不同林地清理和培肥措施对桉树人工林植物多样性的影响
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摘要
【目的】探讨不同林地清理方式下不同培肥措施对植物多样性的作用规律,为桉树人工林的可持续经营提供理论依据。【方法】基于两种不同林地清理(火烧清理和人工清理)和3种不同培肥措施(加炭C、加氮N和套种绿肥)处理试验,比较研究不同林地清理和培肥措施的独立和交互作用对桉树人工林下植物多样性的影响。【结果】火烧清理和人工清理4年后,火烧清理林地的物种丰富度显著低于人工清理林地(P<0.001);两种清理方式下加C、加N和套种绿肥均明显改变植物群落的组成和结构,但优势种保持不变,均为蔓生莠竹、弓果黍、小花露籽草和五节芒(套种绿肥中的小花露籽草除外),显著降低植物多样性指数(包括Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数和Pielou均匀度指数);两种清理方式各处理林下植物功能群谱完全相同,均表现为禾草植物>木本植物>蕨类植物>藤本植物>杂草植物>入侵植物;两因素方差分析表明,火烧清理和人工清理条件下,加C、加N、套种绿肥处理均极显著影响林下植物多样性指数,林地清理方式与不同处理的交互作用也对林下植物多样性指数产生极显著的影响。【结论】火烧和人工清理林地及加C、加N、套种绿肥等培肥措施对林下植物多样性存在显著影响。从维护生物多样性的视角出发,在桉树人工林的经营中应尽量减少加C、加N和套种绿肥等培肥措施的应用。
【Objective】To explore the effects of different fertilization measures on plant diversity under different ground clearance methods,and to provide theoretical basis for sustainable management of Eucalyptus plantations.【Methods】Based on two different ground clearance methods(fire and manual ground clearance)and three different fertilization measures(C addition,N addition and green manure plant interplantation),tests were conducted to compare and study the independent and interactive effects of different fertilization measures on plant diversity of Eucalyptus plantations.【Results】After 4 years of fire and manual ground clearance,the species richness in plantations with fire ground clearance method was significantly lower than that in plantations with manual ground clearance method(P <0.001).C addition,N addition and manure plant interplantation significantly changed the composition and structure of the plant community under two types of ground clearance methods and significantly reduced the plant diversity index(including the Shannon-Wiener index,Simpson index and Pielou's evenness index).While the dominant plants remained unchanged,all of them were Microstegium vagans,Cyrtococcum patens,Ottochloa nodosaand Miscanthus floridulus,except for Ottochloa nodosa in manure plant interplantation treatments.The plant functional groups spectrum in different ground clearance and treatments were identical with the trend of graminoids> woody >ferns> vines> herbaceous>invasive functional groups.The result of two-way ANOVAs revealed that treatments and the interaction between ground clearance and different treatments significantly influenced understory diversity index.【Conclusion】Fire ground clearance,manual ground clearance,C addition,N addition and manure plant interplantation had significant influence on understory diversity index.In order to maintain biodiversity,the application of fertilization measures such as adding C,adding N,and interplanting green manure should be minimized in the management of Eucalyptus plantations.
【Objective】To explore the effects of different fertilization measures on plant diversity under different ground clearance methods,and to provide theoretical basis for sustainable management of Eucalyptus plantations.【Methods】Based on two different ground clearance methods(fire and manual ground clearance)and three different fertilization measures(C addition,N addition and green manure plant interplantation),tests were conducted to compare and study the independent and interactive effects of different fertilization measures on plant diversity of Eucalyptus plantations.【Results】After 4 years of fire and manual ground clearance,the species richness in plantations with fire ground clearance method was significantly lower than that in plantations with manual ground clearance method(P <0.001).C addition,N addition and manure plant interplantation significantly changed the composition and structure of the plant community under two types of ground clearance methods and significantly reduced the plant diversity index(including the Shannon-Wiener index,Simpson index and Pielou's evenness index).While the dominant plants remained unchanged,all of them were Microstegium vagans,Cyrtococcum patens,Ottochloa nodosaand Miscanthus floridulus,except for Ottochloa nodosa in manure plant interplantation treatments.The plant functional groups spectrum in different ground clearance and treatments were identical with the trend of graminoids> woody >ferns> vines> herbaceous>invasive functional groups.The result of two-way ANOVAs revealed that treatments and the interaction between ground clearance and different treatments significantly influenced understory diversity index.【Conclusion】Fire ground clearance,manual ground clearance,C addition,N addition and manure plant interplantation had significant influence on understory diversity index.In order to maintain biodiversity,the application of fertilization measures such as adding C,adding N,and interplanting green manure should be minimized in the management of Eucalyptus plantations.
引文
[1]温远光.桉树生态、社会问题与科学发展[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2008.WEN Y G.Eucalyptus ecological,social issues and scientific development[M].Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,2008.
[2]中国林学会.桉树科学发展问题调研报告[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2016:1-120.Chinese Society of Forestry.Investigation reports for scientific development of Eucalyptus plantations[M].Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,2016:1-120.
[3]ZHOU X G,ZHU H G,WEN Y G,et al.Effects of understory management on trade-offs and synergies between biomass carbon stock,plant diversity and timber production in Eucalyptus plantations[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2018,410:164-173.
[4]温远光,刘世荣,陈放.连栽对桉树林下物种多样性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2005,16(9):1667-1671.WEN Y G,LIU S R,CHEN F.Effects of continuous cropping on understory species diversity in Eucalyptus plantations[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2005,16(9):1667-1671.
[5]温远光,左花,朱宏光,等.连栽对桉树人工林植被盖度、物种多样性及功能群的影响[J].广西科学,2014,21(5):463-468,483.WEN Y G,ZUO H,ZHU H G,et al.Effect of successive rotations on vegetation cover,species diversity and functional groups in Eucalypt plantations of South China[J].Guangxi Sciences,2014,21(5):463-468,483.
[6]温远光,刘世荣,陈放.桉树工业人工林的生态问题与可持续经营[J].广西科学院学报,2005,21(1):13-18.WEN Y G,LIU S R,CHEN F.The ecological problems and sustainable management of Eucalyptus industrial plantation[J].Journal of Guangxi Academy of Sciences,2005,21(1):13-18.
[7]夏体渊.桉树人工林对土壤综合肥力的影响及其水土保持效应[D].昆明:云南大学,2007.XIA T Y.The effects of water and soil conservation and soil fertility in man-made Eucalyptus forest[D].Kunming:Yunnan University,2007.
[8]WILLIAMS R A.Mitigating biodiversity concerns in Eucalyptus plantations located in south China[J].Journal of Biosciences and Medicines,2015,3:1-8.
[9]ZHOU X G,WEN Y G,GOODALE U M,et al.Optimal rotation length for carbon sequestration in Eucalyptus plantations in subtropical China[J].New Forests,2017,48(5):609-627.
[10]NAGAIKE T,HAYASHI A,ABE M,et al.Differences in plant species diversity in Larix kaempferi plantations of different ages in central Japan[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2003,183(1/2/3):177-193.
[11]BENGTSSON J,NILSSON S G,FRANC A,et al.Biodiversity,disturbances,ecosystem function and management of European forests[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2000,132:39-50.
[12]NAGAIKE T,HAYASHI A,KUBO M,et al.Plant species diversity in a managed forest landscape composed of Larix kaempferi plantations and abandoned coppice forests in central Japan[J].Forestry Sciences,2006,52(3):324-332.
[13]李国平,张卫强,张卫华,等.桉树林和针阔混交林对土壤理化性质的影响比较[J].广东农业科学,2014,(20):67-74.LI G P,ZHANG W Q,ZHANG W H,et al.Physical and chemical characteristics of soil in Eucalypt plantation and conifer-broadleaved forest[J].Guangdong Agricultural Sciences,2014(20):67-74.
[14]胡钧宇,朱剑霄,周璋,等.氮添加对4种森林类型林下植物多样性的影响[J].北京大学学报:自然科学版,2014,50(5):904-910.HU J Y,ZHU J X,ZHOU Z,et al.Effects of experimental nitrogen additions on understory species diversity in four forests in China[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,2014,50(5):904-910.
[15]鲁显楷,莫江明,董少峰.氮沉降对森林生物多样性的影响[J].生态学报,2008,28(11):5532-5548.LU X K,MO J M,DONG S F.Effects of nitrogen deposition on forest biodiversity:A review[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(11):5532-5548.
[16]马祥庆,杨玉盛,林开敏,等.不同林地清理方式对杉木人工林生态系统的影响[J].生态学报,1997,17(2):176-183.Guangxi Sciences,Vol.25No.2,April 2018MA X Q,YANG Y S,LIN K M,et al.Effect of different ground clearance on Chinese fir plantation ecosystems[J].1997,17(2):176-183.
[17]杨尚东,吴俊,谭宏伟,等.红壤区桉树人工林炼山后土壤肥力变化及其生态评价[J].生态学报,2013,33(24):7788-7797.YANG S D,WU J,TAN H W,et al.Variation of soil fertility in Eucalyptus robusta plantations after controlled burning in the red soil region and its ecological evaluation[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(24):7788-7797.
[18]潘辉.不同林地清理方式对巨尾桉林地生产力的影响[J].福建林学院学报,2003,23(4):312-316.PAN H.Effect of different ground clearance on productivity of E.grandis×E.urophyllaforests[J].Journal of Fujian College of Forestry,2003,23(4):312-316.
[19]WEN Y G,YE D,CHEN F,et al.The changes of understory plant diversity in continuous cropping system of Eucalyptus plantations,South China[J].Journal of Forest Research,2010,15(4):252-258.
[20]吴建平,刘文飞,袁颖红,等.亚热带杉木人工林下植物多样性对氮沉降的响应[J].水土保持通报,2014,34(4):87-98.WU J P,LIU W F,YUAN Y H,et al.Response of understory plant diversity to nitrogen deposition in subtropical Chinese fir plantation forest[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,34(4):87-98.
[21]杨国清,赵贵,郑日红,等.农林复合经营研究---桉树间种山毛豆对林木和土壤的影响[J].热带亚热带土壤科学,1997,6(2):71-75.YANG G Q,ZHAO G,ZHENG R H,et al.Study on agroforestry management-Effects of interplanting of Eucalyptus plantation with white tephrosia on tree growth and soil[J].Tropical and Subtropical Soil Science,1997,6(2):71-75.
[22]廖观荣,李淑仪,蓝佩玲,等.桉树人工林生态系统养分循环与平衡研究Ⅰ.桉树人工林生态系统的养分贮存[J].生态环境,2003,12(2):150-154.LIAO G R,LI S Y,LAN P L,et al.The nutrient cycling and balance of Eucalyptus plantation ecosystem.Ⅰ.The nutrient storage of Eucalyptus plantation ecosystem[J].Ecology and Environment,2003,12(2):150-154.
[23]宋晓梅,孙海龙,肖稀,等.13种护坡植物萌发特性研究[J].种子,2014,33(5):1-7.SONG X M,SUN H L,XIAO X,et al.A study on the germination characteristics of 13 species plants for slope protection[J].Seed,2014,33(5):1-7.
[24]赵怀宝,张燕,袁文豪,等.外来物种白灰毛豆(Tephrosia candida)繁殖生物学研究[J].琼州学院学报,2015,22(5):81-85.ZHAO H B,ZHANG Y,YUAN W H,et al.Reproductive biology of Tephrosia candida[J].Journal of Qiongzhou University,2015,22(5):81-85.
[25]孙乐帆,廖婉莹,赵怀宝,等.白灰毛豆对土壤pH的生态适应性研究[J].海南热带海洋学院学报,2017,24(5):21-26.SUN L F,LIAO W Y,ZHAO H B,et al.Ecological adaptability of Tephrosia candidato pH[J].Journal of Hainan Tropical Ocean University,2017,24(5):21-26.
[2]中国林学会.桉树科学发展问题调研报告[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2016:1-120.Chinese Society of Forestry.Investigation reports for scientific development of Eucalyptus plantations[M].Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,2016:1-120.
[3]ZHOU X G,ZHU H G,WEN Y G,et al.Effects of understory management on trade-offs and synergies between biomass carbon stock,plant diversity and timber production in Eucalyptus plantations[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2018,410:164-173.
[4]温远光,刘世荣,陈放.连栽对桉树林下物种多样性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2005,16(9):1667-1671.WEN Y G,LIU S R,CHEN F.Effects of continuous cropping on understory species diversity in Eucalyptus plantations[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2005,16(9):1667-1671.
[5]温远光,左花,朱宏光,等.连栽对桉树人工林植被盖度、物种多样性及功能群的影响[J].广西科学,2014,21(5):463-468,483.WEN Y G,ZUO H,ZHU H G,et al.Effect of successive rotations on vegetation cover,species diversity and functional groups in Eucalypt plantations of South China[J].Guangxi Sciences,2014,21(5):463-468,483.
[6]温远光,刘世荣,陈放.桉树工业人工林的生态问题与可持续经营[J].广西科学院学报,2005,21(1):13-18.WEN Y G,LIU S R,CHEN F.The ecological problems and sustainable management of Eucalyptus industrial plantation[J].Journal of Guangxi Academy of Sciences,2005,21(1):13-18.
[7]夏体渊.桉树人工林对土壤综合肥力的影响及其水土保持效应[D].昆明:云南大学,2007.XIA T Y.The effects of water and soil conservation and soil fertility in man-made Eucalyptus forest[D].Kunming:Yunnan University,2007.
[8]WILLIAMS R A.Mitigating biodiversity concerns in Eucalyptus plantations located in south China[J].Journal of Biosciences and Medicines,2015,3:1-8.
[9]ZHOU X G,WEN Y G,GOODALE U M,et al.Optimal rotation length for carbon sequestration in Eucalyptus plantations in subtropical China[J].New Forests,2017,48(5):609-627.
[10]NAGAIKE T,HAYASHI A,ABE M,et al.Differences in plant species diversity in Larix kaempferi plantations of different ages in central Japan[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2003,183(1/2/3):177-193.
[11]BENGTSSON J,NILSSON S G,FRANC A,et al.Biodiversity,disturbances,ecosystem function and management of European forests[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2000,132:39-50.
[12]NAGAIKE T,HAYASHI A,KUBO M,et al.Plant species diversity in a managed forest landscape composed of Larix kaempferi plantations and abandoned coppice forests in central Japan[J].Forestry Sciences,2006,52(3):324-332.
[13]李国平,张卫强,张卫华,等.桉树林和针阔混交林对土壤理化性质的影响比较[J].广东农业科学,2014,(20):67-74.LI G P,ZHANG W Q,ZHANG W H,et al.Physical and chemical characteristics of soil in Eucalypt plantation and conifer-broadleaved forest[J].Guangdong Agricultural Sciences,2014(20):67-74.
[14]胡钧宇,朱剑霄,周璋,等.氮添加对4种森林类型林下植物多样性的影响[J].北京大学学报:自然科学版,2014,50(5):904-910.HU J Y,ZHU J X,ZHOU Z,et al.Effects of experimental nitrogen additions on understory species diversity in four forests in China[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,2014,50(5):904-910.
[15]鲁显楷,莫江明,董少峰.氮沉降对森林生物多样性的影响[J].生态学报,2008,28(11):5532-5548.LU X K,MO J M,DONG S F.Effects of nitrogen deposition on forest biodiversity:A review[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(11):5532-5548.
[16]马祥庆,杨玉盛,林开敏,等.不同林地清理方式对杉木人工林生态系统的影响[J].生态学报,1997,17(2):176-183.Guangxi Sciences,Vol.25No.2,April 2018MA X Q,YANG Y S,LIN K M,et al.Effect of different ground clearance on Chinese fir plantation ecosystems[J].1997,17(2):176-183.
[17]杨尚东,吴俊,谭宏伟,等.红壤区桉树人工林炼山后土壤肥力变化及其生态评价[J].生态学报,2013,33(24):7788-7797.YANG S D,WU J,TAN H W,et al.Variation of soil fertility in Eucalyptus robusta plantations after controlled burning in the red soil region and its ecological evaluation[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(24):7788-7797.
[18]潘辉.不同林地清理方式对巨尾桉林地生产力的影响[J].福建林学院学报,2003,23(4):312-316.PAN H.Effect of different ground clearance on productivity of E.grandis×E.urophyllaforests[J].Journal of Fujian College of Forestry,2003,23(4):312-316.
[19]WEN Y G,YE D,CHEN F,et al.The changes of understory plant diversity in continuous cropping system of Eucalyptus plantations,South China[J].Journal of Forest Research,2010,15(4):252-258.
[20]吴建平,刘文飞,袁颖红,等.亚热带杉木人工林下植物多样性对氮沉降的响应[J].水土保持通报,2014,34(4):87-98.WU J P,LIU W F,YUAN Y H,et al.Response of understory plant diversity to nitrogen deposition in subtropical Chinese fir plantation forest[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,34(4):87-98.
[21]杨国清,赵贵,郑日红,等.农林复合经营研究---桉树间种山毛豆对林木和土壤的影响[J].热带亚热带土壤科学,1997,6(2):71-75.YANG G Q,ZHAO G,ZHENG R H,et al.Study on agroforestry management-Effects of interplanting of Eucalyptus plantation with white tephrosia on tree growth and soil[J].Tropical and Subtropical Soil Science,1997,6(2):71-75.
[22]廖观荣,李淑仪,蓝佩玲,等.桉树人工林生态系统养分循环与平衡研究Ⅰ.桉树人工林生态系统的养分贮存[J].生态环境,2003,12(2):150-154.LIAO G R,LI S Y,LAN P L,et al.The nutrient cycling and balance of Eucalyptus plantation ecosystem.Ⅰ.The nutrient storage of Eucalyptus plantation ecosystem[J].Ecology and Environment,2003,12(2):150-154.
[23]宋晓梅,孙海龙,肖稀,等.13种护坡植物萌发特性研究[J].种子,2014,33(5):1-7.SONG X M,SUN H L,XIAO X,et al.A study on the germination characteristics of 13 species plants for slope protection[J].Seed,2014,33(5):1-7.
[24]赵怀宝,张燕,袁文豪,等.外来物种白灰毛豆(Tephrosia candida)繁殖生物学研究[J].琼州学院学报,2015,22(5):81-85.ZHAO H B,ZHANG Y,YUAN W H,et al.Reproductive biology of Tephrosia candida[J].Journal of Qiongzhou University,2015,22(5):81-85.
[25]孙乐帆,廖婉莹,赵怀宝,等.白灰毛豆对土壤pH的生态适应性研究[J].海南热带海洋学院学报,2017,24(5):21-26.SUN L F,LIAO W Y,ZHAO H B,et al.Ecological adaptability of Tephrosia candidato pH[J].Journal of Hainan Tropical Ocean University,2017,24(5):21-26.