空白重叠范式对自闭症儿童的早期预测
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摘要
空白重叠范式是研究视觉注意特征常用的实验范式。自闭症儿童普遍存在注意解离缺陷,空白重叠范式揭示出该群体注意解离存在异常。国外开始重视将该范式用于自闭症的预测,而我国在这方面的研究很少。本文对空白重叠范式的操作程序、基本原理等内容进行了系统地介绍,并就空白重叠范式在自闭症婴幼儿预测中的作用、使用时需注意的方法论等问题进行了展望,以期促进空白重叠范式在我国自闭症早期预测中的运用。
Autism Spectrum Disorder(ASD) is a developmental disorder characterized by impairments in social communication and repetitive or restricted behaviors. Atypical attention, while not a diagnostic feature, has usually been considered to be associated with ASD. Recent studies have suggested that attentional abnormalities play a primary role in the etiology of autism.Visual orienting is comprised of three successive attentional processes which are disengagement, shifting and engagement. When individuals orientate themselves to other stimuli, disengagement is needed firstly from the currently fixated object. Then, shifting means the movement process of visual attention. After this process, individuals fixate on the new object to engage their attention to the new stimulus.The gap-overlap paradigm is a classic experimental paradigm aimed to study attentional processes. The paradigm includes two or thress tasks, depending on the study. On gap task, the central stimulus appears in the center for a variable duration. After 200-250 ms temporal gap, a target appears in the peripheral field. On overlap task, the central stimulus remains on the screen throughout the trials. On null task, the central stimulus disappears at the onset of the target without a temporal gap. In all of the three tasks, time needed to move the saccade to the target after its onset is analyzed. Thus, gap task or null task reveals the process of attentional shift, and the overlap task reflects the process of both attentional disengagement and shift. Attention is our window to the world, an early-developing disorder of attention may have a far-reaching effect on cognitive development(Fischer et al., 2014). Attentional disengagement is one of the most widely discussed attentional components in autism. In most cases, the gap-overlap paradigm reveals the abnormality of attentional disengagement in autism compared to the control group.More importantly, in several prospective studies, attentional disengagement deficits are amongst the earliest markers in infants or toddlers at risk of autism and are predictive of their later diagnosis. The developmental changes are most pronounced in individuals later diagnosed with ASD who need longer saccadic reaction time(SRT) to disengage from the central stimulus. This disengagement difficulties tend to exist in children or adults with autism, as evidenced by longer SRT compared to the typically developing children. The prospective study in autism using the paradigm is particularly extensive abroad. As apparently indicated by the previous studies, gapoverlap paradigm is very appropriate to examine the attentional processes in autism and predict the development of ASD in early life. In future studies, investigating how the atypical disengagement results in the autistic symptom during development is a crucial question. Only based on this, can the effective intervention be applied to prevent the occurrence of ASD. However, domestic research focuses peculiarly less on this issue. In order to promote the application of gap-overlap paradigm in the study of autistic children in China, this paper systematically introduces the principles and the design of this paradigm, as well as its application in attentional research in autism. Some important methodological questions are also discussed at the end of this paper. In future studies, more attention should be paid to use the gap-overlap paradigm for predicting infants with ASD. By combining eye tracking and electrophysiological or brain imaging techniques, it is hoped that the deeper causes of autism in terms of the attentional process will be revealed.
Autism Spectrum Disorder(ASD) is a developmental disorder characterized by impairments in social communication and repetitive or restricted behaviors. Atypical attention, while not a diagnostic feature, has usually been considered to be associated with ASD. Recent studies have suggested that attentional abnormalities play a primary role in the etiology of autism.Visual orienting is comprised of three successive attentional processes which are disengagement, shifting and engagement. When individuals orientate themselves to other stimuli, disengagement is needed firstly from the currently fixated object. Then, shifting means the movement process of visual attention. After this process, individuals fixate on the new object to engage their attention to the new stimulus.The gap-overlap paradigm is a classic experimental paradigm aimed to study attentional processes. The paradigm includes two or thress tasks, depending on the study. On gap task, the central stimulus appears in the center for a variable duration. After 200-250 ms temporal gap, a target appears in the peripheral field. On overlap task, the central stimulus remains on the screen throughout the trials. On null task, the central stimulus disappears at the onset of the target without a temporal gap. In all of the three tasks, time needed to move the saccade to the target after its onset is analyzed. Thus, gap task or null task reveals the process of attentional shift, and the overlap task reflects the process of both attentional disengagement and shift. Attention is our window to the world, an early-developing disorder of attention may have a far-reaching effect on cognitive development(Fischer et al., 2014). Attentional disengagement is one of the most widely discussed attentional components in autism. In most cases, the gap-overlap paradigm reveals the abnormality of attentional disengagement in autism compared to the control group.More importantly, in several prospective studies, attentional disengagement deficits are amongst the earliest markers in infants or toddlers at risk of autism and are predictive of their later diagnosis. The developmental changes are most pronounced in individuals later diagnosed with ASD who need longer saccadic reaction time(SRT) to disengage from the central stimulus. This disengagement difficulties tend to exist in children or adults with autism, as evidenced by longer SRT compared to the typically developing children. The prospective study in autism using the paradigm is particularly extensive abroad. As apparently indicated by the previous studies, gapoverlap paradigm is very appropriate to examine the attentional processes in autism and predict the development of ASD in early life. In future studies, investigating how the atypical disengagement results in the autistic symptom during development is a crucial question. Only based on this, can the effective intervention be applied to prevent the occurrence of ASD. However, domestic research focuses peculiarly less on this issue. In order to promote the application of gap-overlap paradigm in the study of autistic children in China, this paper systematically introduces the principles and the design of this paradigm, as well as its application in attentional research in autism. Some important methodological questions are also discussed at the end of this paper. In future studies, more attention should be paid to use the gap-overlap paradigm for predicting infants with ASD. By combining eye tracking and electrophysiological or brain imaging techniques, it is hoped that the deeper causes of autism in terms of the attentional process will be revealed.
引文
陈庆荣,谭顶良,邓铸,周临,张晓丽.(2009).眼跳的研究范式及其主要认知功能.心理科学进展,17(6),1197-1210.
韩映虹,刘妮娜,乌日嘎,陈阳阳.(2017).学前儿童图画书阅读的眼动研究综述.天津师范大学学报(基础教育版),18(1),75-80.
王福兴,童钰,钱莹莹,谢和平.(2016).眼动追踪技术与婴幼儿研究:程序、方法与数据分析.心理与行为研究,14(4),558-567.
闫国利,巫金根,胡晏雯,白学军.(2010).当前阅读的眼动研究范式述评.心理科学进展,18(12),1966-1976.
周临,邓铸,陈庆荣.(2012).反向眼跳的实验范式、机制及影响因素.心理科学,35(1),16-23.
周念丽.(2011).自闭症谱系障碍儿童的发展与教育.北京:北京大学出版社.
American Psychiatric Association.(2013).Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders:DSM-5.Arlington:American Psychiatric Publishing.
Benson,V.,&Fletcher-Watson,S.(2011).Eye movements in autism.In Oxford Handbook of Eye Movements(pp.709-730).Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Bryson,S.,Garon,N.,McMullen,T.,Brian,J.,Zwaigenbaum,L.,Armstrong,V.,et al.(2018).Impaired disengagement of attention and its relationship to emotional distress in infants at high-risk for autism spectrum disorder.Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology,40(5),487-501.
Carpenter,R.H.S.(1988).Movement of the eyes.London:Pion Ltd.
Cousijn,J.,Hessels,R.S.,Stigchel,S.V.D.,&Kemner,C.(2017).Evaluation of the psychometric properties of the gap-overlap task in 10-month-old infants.Infancy,22(4),571-579.
Crippa,A.,Forti,S.,Perego,P.,&Molteni,M.(2013).Eye-hand coordination in children with high functioning autism and Asperger's disorder using a gapoverlap paradigm.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,43(4),841-850.
Elison,J.T.,Paterson,S.J.,Wolff,J.J.,Reznick,J.S.,Sasson,N.J.,Gu,H.B.,et al.(2013).White matter microstructure and atypical visual orienting in7-month-olds at risk for autism.American Journal of Psychiatry,170(8),899-908.
Elsabbagh,M.,Fernandes,J.,Webb,S.J.,Dawson,G.,Charman,T.,&Johnson,M.H.(2013).Disengagement of visual attention in infancy is associated with emerging autism in toddlerhood.Biological Psychiatry,74(3),189-194.
Elsabbagh,M.,Volein,A.,Holmboe,K.,Tucker,L.,Csibra,G.,Baron-Cohen,S.,et al.(2009).Visual orienting in the early broader autism phenotype:Disengagement and facilitation.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,50(5),637-642.
Fischer,B.,&Weber,H.(1993).Express saccades and visual attention.Behavioral and Brain Sciences,16(3),553-567.
Fischer,J.,Koldewyn,K.,Jiang,Y.V.,&Kanwisher,N.(2014).Unimpaired attentional disengagement and social orienting in children with autism.Clinical Psychological Science,2(2),214-223.
Fischer,J.,Smith,H.,Martinez-Pedraza,F.,Carter,A.S.,Kanwisher,N.,&Kaldy,Z.(2016).Unimpaired attentional disengagement in toddlers with autism spectrum disorder.Developmental Science,19(6),1095-1103.
Kanner,L.(1968).Autistic disturbances of affective contact.Acta Paedopsychiatrica,35(4),100-136.
Keehn,B.,Müller,R.A.,&Townsend,J.(2013).Atypical attentional networks and the emergence of autism.Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews,37(2),164-183.
Kleberg,J.L.,Thorup,E.,&Falck-Ytter,T.(2017).Reduced visual disengagement but intact phasic alerting in young children with autism.Autism Research,10(3),539-545.
Landry,R.,&Bryson,S.E.(2004).Impaired disengagement of attention in young children with autism.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,45(6),1115-1122.
Liversedge,S.P.,&Findlay,J.M.(2000).Saccadic eye movements and cognition.Trends in Cognitive Sciences,4(1),6-14.
Matson,J.L.,Wilkins,J.,&González,M.(2008).Early identification and diagnosis in autism spectrum disorders in young children and infants:How early is too early?Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders,2(1),75-84.
Posner,M.I.,Walker,J.A.,Friedrich,F.J.,&Rafal,R.D.(1984).Effects of parietal injury on covert orienting of attention.Journal of Neuroscience,4(7),1863-1874.
Sabatos-Devito,M.,Schipul,S.E.,Bulluck,J.C.,Belger,A.,&Baranek,G.T.(2016).Eye tracking reveals impaired attentional disengagement associated with sensory response patterns in children with autism.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,46(4),1319-1333.
Saslow,M.G.(1967).Effects of components of displacement-step stimuli upon latency for saccadic eye movement.Journal of the Optical Society of America,57(8),1024-1029.
Schietecatte,I.,Roeyers,H.,&Warreyn,P.(2012).Exploring the nature of joint attention impairments in young children with autism spectrum disorder:Associated social and cognitive skills.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,42(1),1-12.
Spaniol,M.M.,Shalev,L.,Kossyvaki,L.,&Mevorach,C.(2018).Attention training in autism as a potential approach to improving academic performance:Aschool-based pilot study.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,48(2),592-610.
Wang,Q.,Hu,Y.,Shi,D.,Zhang,Y.,Zou,X.,Li,S.,et al.(2018).Children with autism spectrum disorder prefer looking at repetitive movements in a preferential looking paradigm.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,48(8),2821-2831.
Zalla,T.,Seassau,M.,Cazalis,F.,Gras,D.,&Leboyer,M.(2018).Saccadic eye movements in adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder.Autism,22(2),195-204.
Zwaigenbaum,L.,Bryson,S.,Rogers,T.,Roberts,W.,Brian,J.,&Szatmari,P.(2005).Behavioral manifestations of autism in the first year of life.International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience,23(2-3),143-152.
韩映虹,刘妮娜,乌日嘎,陈阳阳.(2017).学前儿童图画书阅读的眼动研究综述.天津师范大学学报(基础教育版),18(1),75-80.
王福兴,童钰,钱莹莹,谢和平.(2016).眼动追踪技术与婴幼儿研究:程序、方法与数据分析.心理与行为研究,14(4),558-567.
闫国利,巫金根,胡晏雯,白学军.(2010).当前阅读的眼动研究范式述评.心理科学进展,18(12),1966-1976.
周临,邓铸,陈庆荣.(2012).反向眼跳的实验范式、机制及影响因素.心理科学,35(1),16-23.
周念丽.(2011).自闭症谱系障碍儿童的发展与教育.北京:北京大学出版社.
American Psychiatric Association.(2013).Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders:DSM-5.Arlington:American Psychiatric Publishing.
Benson,V.,&Fletcher-Watson,S.(2011).Eye movements in autism.In Oxford Handbook of Eye Movements(pp.709-730).Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Bryson,S.,Garon,N.,McMullen,T.,Brian,J.,Zwaigenbaum,L.,Armstrong,V.,et al.(2018).Impaired disengagement of attention and its relationship to emotional distress in infants at high-risk for autism spectrum disorder.Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology,40(5),487-501.
Carpenter,R.H.S.(1988).Movement of the eyes.London:Pion Ltd.
Cousijn,J.,Hessels,R.S.,Stigchel,S.V.D.,&Kemner,C.(2017).Evaluation of the psychometric properties of the gap-overlap task in 10-month-old infants.Infancy,22(4),571-579.
Crippa,A.,Forti,S.,Perego,P.,&Molteni,M.(2013).Eye-hand coordination in children with high functioning autism and Asperger's disorder using a gapoverlap paradigm.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,43(4),841-850.
Elison,J.T.,Paterson,S.J.,Wolff,J.J.,Reznick,J.S.,Sasson,N.J.,Gu,H.B.,et al.(2013).White matter microstructure and atypical visual orienting in7-month-olds at risk for autism.American Journal of Psychiatry,170(8),899-908.
Elsabbagh,M.,Fernandes,J.,Webb,S.J.,Dawson,G.,Charman,T.,&Johnson,M.H.(2013).Disengagement of visual attention in infancy is associated with emerging autism in toddlerhood.Biological Psychiatry,74(3),189-194.
Elsabbagh,M.,Volein,A.,Holmboe,K.,Tucker,L.,Csibra,G.,Baron-Cohen,S.,et al.(2009).Visual orienting in the early broader autism phenotype:Disengagement and facilitation.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,50(5),637-642.
Fischer,B.,&Weber,H.(1993).Express saccades and visual attention.Behavioral and Brain Sciences,16(3),553-567.
Fischer,J.,Koldewyn,K.,Jiang,Y.V.,&Kanwisher,N.(2014).Unimpaired attentional disengagement and social orienting in children with autism.Clinical Psychological Science,2(2),214-223.
Fischer,J.,Smith,H.,Martinez-Pedraza,F.,Carter,A.S.,Kanwisher,N.,&Kaldy,Z.(2016).Unimpaired attentional disengagement in toddlers with autism spectrum disorder.Developmental Science,19(6),1095-1103.
Kanner,L.(1968).Autistic disturbances of affective contact.Acta Paedopsychiatrica,35(4),100-136.
Keehn,B.,Müller,R.A.,&Townsend,J.(2013).Atypical attentional networks and the emergence of autism.Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews,37(2),164-183.
Kleberg,J.L.,Thorup,E.,&Falck-Ytter,T.(2017).Reduced visual disengagement but intact phasic alerting in young children with autism.Autism Research,10(3),539-545.
Landry,R.,&Bryson,S.E.(2004).Impaired disengagement of attention in young children with autism.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,45(6),1115-1122.
Liversedge,S.P.,&Findlay,J.M.(2000).Saccadic eye movements and cognition.Trends in Cognitive Sciences,4(1),6-14.
Matson,J.L.,Wilkins,J.,&González,M.(2008).Early identification and diagnosis in autism spectrum disorders in young children and infants:How early is too early?Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders,2(1),75-84.
Posner,M.I.,Walker,J.A.,Friedrich,F.J.,&Rafal,R.D.(1984).Effects of parietal injury on covert orienting of attention.Journal of Neuroscience,4(7),1863-1874.
Sabatos-Devito,M.,Schipul,S.E.,Bulluck,J.C.,Belger,A.,&Baranek,G.T.(2016).Eye tracking reveals impaired attentional disengagement associated with sensory response patterns in children with autism.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,46(4),1319-1333.
Saslow,M.G.(1967).Effects of components of displacement-step stimuli upon latency for saccadic eye movement.Journal of the Optical Society of America,57(8),1024-1029.
Schietecatte,I.,Roeyers,H.,&Warreyn,P.(2012).Exploring the nature of joint attention impairments in young children with autism spectrum disorder:Associated social and cognitive skills.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,42(1),1-12.
Spaniol,M.M.,Shalev,L.,Kossyvaki,L.,&Mevorach,C.(2018).Attention training in autism as a potential approach to improving academic performance:Aschool-based pilot study.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,48(2),592-610.
Wang,Q.,Hu,Y.,Shi,D.,Zhang,Y.,Zou,X.,Li,S.,et al.(2018).Children with autism spectrum disorder prefer looking at repetitive movements in a preferential looking paradigm.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,48(8),2821-2831.
Zalla,T.,Seassau,M.,Cazalis,F.,Gras,D.,&Leboyer,M.(2018).Saccadic eye movements in adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder.Autism,22(2),195-204.
Zwaigenbaum,L.,Bryson,S.,Rogers,T.,Roberts,W.,Brian,J.,&Szatmari,P.(2005).Behavioral manifestations of autism in the first year of life.International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience,23(2-3),143-152.