胜天,等.黄土丘陵沟壑区水平梯田减沙作用研究[J].水利学报,2014,45(7):793-800.
[17]赵护兵,刘国彬,吴瑞俊.黄土的丘陵区不同类型农地的养分循环平衡特征[J].农业工程学报,2008,22(1):58-64.
[18]王瑷玲,赵庚星,王瑞燕,等.区域土地整理生态环境评价及时空配置[J].应用生态学报,2006,17(8):1481-1484.
[19]王金满,白中科,宿梅双.山地丘陵区坡式梯田土地整治工程量快速测算方法[J].中国土地科学,2013,27(1):78-83.
[20]赵玉领,苏强,吴克宁,等.河南嵩县土地整理的数量质量潜力[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(9):73-78.
[21]刘宁,郧文聚,雷廷武.丘陵地区梯田土方量的快速计算方法及应用[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(4):47-51.
[22]潘起来,牛晓君.土坎水平梯田最优断面设计[J].青海大学学报:自然科学版,2005,23(2):22-24.
[23]马良瑞,梅再美.梯田断面设计与优化研究[J].贵州科学,2012,30(2):45-48.
[24]克循.河南土壤[M].郑州:河南人民出版社,1979.
[25]郭莹,王跃新.原状与重塑粉土固结不排水剪切特性的对比试验[J].水利学报,2011,42(1):68-75.
[26]张海霞,陈勇,秦帮民.三轴不固结不排水剪的试验方法[J].水利水电科技进展,2007,27(3):30-34.
[27]沈扬,张明举,闫俊.圆弧滑动法中总应力法和有效应力法适用性辨析[J].河南大学学报:自然科学版,2011,39(5):517-522.
[28]张军舰,左红伟,徐永.对多级加荷三轴固结不排水剪切试验应用的探讨[J].烟台大学学报:自然科学与工程版,2006,19(1):58-62.
[29]张道兵,王军,刘忠桓.土质边坡的安全系数求解[J].湘潭师范学报:自然科学版,2004,26(2):37-39.
[30]王相国,王洪刚,王伟.丘陵区梯田优化设计研究[J].水土保持研究,2001,8(3):125-127.
[2]范磊,王来刚,程永政,等.河南省土地利用变化遥感监测[J].安徽农业科学,2009,37(28):13722-13724.
[3]张志国.改革开放以业河南省耕地面积波动分析[J].中国农学通报,2011,27(14):257-261.
[4]王道龙,毕于运.我国西部生态脆弱带坡耕地水土流失及坡地梯化[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2002,12(5):88-90.
[5]欧阳昉.坡改梯是西部贫困山区脱贫致富的有效途径[J].中国农业资源与区划,2006,27(6):27-29.
[6]熊康宁,李晋,龙明忠.典型喀斯特石漠化治理区水土流失特征与关键问题[J].地理学报,2012,67(7):878-888.
[7]高海东,李占斌,李鹏,等.梯田建设和淤地坝淤积对土壤侵蚀影响的定量分析[J].地理学报,2012,67(5):599-608.
[8]张岩,杨松,李镇,等.陕北黄土区水平条带整地措施对切沟发育的影响[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(7):125-130.
[9]张国华,谢崇宝,皮晓宇,等.不同措施红壤坡地与梯田土地生产潜力[J].山地学报,2015,33(3):88-293.
[10]陈良.低山丘陵区水土保持治理与生态环境效应[J].长江流域资源与环境,2004,13(4):370-374.
[11]胡望舒,洪浑,周侃,等.黄土丘陵区水平梯田与农民收入的关系及原因:以宁夏回族自治区固原市为例[J].干旱区地理,2013,36(3):536-544.
[12]胡建民,胡欣,左长清.红壤坡地坡改梯水土保持效应分析[J].水土保持研究,2005,12(4):271-273.
[13]陈述文,邓炜,邱金根.不同坡改梯方式的生态环境效应研究[J].安徽农业科学,2008,36(19):8251-8254.
[14]张彦军,郭胜利,南雅芳,等.水土流失治理措施对小流域土壤有机碳和全氮的影响[J].生态学报,2012,32(18):5777-5785.
[15]薛萐,刘国彬,张超,等.黄土高原丘陵区坡改梯后的土壤质量效应[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(4):310-316.
[16]刘晓燕,王富贵,杨胜天,等.黄土丘陵沟壑区水平梯田减沙作用研究[J].水利学报,2014,45(7):793-800.
[17]赵护兵,刘国彬,吴瑞俊.黄土的丘陵区不同类型农地的养分循环平衡特征[J].农业工程学报,2008,22(1):58-64.
[18]王瑷玲,赵庚星,王瑞燕,等.区域土地整理生态环境评价及时空配置[J].应用生态学报,2006,17(8):1481-1484.
[19]王金满,白中科,宿梅双.山地丘陵区坡式梯田土地整治工程量快速测算方法[J].中国土地科学,2013,27(1):78-83.
[20]赵玉领,苏强,吴克宁,等.河南嵩县土地整理的数量质量潜力[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(9):73-78.
[21]刘宁,郧文聚,雷廷武.丘陵地区梯田土方量的快速计算方法及应用[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(4):47-51.
[22]潘起来,牛晓君.土坎水平梯田最优断面设计[J].青海大学学报:自然科学版,2005,23(2):22-24.
[23]马良瑞,梅再美.梯田断面设计与优化研究[J].贵州科学,2012,30(2):45-48.
[24]克循.河南土壤[M].郑州:河南人民出版社,1979.
[25]郭莹,王跃新.原状与重塑粉土固结不排水剪切特性的对比试验[J].水利学报,2011,42(1):68-75.
[26]张海霞,陈勇,秦帮民.三轴不固结不排水剪的试验方法[J].水利水电科技进展,2007,27(3):30-34.
[27]沈扬,张明举,闫俊.圆弧滑动法中总应力法和有效应力法适用性辨析[J].河南大学学报:自然科学版,2011,39(5):517-522.
[28]张军舰,左红伟,徐永.对多级加荷三轴固结不排水剪切试验应用的探讨[J].烟台大学学报:自然科学与工程版,2006,19(1):58-62.
[29]张道兵,王军,刘忠桓.土质边坡的安全系数求解[J].湘潭师范学报:自然科学版,2004,26(2):37-39.
[30]王相国,王洪刚,王伟.丘陵区梯田优化设计研究[J].水土保持研究,2001,8(3):125-127.