基于语料库的英汉存现式施事宾语句对比研究
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摘要
本研究采用定量和定性相结合的研究方法,通过统计分析语料库语料,对比研究英汉存现式施事宾语句的句法和语义,并从认知视角解释二者的异同。研究发现,英汉存现式施事宾语句语义和句法功能类同,其差异主要有两种:一是英语存现式施事宾语句里,动词后的名词短语遵循更严格的"定指限制"制约,以非定指性名词短语为主,而在汉语里,"定指限制"相对宽松,动词后非定指性和定指性名词短语所占比例无显著性差异;二是英语存现式施事宾语句句法结构更加多样化,方位短语的位置灵活,可位于句首、句中和句尾,但以句尾位置居多,而汉语存现式施事宾语句的结构单一,方位短语固定于句首。本研究认为,二者差异的根本缘由在于英汉民族在思维层面上的不同时空取向。
Based on statistical analysis of corpus data and with a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods, the present research tries to contrast the syntax and semantics of English and Chinese existential agentive object sentences, and to explain their similarities and differences from a cognitive perspective. It finds that the semantics and syntactic functions of these English and Chinese sentences are both similar and different. Their main differencs lie in two aspects: First, in English existential agentive object sentences, the post-verbal noun phrase follows the stricter "definiteness restriction", i.e. the majority of noun phrases are indefinite; while in Chinese, the restriction is relatively weak and there is a very narrow gap between the proportion of definite noun phrases and that of indefinite ones; Second, the syntactic structure of English existential agentive object sentences is more diversified, and the position of the locative phrase is flexible: it can show up at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of the sentence, but most of them are at the end, whereas the structure of Chinese existential agentive object sentences is single, and the locative phrase is fixed at the beginning of the sentence. This research holds that the root cause of such differences lies in the English people's preference for temporality and the Chinese people's preference for spatiality in their different modes of thinking.
Based on statistical analysis of corpus data and with a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods, the present research tries to contrast the syntax and semantics of English and Chinese existential agentive object sentences, and to explain their similarities and differences from a cognitive perspective. It finds that the semantics and syntactic functions of these English and Chinese sentences are both similar and different. Their main differencs lie in two aspects: First, in English existential agentive object sentences, the post-verbal noun phrase follows the stricter "definiteness restriction", i.e. the majority of noun phrases are indefinite; while in Chinese, the restriction is relatively weak and there is a very narrow gap between the proportion of definite noun phrases and that of indefinite ones; Second, the syntactic structure of English existential agentive object sentences is more diversified, and the position of the locative phrase is flexible: it can show up at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of the sentence, but most of them are at the end, whereas the structure of Chinese existential agentive object sentences is single, and the locative phrase is fixed at the beginning of the sentence. This research holds that the root cause of such differences lies in the English people's preference for temporality and the Chinese people's preference for spatiality in their different modes of thinking.
引文
[1]Aissen,J.Presentational there-insertion:A cyclic root transformation[A].In Grossman,R.E.,San,J.L.&T.J.Vance(eds.).Papers from the 11th Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society[C].Chicago:Chicago Linguistic Society,1975.
[2]Allan,K.A note on the source of there in existential sentences[J].Foundations of Language,1971(7).
[3]Chomsky,N.Lectures on Government and Binding[M].Dordrecht:Foris,1981.
[4]Evans,V.&M.Green.Cognitive Linguistics:An Introduction[M].Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press,2006.
[5]Hartmann,J.M.Expletives in Existentials English There and German da[D].Universiteit van Tilburg,2008.
[6]Hazout,I.The syntax of existential constructions[J].Linguistic Inquiry,2004(3).
[7]Kuno,S.The position of locatives in existential sentences[J].Linguistic Inquiry,1971(3).
[8]Lakoff,G.Women,Fire,Dangerous Things:What Categories Reveal about the Mind[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1987.
[9]Langacker,R.W.Cognitive Grammar:A Basic Introduction[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2008.
[10]Martínez-Insúa,A.E.On the nuture of the verb in present day English(existential)there-constructions:Formal and communicative implications[J].Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses,2002(15).
[11]Milsark,G.L.Existential Sentences in English[M].London&New York:Routledge,2014.
[12]Moro,A.The Raising of Predicates[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1997.
[13]Perez-Guerra,J.A contrastive analysis of(English)“there”and(Spanish)hay existential sentences:Towards a constructional prototype[J].Languages in Contrast,2012(2).
[14]Quirk,R.et al.A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language[M].New York:Longman Incorporation,1985.
[15]Radford,A.Syntactic Theory and the Structure of English:A Minimalist Approach[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1997.
[16]Safir,K.J.Syntactic Chains[M].Cambridge University Press:Cambridge and New York,1985.
[17]Stefanowitsch,A.&S.Gries.Collostructions:Investigating the interaction between words and constructions[J].International Journal of Corpus Linguistics,2003(8).
[18]Suner,M.Syntax and Semantics of Spanish Presentational Sentence-Types[M].Washington,D.C.:Georgetown University Press,1982.
[19]Szekely,R.Truth without Predication:The Role of Placing in the Existential There-Sentence[M].London:Palgrave Macmillan,2015.
[20]Svenonius,P.Subjects,Expletives and the EPP[M].New York:Oxford University Press,2002.
[21]Ward,G.&B.Birner.Information Status and Noncanonical Word Order in English[M].Amsterdam:John Benjamins,1998.
[22]Zhang,K.Mandarin existential construction as a referencepoint construction:Its cognitive properties and discursive functions[J].Cognitive Linguistic Studies,2016(1).
[23]储泽祥.汉语施事宾语句与SVO型语言施事、受事的区分参项---兼论汉语“句位高效”的类型特征[J].民族语文,2010(6).
[24]戴浩一.以认知为基础的汉语功能语法刍议[J].国外语言学,1991(4).
[25]高文成,张丽芳.英汉存在句认知对比研究三题---以BNC和《围城》为语料[J].西安外国语大学学报,2010(1).
[26]顾阳.关于存现结构的理论探讨[J].现代外语,1997(3).
[27]韩景泉.英汉语存现句的生成语法研究[J].现代外语,2001(2).
[28]何伟,王敏辰.英汉语存在句研究:现状、问题和解决思路[J].外语教学理论与实践,2018(1).
[29]胡文泽.汉语存现句及相关并列紧缩结构的认知功能语法分析[J].语言教学与研究,2004(4).
[30]金积令.英汉语存在句对比研究[J].外国语,1996(6).
[31]李京廉,王克非.英汉存现句的句法研究[J].现代外语,2005(4).
[32]李京廉.英汉存现句中的定指效应研究[J].外语教学与研究,2009(2).
[33]吕冀平等.汉语的主语宾语问题[M].上海:中华书局,1956.
[34]田臻.英汉静态存在句中动词语义特征的对比研究[J].外语与外语教学,2009(11).
[35]田臻等.英汉存在构式与动词语义关联的实证对比研究[J].外语教学与研究,2015(6).
[36]王文斌.论英语的时间性特质与汉语的空间性特质[J].外语教学与研究,2013a(2).
[37]王文斌.论英汉表象性差异背后的时空特性---从Humboldt的“内蕴语言形式”观谈起[J].中国外语,2013b(3).
[38]王国栓.从存现动词的发展看汉语句法的强弱[J].语文研究,2018(2).
[39]余国良.英汉存在句的比较研究[J].四川外语学院学报,2000(2).
[40]张健.汉语存现句的句法象似性[J].四川外语学院学报,2002(2).
(1)这六类分别是:存现式(如“台上坐着主席团”)、损益式(如“他来了几个同学”)、配备式(如“一条船坐六个人”)、蒙受式(如“他淋了雨”)、局部实现式(如“作业我们班交了七个同学”)和状态诱因式(如“青草吃肥了牛羊”)。
(2)本研究所有汉语语料选自BCC语料库,英语语料来自BNC语料库。
(3)对于there存现句里动词后NP的格及其格的获得方式,学界意见存在分歧,相关综述见Hartmann (2008)。
(4)学界将谓语为非be动词的英语存现句称为呈现式存现句(presentational existentials)(Aissen,1975:2;Lakoff,1987:570)。
(5)“定心谓语存在句”是指谓语由定心结构构成、没有谓语动词的存现句,其结构为“方位短语+存在主体”,如“天空中一轮皓月”。
[2]Allan,K.A note on the source of there in existential sentences[J].Foundations of Language,1971(7).
[3]Chomsky,N.Lectures on Government and Binding[M].Dordrecht:Foris,1981.
[4]Evans,V.&M.Green.Cognitive Linguistics:An Introduction[M].Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press,2006.
[5]Hartmann,J.M.Expletives in Existentials English There and German da[D].Universiteit van Tilburg,2008.
[6]Hazout,I.The syntax of existential constructions[J].Linguistic Inquiry,2004(3).
[7]Kuno,S.The position of locatives in existential sentences[J].Linguistic Inquiry,1971(3).
[8]Lakoff,G.Women,Fire,Dangerous Things:What Categories Reveal about the Mind[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1987.
[9]Langacker,R.W.Cognitive Grammar:A Basic Introduction[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2008.
[10]Martínez-Insúa,A.E.On the nuture of the verb in present day English(existential)there-constructions:Formal and communicative implications[J].Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses,2002(15).
[11]Milsark,G.L.Existential Sentences in English[M].London&New York:Routledge,2014.
[12]Moro,A.The Raising of Predicates[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1997.
[13]Perez-Guerra,J.A contrastive analysis of(English)“there”and(Spanish)hay existential sentences:Towards a constructional prototype[J].Languages in Contrast,2012(2).
[14]Quirk,R.et al.A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language[M].New York:Longman Incorporation,1985.
[15]Radford,A.Syntactic Theory and the Structure of English:A Minimalist Approach[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1997.
[16]Safir,K.J.Syntactic Chains[M].Cambridge University Press:Cambridge and New York,1985.
[17]Stefanowitsch,A.&S.Gries.Collostructions:Investigating the interaction between words and constructions[J].International Journal of Corpus Linguistics,2003(8).
[18]Suner,M.Syntax and Semantics of Spanish Presentational Sentence-Types[M].Washington,D.C.:Georgetown University Press,1982.
[19]Szekely,R.Truth without Predication:The Role of Placing in the Existential There-Sentence[M].London:Palgrave Macmillan,2015.
[20]Svenonius,P.Subjects,Expletives and the EPP[M].New York:Oxford University Press,2002.
[21]Ward,G.&B.Birner.Information Status and Noncanonical Word Order in English[M].Amsterdam:John Benjamins,1998.
[22]Zhang,K.Mandarin existential construction as a referencepoint construction:Its cognitive properties and discursive functions[J].Cognitive Linguistic Studies,2016(1).
[23]储泽祥.汉语施事宾语句与SVO型语言施事、受事的区分参项---兼论汉语“句位高效”的类型特征[J].民族语文,2010(6).
[24]戴浩一.以认知为基础的汉语功能语法刍议[J].国外语言学,1991(4).
[25]高文成,张丽芳.英汉存在句认知对比研究三题---以BNC和《围城》为语料[J].西安外国语大学学报,2010(1).
[26]顾阳.关于存现结构的理论探讨[J].现代外语,1997(3).
[27]韩景泉.英汉语存现句的生成语法研究[J].现代外语,2001(2).
[28]何伟,王敏辰.英汉语存在句研究:现状、问题和解决思路[J].外语教学理论与实践,2018(1).
[29]胡文泽.汉语存现句及相关并列紧缩结构的认知功能语法分析[J].语言教学与研究,2004(4).
[30]金积令.英汉语存在句对比研究[J].外国语,1996(6).
[31]李京廉,王克非.英汉存现句的句法研究[J].现代外语,2005(4).
[32]李京廉.英汉存现句中的定指效应研究[J].外语教学与研究,2009(2).
[33]吕冀平等.汉语的主语宾语问题[M].上海:中华书局,1956.
[34]田臻.英汉静态存在句中动词语义特征的对比研究[J].外语与外语教学,2009(11).
[35]田臻等.英汉存在构式与动词语义关联的实证对比研究[J].外语教学与研究,2015(6).
[36]王文斌.论英语的时间性特质与汉语的空间性特质[J].外语教学与研究,2013a(2).
[37]王文斌.论英汉表象性差异背后的时空特性---从Humboldt的“内蕴语言形式”观谈起[J].中国外语,2013b(3).
[38]王国栓.从存现动词的发展看汉语句法的强弱[J].语文研究,2018(2).
[39]余国良.英汉存在句的比较研究[J].四川外语学院学报,2000(2).
[40]张健.汉语存现句的句法象似性[J].四川外语学院学报,2002(2).
(1)这六类分别是:存现式(如“台上坐着主席团”)、损益式(如“他来了几个同学”)、配备式(如“一条船坐六个人”)、蒙受式(如“他淋了雨”)、局部实现式(如“作业我们班交了七个同学”)和状态诱因式(如“青草吃肥了牛羊”)。
(2)本研究所有汉语语料选自BCC语料库,英语语料来自BNC语料库。
(3)对于there存现句里动词后NP的格及其格的获得方式,学界意见存在分歧,相关综述见Hartmann (2008)。
(4)学界将谓语为非be动词的英语存现句称为呈现式存现句(presentational existentials)(Aissen,1975:2;Lakoff,1987:570)。
(5)“定心谓语存在句”是指谓语由定心结构构成、没有谓语动词的存现句,其结构为“方位短语+存在主体”,如“天空中一轮皓月”。