部件启动范式下可成字部件的位置效应
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摘要
可成字部件在汉字中的位置和功能多种多样。实验1采用部件启动范式考察在汉字识别中可成字部件在不同位置的功能。启动刺激为处于三种位置(主要义符位置、次要义符位置、声符位置)的可成字部件,目标刺激为包含这三种位置可成字部件的汉字,要求被试对目标字做词汇判断。实验2结合部件启动范式和视觉搜寻范式探查可成字部件在不同位置的功能。结果表明:(1)可成字部件处在声符位置时的启动效应强于处在义符位置时。(2)可成字部件作义符时的启动作用只出现在处于主要义符位置时。(3)处在声符位置的可成字部件启动不仅促进对包含声符位置部件的汉字的识别,还促进对包含主要义符位置部件的汉字的识别,但阻碍对包含次要义符位置部件的汉字的识别。(4)当启动部件处于次要义符位置时,不影响对包含相关部件的汉字的识别。整个研究表明,部件位置效应不仅包含部件位置对汉字识别的影响,还包含部件位置频率对汉字识别的影响。
Several components in phonogram characters, such as ‘女', ‘口' and ‘马', can be phonetic radical in the phonetic components' location or semantic radical in the semantic components' location. We call these components Chinese wordable components(or Chinese wordable radical), and such components must be a single Chinese character. The location and function of Chinese wordable components vary in Chinese characters. In theory, each wordable components can appear in different parts of Chinese characters. However, the same component appears in different locations of Chinese characters with different characterisation characteristics because of the assumption that the location of components follows orthographic rules, and the frequency of the components' location is different. However, previous studies have failed to distinguish between components' location and the frequency of components in various locations and did not explore the effects of wordable components in different locations. This study used the component priming paradigm, which can effectively explore the effect of components' location on the cognition of Chinese characters. With regard to components that can appear in different locations of Chinese characters, this study investigated the roles of different parts in Chinese character recognition by matching the usage frequency of Chinese characters(all high-frequency characters), stroke numbers and other factors in the component priming paradigm. Experiment 1 adopted the component priming paradigm to investigate the function of wordable components in different locations in Chinese character recognition. The priming stimuli were wordable components of three locations(primary semantic radical, secondary semantic radical and phonetic radical). The target stimuli were Chinese characters that contained these wordable components in three locations. Subjects were asked to identify the true and false characters of the target Chinese characters. Experiment 2 adopted component priming and visual search paradigms to investigate the function of wordable components in different locations. The priming stimuli were similar to those in Experiment 1. The target stimuli were square pictures that contained four Chinese characters. Subjects were asked to determine the presence of true and false characters in the picture, and eye movement data were recorded. The following points were gathered from the results. Firstly, the priming effect of the wordable component in the phonetic radical's location was stronger than that in the semantic radical's location. Secondly, when thewordable components were applied as semantic radical, they only appeared in the primary semantic radical's location rather than in the secondary semantic radical's location. Lastly, the wordable components in the phonetic radical's location promoted not only the cognition of Chinese characters containing the phonetic radical's location components but also the cognition of Chinese characters containing the primary semantic radical's location components. However, they hindered the cognition of Chinese characters containing the secondary semantic radical's location components. When priming components appeared in the secondary semantic radical's location, they had no effect on the Chinese characters containing related components. The study showed that in Chinese character cognition, the effect of component location includes the dual effect of the components' location and the frequency of the components' location.
Several components in phonogram characters, such as ‘女', ‘口' and ‘马', can be phonetic radical in the phonetic components' location or semantic radical in the semantic components' location. We call these components Chinese wordable components(or Chinese wordable radical), and such components must be a single Chinese character. The location and function of Chinese wordable components vary in Chinese characters. In theory, each wordable components can appear in different parts of Chinese characters. However, the same component appears in different locations of Chinese characters with different characterisation characteristics because of the assumption that the location of components follows orthographic rules, and the frequency of the components' location is different. However, previous studies have failed to distinguish between components' location and the frequency of components in various locations and did not explore the effects of wordable components in different locations. This study used the component priming paradigm, which can effectively explore the effect of components' location on the cognition of Chinese characters. With regard to components that can appear in different locations of Chinese characters, this study investigated the roles of different parts in Chinese character recognition by matching the usage frequency of Chinese characters(all high-frequency characters), stroke numbers and other factors in the component priming paradigm. Experiment 1 adopted the component priming paradigm to investigate the function of wordable components in different locations in Chinese character recognition. The priming stimuli were wordable components of three locations(primary semantic radical, secondary semantic radical and phonetic radical). The target stimuli were Chinese characters that contained these wordable components in three locations. Subjects were asked to identify the true and false characters of the target Chinese characters. Experiment 2 adopted component priming and visual search paradigms to investigate the function of wordable components in different locations. The priming stimuli were similar to those in Experiment 1. The target stimuli were square pictures that contained four Chinese characters. Subjects were asked to determine the presence of true and false characters in the picture, and eye movement data were recorded. The following points were gathered from the results. Firstly, the priming effect of the wordable component in the phonetic radical's location was stronger than that in the semantic radical's location. Secondly, when thewordable components were applied as semantic radical, they only appeared in the primary semantic radical's location rather than in the secondary semantic radical's location. Lastly, the wordable components in the phonetic radical's location promoted not only the cognition of Chinese characters containing the phonetic radical's location components but also the cognition of Chinese characters containing the primary semantic radical's location components. However, they hindered the cognition of Chinese characters containing the secondary semantic radical's location components. When priming components appeared in the secondary semantic radical's location, they had no effect on the Chinese characters containing related components. The study showed that in Chinese character cognition, the effect of component location includes the dual effect of the components' location and the frequency of the components' location.
引文
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Feng,L.P.,Lu,H.Y.,&Xu,C.H.(2005).The role of component location information in the processing of Chinese characters by foreign students.Language Teaching and Linguistic Studies,(3),66-72.[冯丽萍,卢华岩,徐彩华.(2005).部件位置信息在留学生汉字加工中的作用.语言教学与研究,(3),66-72.]
Han,B.X.(1994).Development of date base of Chinese constituents information--Statistical analysis of the frequency of the constituents and their combination.Acta Psychologica Sinica,26(2),147-152.[韩布新.(1994).汉字部件信息数据库的建立:部件和部件组合频率的统计分析.心理学报,26(2),147-152.]
Han,B.X.(1996).Frequency effects of component combination in the recognition of Chinese character.Acta Psychologica Sinica,28,232-347.[韩布新.(1996).汉字识别中部件组合的频率效应.心理学报,28(3),232-347.]
Han,B.X.(1998).The frequency effect of character constituent in recognition of Chinese character.Psychological Science,21(3),193-195.[韩布新.(1998).汉字识别中部件的频率效应.心理科学,21(3),193-195.]
Hsiao,J.H.W.(2011).Visual field differences in visual word recognition can emerge purely from perceptual learning:Evidence from modeling Chinese character pronunciation.Brain and Language,119(2),89-98.
Hsiao,J.H.W.,&Shillcock,R.(2006).Analysis of a Chinese phonetic compound database:Implications for orthographic processing.Journal of Psycholinguistic Research,35(5),405-426.
Li,G.Y.(1996a).On the symbol system of Chinese character sounds.Social Sciences in China,(3),186-193.[李国英.(1996a).论汉字形声字的义符系统.中国社会科学,(3),186-193.]
Li,Y.,&Kang,J.S.(1993).Analysis of phonetics of the ideophonetic characters in modern Chinese.In:Y.Chen(Ed.).Information analysis of usage of characters in modern Chinese(pp.84-98).Shanghai:Shanghai Education.
Lin,Y.H.,&Zhang,B.Y.(1999).Phonetic similarities in Chinese reading.Acta Psychologica Sinica,31(1),21-27.[林泳海,张必隐.(1999).中文阅读中的语音类似效果.心理学报,31(1),21-27.]
Liu,Y.N.,Shu,H.,&Xuan,Y.(2002).Developmental research on sublexical processing in Chinese character recognition.Chinese Journal of Applied Psychology,8(1),3-7.[刘燕妮,舒华,轩月.(2002).汉字识别中形旁亚词汇加工的发展研究.应用心理学,8(1),3-7.]
Luo,Y.L.,Wang,P.,Li,X.J.,Shi,Y.Q.,Chen,M.,Wang,P.P.,&Luo,Y.J.(2010).The effect of character’s whole recognition on the processing of components in the processes of Chinese characters.Acta Psychologica Sinica,42(6),683-694.[罗艳琳,王鹏,李秀军,石雅琪,陈默,王培培,罗跃嘉.(2010).汉字认知过程中整字对部件的影响.心理学报,42(6),683-694.]
Miltner,W.H.R.,Krieschel,S.,Hecht,H.,Trippe,R.,&Weiss,T.(2004).Eye movements and behavioral responses to threatening and nonthreatening stimuli during visual search in phobic and nonphonic subjects.Emotion,4(4),323-339.
Peng,D.L.,&Li,Y.P.(1995).Orthographic information in identification of Chinese characters.Paper Presented to the7th International Conference on Cognitive Aspects of Chinese Language.University of Hong Kong.
Peng,D.L.,&Wang,C.M.(1997).Basic processing unit of Chinese character:Evidence of stroke number and radical number.Acta Psychologica Sinica,29(1),8-16.[彭聃龄,王春茂.(1997).汉字加工的基本单元--来自笔画数效应和部件数效应的证据.心理学报,29(1),8-16.]
Peng,D.L.,Guo,R.F.,&Conrad,P.(2006).Study on the development of the radical and its position Chinese.Studies of Psychology and Behavior,4(1),1-4.[彭聃龄,郭瑞芳,Conrad Perry.(2006).汉字部件及其位置的发展研究.心理与行为研究,4(1),1-4.]
She,X.J,&Zhang,B.Y.(1997).The effects of semantic and phonetic clues in pucto-phonetic character mental lexicon.Psychological Science,20(2),142-146.[佘贤君,张必隐.(1997).形声字心理词典中义符和声符线索的作用.心理科学,20(2),142-146.]
Taft,M.,Zhu,X.P.,&Peng,D.L.(1999).Positional Specificity of radicals in Chinese character recognition.Journal of Memory and Language,40(4),498-519.
Williams,C.(2013).Emerging development of semantic and phonological routes to character decoding in Chinese as a foreign language learners.Reading and Writing,26(2),293-315.
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