中国农资市场变迁与农业资本化的隐性路径
|
摘要
本文在农政问题的研究框架下,以中国农资市场的变迁为切入点考察中国的农业转型,讨论在土地流转这一外显表征之外,资本通过农资的生产和流通渗入到农业生产中的隐性路径。文章探讨了集体化时代农资生产和流通的特点,考察了在集体化时代的制度遗产下,中国农资市场的变迁过程及其机制。研究发现,集体化时代的农资具有一定的"非商品"属性。市场化时期,随着国家力量的逐步退出,私人资本逐渐进入农资领域,连接农资生产企业和众多农业小生产者的农资经销网络成为农资生产领域大资本与小资本的竞争对象。在这一体系下,农业小生产者的存在并不构成资本在农业中积累的障碍,因而在相当长的时期内存续。随着经营大户对基层农资经销商影响的增加,农业资本化的隐性路径与显性路径开始交织,农业小商品生产者则被不断边缘化,从属于全球资本体系。
In the framework of agrarian analysis,this paper examines China's agrarian transformation by looking into the marketization of agricultural inputs. Other than discussing land transfer,which shows a visible path of China's agrarian change,this paper focuses on the hidden dynamics of the agrarian transformation driven by the change of the agricultural input market. The paper discusses the characteristics of the manufacturing and circulation of agricultural inputs in the collectivization period,as well as the dynamics of the marketization of agricultural inputs in the post-collectivization period. It is shown that agricultural inputs in the collectivization period had some‘non-commodity'properties. After the Reform and Open-up,the withdrawal of state intervention was accompanied by the entry of private capital in agricultural manufacturing/circulation,and the agricultural input circulation network,which connected the agro-industrial capital and the large number of small-scale agricultural producers,became the target competed for among large and small agro-industrial capital. Under this system,the small producers are able to persist,as their existence do not constitute an obstacle to the accumulation of agro-capital. With the emergence of large-scale producers,whose operation has impact on the retailers of agricultural inputs,the hidden path of agrarian capitalization becomes intertwined with the visible path. In the meantime,small commodity producers in agriculture are increasingly marginalized and subjected to the globalization system.
In the framework of agrarian analysis,this paper examines China's agrarian transformation by looking into the marketization of agricultural inputs. Other than discussing land transfer,which shows a visible path of China's agrarian change,this paper focuses on the hidden dynamics of the agrarian transformation driven by the change of the agricultural input market. The paper discusses the characteristics of the manufacturing and circulation of agricultural inputs in the collectivization period,as well as the dynamics of the marketization of agricultural inputs in the post-collectivization period. It is shown that agricultural inputs in the collectivization period had some‘non-commodity'properties. After the Reform and Open-up,the withdrawal of state intervention was accompanied by the entry of private capital in agricultural manufacturing/circulation,and the agricultural input circulation network,which connected the agro-industrial capital and the large number of small-scale agricultural producers,became the target competed for among large and small agro-industrial capital. Under this system,the small producers are able to persist,as their existence do not constitute an obstacle to the accumulation of agro-capital. With the emergence of large-scale producers,whose operation has impact on the retailers of agricultural inputs,the hidden path of agrarian capitalization becomes intertwined with the visible path. In the meantime,small commodity producers in agriculture are increasingly marginalized and subjected to the globalization system.
引文
陈一训,2006,《化肥业产能过剩端倪凸现》,载《南方农村报》5月4日,转引自中国农业网,http://www.zgny.com cn/ifm/consultation/2006-5-4/96787.shtml,2017年10月5日访问。
陈义媛,2017,《土地托管的实践与组织困境:对农业社
会化服务体系构建的思考》,载《南京农业大学学报(社会科学版)》第6期,第120-130页。
陈义媛,2016,《资本下乡:农业中的隐蔽雇佣关系与资本积累》,载《开放时代》第5期,第92-112页。
陈义媛,2013,《资本主义式家庭农场的兴起与农业经营主体分化的再思考--以水稻生产为例》,载《开放时代》第4期,第137-155页。
《当代中国的农业》编辑委员会(编),1992,《当代中国的农业》,北京:当代中国出版社。
冯小,2015,《新型农业经营主体培育与农业治理转型--基于皖南平镇农业经营制度变迁的分析》,载《中国农村观察》第2期,第23-32页。
国家发展和改革委员会价格司(编),2007-2016,《全国农产品成本收益资料汇编》,北京:中国统计出版社。贺雪峰,2013,《小农立场》,北京:中国政法大学出版社。
扈映,2008,《1983-2005年我国基层农技推广体制改革的历史考察--以浙江省为例》,载《中国经济史研究》第3期,第38-45页。
黄宗智、高原、彭玉生,2012,《没有无产化的资本化:中国的农业发展》,载《开放时代》第3期,第10-30页。
Karl Kautsky(考茨基),1936,《土地问题》,岑纪译,上海:商务印书馆。
列宁,1984(1899),《列宁全集》第3卷,北京:人民出版社。
林春,2016,《再议土地改革--中国和印度的启示》,载《开放时代》第2期,第36-67页。
《农药行业供给侧怎么改?研发应以新取胜服务要更接地气》,2016,载《农民日报》4月28日,第6版。
[俄]A·恰亚诺夫,1996(1925),《农民经济组织》,萧正洪译,北京:中央编译出版社。
秦志伟、郭爽,2015,《产能过剩危机倒逼种企转型》,载《中国科学报》1月7日,第5版,转引自科学网,http://news.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2015/1/310964.shtm,2017年5月3日访问。
严海蓉、陈义媛,2015,《中国农业资本化的特征和方向:自下而上和自上而下的资本化动力》,载《开放时代》第5期,第49-69页。
曾红萍,2017,《国家与市场的双重变奏:生猪养殖业中的范式转型》,中国农业大学博士学位论文。
中共中央文献研究室(编),2011,《建国以来重要文献选编》,北京:中央文献出版社。
《中国农业已迈入“高成本”时代如何提升竞争力?》,2017,新华网,转引自中国农业新闻网,http://www.farmer.com.cn/xwpd/jjsn/201705/t20170517_1296493.htm,2017年10月7日访问。
《中国化肥行业巨亏上百亿化肥过剩怎么破?》,2017,央视网,http://jingji.cctv.com/2017/04/19/ARTI2O8xr Qln T0Oc HOARWIz3170419.shtml,2017年5月4日访问。
周飞舟,2012,《财政资金的专项化及其问题:兼论“项目治国”》,载《社会》第1期,第12-36页。
Akram-Lodhi,A.Haroon&Cristóbal Kay(eds.),2012,Peasants and Globalization:Political Economy,Agrarian Transformation and Development,London:Routledge.Akram-Lodhi,A.Haroon&Cristóbal Kay,2010a,“Surveying the Agrarian Question(part 1):Unearthing Foundations,Exploring Diversity,”The Journal of Peasant Studies,Vol.37,No.1,pp.177-202.
Akram-Lodhi,A.Haroon&Cristóbal Kay,2010b,“Surveying the Agrarian Question(part 2):Current Debates and Beyond,”The Journal of Peasant Studies,Vol.37,No.2,pp.255-284.
Bernstein,Henry,2006,“Is There an Agrarian Question in the 21st Century?”Canadian Journal of Development Studies(Revue canadienne d'études du développement),Vol.27,No.4,pp.449-460.
Buttel,Frederick H.,2001,“Some Reflections on Late Twentieth Century Agrarian Political Economy,”Sociologia Ruralis,Vol.41,No.2,pp.165-181.
Byres,Terence J.,1996,Capitalism from Above and Capitalism from Below:An Essay in Comparative Political Economy,London:Palgrave Macmillan.
De Janvry,Alain,1981,The Agrarian Question and Reformism in Latin America,Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press.
Engels,Friedrich,1970(1894),“The Peasant Question in France and Germany,”in Karl Marx and Frederick Engels,Marx&Engels Selected Works(Vol.3),Moscow:Progress Publishers.
Friedmann,Harriet,1978,“World Market,State,and Family Farm:Social Bases of Household Production in the Era of Wage Labor,”Comparative Studies in Society and History,Vol.20,No.4,pp.545-586.
Goodman,David,Bernardo Sorj,&John Wilkinson,1987,From Farming to Biotechnology:A Theory of Agro-industrial Development,Oxford:Basil Blackwell.
Harriss,John,2013,“Does‘Landlordism’Still Matter?Reflections on Agrarian Change in India,”Journal of Agrarian Change,Vol.13,No.3,pp.351-364.
Kueh,Y.Y.,1984,“Fertilizer Supplies and Food Grain Production in China,1952-1982,”Food Policy,Vol.9,No.3,pp.219-231.
Lehmann,David,1986,“Two Paths of Agrarian Capitalism,or a Critique of Chayanovian Marxism,”Comparative Studies in Society and History,Vol.28,No.4,pp.601-627.
Lerche,Jens,2013,“The Agrarian Question in Neoliberal India:Agrarian Transition Bypassed?”Journal of Agrarian Change,Vol.13,No.3,pp.382-404.
Mann,Susan A.&James M.Dickinson,1978,“Obstacles to the Development of a Capitalist Agriculture,”Journal of Peasant Studies,Vol.5,No.4,pp.466-481.
Mooney,Patrick H.,1988,My Own Boss?:Class,Rationality,and the Family Farm,Boulder,CO:Westview Press.
Moyo,Sam,Praveen Jha,&Paris Yeros,2013,“The Classical Agrarian Question:Myth,Reality and Relevance Today,”Agrarian South:Journal of Political Economy,Vol.2,No.1,pp.93-119.
Preobrazhensky,Eugene,Brian Pearce,&Alec Nove,1965,The New Economics,London:Oxford University Press.
Schmalzer,Sigrid,2016,Red Revolution,Green Revolution:Scientific Farming in Socialist China,Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
Sethi,Manpreet,2006,“Land Reform in India:Issues and Challenges,”in Peter Rosset,Ral Patel,&Michael Courville(eds.),Promised Land:Competing Visions of Agrarian Reform,New York:Food First Books,pp.73-92.
Van der Ploeg,Jan Douwe,2009,The New Peasantries:Struggles for Autonomy and Sustainability in an Era of Empire and Globalization,London:Routledge.
Vergopoulos,Kostas,1978,“Capitalism and Peasant Productivity,”Journal of Peasant Studies,Vol.5,Iss.4,pp.446-481.
Zhang,Qian Forrest&John A.Donaldson,2008,“The Rise of Agrarian Capitalism with Chinese Characteristics:Agricultural Modernization,Agribusiness and Collective Land Rights,”The China Journal,No.60(July),pp.25-47.
(1)本文关注的农资主要指的是种子、农药、化肥等农业生产投入品。
(2)农业化工资本主要指的是生产农资产品,如种子、农药、化肥等的工业资本。
陈义媛,2017,《土地托管的实践与组织困境:对农业社
会化服务体系构建的思考》,载《南京农业大学学报(社会科学版)》第6期,第120-130页。
陈义媛,2016,《资本下乡:农业中的隐蔽雇佣关系与资本积累》,载《开放时代》第5期,第92-112页。
陈义媛,2013,《资本主义式家庭农场的兴起与农业经营主体分化的再思考--以水稻生产为例》,载《开放时代》第4期,第137-155页。
《当代中国的农业》编辑委员会(编),1992,《当代中国的农业》,北京:当代中国出版社。
冯小,2015,《新型农业经营主体培育与农业治理转型--基于皖南平镇农业经营制度变迁的分析》,载《中国农村观察》第2期,第23-32页。
国家发展和改革委员会价格司(编),2007-2016,《全国农产品成本收益资料汇编》,北京:中国统计出版社。贺雪峰,2013,《小农立场》,北京:中国政法大学出版社。
扈映,2008,《1983-2005年我国基层农技推广体制改革的历史考察--以浙江省为例》,载《中国经济史研究》第3期,第38-45页。
黄宗智、高原、彭玉生,2012,《没有无产化的资本化:中国的农业发展》,载《开放时代》第3期,第10-30页。
Karl Kautsky(考茨基),1936,《土地问题》,岑纪译,上海:商务印书馆。
列宁,1984(1899),《列宁全集》第3卷,北京:人民出版社。
林春,2016,《再议土地改革--中国和印度的启示》,载《开放时代》第2期,第36-67页。
《农药行业供给侧怎么改?研发应以新取胜服务要更接地气》,2016,载《农民日报》4月28日,第6版。
[俄]A·恰亚诺夫,1996(1925),《农民经济组织》,萧正洪译,北京:中央编译出版社。
秦志伟、郭爽,2015,《产能过剩危机倒逼种企转型》,载《中国科学报》1月7日,第5版,转引自科学网,http://news.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2015/1/310964.shtm,2017年5月3日访问。
严海蓉、陈义媛,2015,《中国农业资本化的特征和方向:自下而上和自上而下的资本化动力》,载《开放时代》第5期,第49-69页。
曾红萍,2017,《国家与市场的双重变奏:生猪养殖业中的范式转型》,中国农业大学博士学位论文。
中共中央文献研究室(编),2011,《建国以来重要文献选编》,北京:中央文献出版社。
《中国农业已迈入“高成本”时代如何提升竞争力?》,2017,新华网,转引自中国农业新闻网,http://www.farmer.com.cn/xwpd/jjsn/201705/t20170517_1296493.htm,2017年10月7日访问。
《中国化肥行业巨亏上百亿化肥过剩怎么破?》,2017,央视网,http://jingji.cctv.com/2017/04/19/ARTI2O8xr Qln T0Oc HOARWIz3170419.shtml,2017年5月4日访问。
周飞舟,2012,《财政资金的专项化及其问题:兼论“项目治国”》,载《社会》第1期,第12-36页。
Akram-Lodhi,A.Haroon&Cristóbal Kay(eds.),2012,Peasants and Globalization:Political Economy,Agrarian Transformation and Development,London:Routledge.Akram-Lodhi,A.Haroon&Cristóbal Kay,2010a,“Surveying the Agrarian Question(part 1):Unearthing Foundations,Exploring Diversity,”The Journal of Peasant Studies,Vol.37,No.1,pp.177-202.
Akram-Lodhi,A.Haroon&Cristóbal Kay,2010b,“Surveying the Agrarian Question(part 2):Current Debates and Beyond,”The Journal of Peasant Studies,Vol.37,No.2,pp.255-284.
Bernstein,Henry,2006,“Is There an Agrarian Question in the 21st Century?”Canadian Journal of Development Studies(Revue canadienne d'études du développement),Vol.27,No.4,pp.449-460.
Buttel,Frederick H.,2001,“Some Reflections on Late Twentieth Century Agrarian Political Economy,”Sociologia Ruralis,Vol.41,No.2,pp.165-181.
Byres,Terence J.,1996,Capitalism from Above and Capitalism from Below:An Essay in Comparative Political Economy,London:Palgrave Macmillan.
De Janvry,Alain,1981,The Agrarian Question and Reformism in Latin America,Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press.
Engels,Friedrich,1970(1894),“The Peasant Question in France and Germany,”in Karl Marx and Frederick Engels,Marx&Engels Selected Works(Vol.3),Moscow:Progress Publishers.
Friedmann,Harriet,1978,“World Market,State,and Family Farm:Social Bases of Household Production in the Era of Wage Labor,”Comparative Studies in Society and History,Vol.20,No.4,pp.545-586.
Goodman,David,Bernardo Sorj,&John Wilkinson,1987,From Farming to Biotechnology:A Theory of Agro-industrial Development,Oxford:Basil Blackwell.
Harriss,John,2013,“Does‘Landlordism’Still Matter?Reflections on Agrarian Change in India,”Journal of Agrarian Change,Vol.13,No.3,pp.351-364.
Kueh,Y.Y.,1984,“Fertilizer Supplies and Food Grain Production in China,1952-1982,”Food Policy,Vol.9,No.3,pp.219-231.
Lehmann,David,1986,“Two Paths of Agrarian Capitalism,or a Critique of Chayanovian Marxism,”Comparative Studies in Society and History,Vol.28,No.4,pp.601-627.
Lerche,Jens,2013,“The Agrarian Question in Neoliberal India:Agrarian Transition Bypassed?”Journal of Agrarian Change,Vol.13,No.3,pp.382-404.
Mann,Susan A.&James M.Dickinson,1978,“Obstacles to the Development of a Capitalist Agriculture,”Journal of Peasant Studies,Vol.5,No.4,pp.466-481.
Mooney,Patrick H.,1988,My Own Boss?:Class,Rationality,and the Family Farm,Boulder,CO:Westview Press.
Moyo,Sam,Praveen Jha,&Paris Yeros,2013,“The Classical Agrarian Question:Myth,Reality and Relevance Today,”Agrarian South:Journal of Political Economy,Vol.2,No.1,pp.93-119.
Preobrazhensky,Eugene,Brian Pearce,&Alec Nove,1965,The New Economics,London:Oxford University Press.
Schmalzer,Sigrid,2016,Red Revolution,Green Revolution:Scientific Farming in Socialist China,Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
Sethi,Manpreet,2006,“Land Reform in India:Issues and Challenges,”in Peter Rosset,Ral Patel,&Michael Courville(eds.),Promised Land:Competing Visions of Agrarian Reform,New York:Food First Books,pp.73-92.
Van der Ploeg,Jan Douwe,2009,The New Peasantries:Struggles for Autonomy and Sustainability in an Era of Empire and Globalization,London:Routledge.
Vergopoulos,Kostas,1978,“Capitalism and Peasant Productivity,”Journal of Peasant Studies,Vol.5,Iss.4,pp.446-481.
Zhang,Qian Forrest&John A.Donaldson,2008,“The Rise of Agrarian Capitalism with Chinese Characteristics:Agricultural Modernization,Agribusiness and Collective Land Rights,”The China Journal,No.60(July),pp.25-47.
(1)本文关注的农资主要指的是种子、农药、化肥等农业生产投入品。
(2)农业化工资本主要指的是生产农资产品,如种子、农药、化肥等的工业资本。