包膜掺混肥对苹果园土壤养分、果实产量和品质的影响
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摘要
旨在探讨苹果园中包膜掺混肥的合理施用,为果品绿色生产提供依据。通过连续5a定点定位施肥跟踪调查试验,研究包膜掺混肥对‘富士’苹果园土壤养分、叶片营养及果实品质和产量的影响。结果表明,施用BBF1(20-10-15)和BBF2(24-6-15)2种包膜掺混肥均明显增加春季土壤速效磷及钾的质量分数;在苹果生长后期(秋季)可维持较高且稳定的养分质量分数,其中施用BBF1效果更明显。施用包膜掺混肥提高叶片氮、磷和钾的质量分数,1a中叶片养分质量分数均能维持较高水平。2种包膜掺混肥处理的单株产量连续5a均比对照明显提高,平均增产率分别为29.7%和39.9%。施用包膜掺混肥的果实中挥发物质种类比对照减少,但具有特殊苹果香味的酯类物质如2-甲基丁酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯、2-甲基戊醇乙酸酯、己酸乙酯等的相对质量分数明显增加,醛类和烷类等物质未检出,醇类物质下降;包膜掺混肥明显提高果实的单果质量并促进果实着色;BBF1处理的果实中酯类相对质量分数最高,其香味更浓,果实着色更好。包膜掺混肥1次施用能满足苹果树1a的养分需求,利于产量提高,促进果实着色及增加果实特殊香味等。
The study aimes to provide the basis for green fruit production by reasonable application of blending coated fertilizer on apple orchard.We studied effect of the blending coated fertilizer on apple yields,fruit quality,nutrient mass fraction of apple leaves and nutrient mass fraction in the soil of apple orchard by applying blending coated fertilizer with fixed positioning in the last 5 years.The results showed that the mass fraction of available P and K in spring soil obviously increased,and these kept higher N,P and K mass fraction in‘Fuji'apple leaves during the growth stages,and the available nutrition mass fraction in soil kept higher and stable in the later period of apple growth with application of the blending coated fertilizer.It had better result with application of BBF1.The yield of single plant increased 29.7% and 39.9% respectively under the two treatments of the blending coated fertilizer in the 5-years.Under the treatment of the blending coated fertilizer,volatile substances in‘Fuji'apple obviously decreased,however,the relative mass fraction of the volatile compounds with special apple fruit aroma such as butanoic acid,2-methyl-,ethyl ester,butanoic acid,ethyl ester,1-pentanol,2-methyl-,acetate,and hexanoic acid,ethyl ester et al were increased.Meanwhile,the alcohol substance decreased,the aldehyde and alkane substances had not been detected.The mass of single fruit and the cyanidin content of peel increased.By application of the BBF1,the‘Fuji'apple fruit had more esters and more apple aroma,and the color of the apple fruit peel was reder.The nutrient requirement of the apple trees were ensured by applying the blending coated fertilizer only once in spring,and the yield,apple fruit color and aroma increased.
The study aimes to provide the basis for green fruit production by reasonable application of blending coated fertilizer on apple orchard.We studied effect of the blending coated fertilizer on apple yields,fruit quality,nutrient mass fraction of apple leaves and nutrient mass fraction in the soil of apple orchard by applying blending coated fertilizer with fixed positioning in the last 5 years.The results showed that the mass fraction of available P and K in spring soil obviously increased,and these kept higher N,P and K mass fraction in‘Fuji'apple leaves during the growth stages,and the available nutrition mass fraction in soil kept higher and stable in the later period of apple growth with application of the blending coated fertilizer.It had better result with application of BBF1.The yield of single plant increased 29.7% and 39.9% respectively under the two treatments of the blending coated fertilizer in the 5-years.Under the treatment of the blending coated fertilizer,volatile substances in‘Fuji'apple obviously decreased,however,the relative mass fraction of the volatile compounds with special apple fruit aroma such as butanoic acid,2-methyl-,ethyl ester,butanoic acid,ethyl ester,1-pentanol,2-methyl-,acetate,and hexanoic acid,ethyl ester et al were increased.Meanwhile,the alcohol substance decreased,the aldehyde and alkane substances had not been detected.The mass of single fruit and the cyanidin content of peel increased.By application of the BBF1,the‘Fuji'apple fruit had more esters and more apple aroma,and the color of the apple fruit peel was reder.The nutrient requirement of the apple trees were ensured by applying the blending coated fertilizer only once in spring,and the yield,apple fruit color and aroma increased.
引文
[1]杨洪强.绿色无公害果品生产全编[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2003:8.YANG H Q.Green Pollution-Free Fruit Production All to Arrange[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2003:8.
[2]韩晓日.新型缓/控释肥料研究现状与展望[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2006,37(1):3-8.HAN X R.Current situation and prospects of new type slow and controlled releaseing fertilizers[J].Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University,2006,37(1):3-8.
[3]古慧娟,石元亮,于阁杰,等.我国缓/控释肥料的应用效应研究进展[J].土壤通报,2011,42(1):220-223.GU H J,SHI Y L,YU G J,et al.Research advances on the use efficiency of slow/controlled release fertilizer[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2011,42(1):220-223.
[4]曹兵,贺发云,徐秋明,等.南京郊区番茄地中氮肥的效应与去向[J].应用生态学报,2006,17(10):1839-1844.CAO B,HE F Y,XU Q M,et al.Use efficiency and fate of fertilizer N in tomato field of Nanjing suburb[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2006,17(10):1839-1844.
[5]李方敏,樊小林,陈文东.控释肥对水稻产量和氮肥利用效率的影响[J].营养与肥料学报,2005,11(4):494-500.LI F M,FAN X L,CHEN W D.Effects of controlled release fertilizer on rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2005,11(4):494-500.
[6]丁霄,孙占育,孙锋,等.袋控肥对吐鲁番‘无核白’葡萄产量品质的影响[J].西北农业学报,2009,18(6):249-252.DING X,SUN ZH Y,SUN F,et al.Effect of paper package fertilization on yield and quality of‘Thompson Seedless’grape in the turpon region[J].Acta Agriculturae Borealioccidentalis Sinica,2009,18(6):249-252.
[7]唐拴虎,徐培智,张发宝,等.一次性全层施用控释肥对水稻根系形态发育及抗倒伏能力的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2006,12(1):63-69.TANG SH H,XU P ZH,ZHANG F B,et al.Influence of single basal application controlled-release fertilizer on morphologic development of root system and lodging resistance of rice[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2006,12(1):63-69.
[8]黄云,廖铁军,向华辉.控释氮肥对辣椒的生理效应及利用率研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2002,8(4):414-418.HUANG Y,LIAO T J,XIANG H H.Study on physiological effect and fertilizer utilization rate of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer for pepper[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2002,8(4):414-418.
[9]颜冬云,张民,蒋新.控释复合肥对盆栽一串红生长发育与品质的影响[J].园艺学报,2004,31(6):773-777.YAN D Y,ZHANG M,JIANG X.Effects of controlled-release fertilizers on growth and development of potted salvia[J].Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2004,31(6):773-777.
[10]俞巧钢,朱本岳,叶雪珠.控释肥在柑桔上的应用研究[J].浙江农业学报,2001,13(4):210-213.YU Q G,ZHU B Y,YE X ZH.Studies on application of controlled release fertilizer in citrus[J].Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis,2001,13(4):210-213.
[11]邵蕾,张民,陈学森,等.控释氮肥对土壤和苹果树氮含量及苹果产量的影响[J].园艺学报,2007,34(1):43-46.SHAO L,ZHANG M,CHEN X S,et al.Effects of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer on yield and nitrogen content of soil and apple tree[J].Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2007,34(1):43-46.
[12]杨相东,常京涛,蓝锐,等.作物对氮素的吸收特性和对包膜控释肥的释放性能要求[J].化工进展,2010,29(8):1530-1535.YANG X D,CHANG J T,LAN R,et al.Crop nitrogen uptake and its requirement on film coated controlled-release fertilizer[J].Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress,2010,29(8):1530-1535.
[13]张志良,瞿伟菁.植物生理学实验指导[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2003.ZHANG ZH L,QU W J.The Experimental Guide for Plant Physiology[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2003.
[14]马志本,程玉娥.关于苹果果实表面花青素含量的化学测定方法[J].中国果树,1984,(4):49-51.MA ZH B,CHENG Y E.Chamical detemination of anthocyanin content of apple skin[J].China Fruit,1984,(4):49-51.
[15]苑克俊,孙玉刚,张大鹏,等.苹果贮藏期间发生虎皮病的生理生化基础及其防治[J].植物生理学通讯,2002,38(5):505-510.YUAN K J,SUN Y G,ZHANG D P,et al.Physiological and biochemical bases of superficial scald development and its control in apple during storage[J].Plant Physiology Communications,2002,38(5):505-510.
[16]SHELDRICK W F,SYERS J K,LINGARD J.Soil nutrient audits for China to estimate nutrient balances and output/input relationships[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2003,94(3):341-354.
[17]束怀瑞.果树栽培生理学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1993,10:69-87.SHU H R.Cultivation Physiology of Fruit Science[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,1993,10:69-87.
[18]LUPWAYI N Z,GRANT C A,SOON Y K,et al.Soil microbial community response to controlled-release urea fertilizer under zero tillage and conventional tillage[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2010,45(3):254-261.
[19]OBREZA T A,ROUSE R E.Long-term response of Hamlin orange trees to controlled-release nitrogen fertilizers[J].Hort Science,2006,41(2),423-426.
[20]邱现奎,董元杰,万勇善,等.不同施肥处理对土壤养分含量及土壤酶活性的影响[J].土壤,2010,42(2):249-255.QIU X K,DONG Y J,WAN Y SH,et al.Effects of different fertilizing treatments on contents of soil nutrients and soil enzyme activity[J].Soils,2010,42(2):249-255.
[21]OMBODI A,SAIGUSA M.Band versus nursery pot application of polyolefin-coated fertilizer for bell peppers grown in the field[J].Journal of Integrated Field Science,2005,2:107-112.
[22]SOLOMON A,KAZUYUKI I.Comparative effects of application of coated and non-coated urea in clayey and sandy paddy soil microcosms examined by the 15 N tracer technique[J].Soil Science Plant Nutrition,2004,50(2):205-213.
[23]王艳,王小波,王小晶,等.包膜缓释肥料(CSFs)增产机理与氮肥利用率示踪研究[J].水土保持学报,2006,20(5):109-111.WANG Y,WANG X B,WANG X J,et al.Research on increase yield mechanisms of coated slow-release fertilizers and N utilization ratio by tracing[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2006,20(5):109-111.
[24]KLOOSTER W S,CREGG B M,FEMANDEZ R T,et al.Growth and physiology of deciduous shade trees in response to controlled-release fertilizer[J].Scientia Horticulturae,2012,135:71-79.
[25]ZHANG J Z,WANG W,SUN G F,et al.Photosynthesis of Hosta under light and controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer[J].Russian Journal of Plant Physiology,2011,58(2):261-270.
[26]WANG X ZH,ZHU J G,GAO R,et al.Nitrogen cycling and losses under rice-wheat rotations with coated urea and urea in the Taihu lake region[J].Pedosphere,2007,17(1):62-69.
[2]韩晓日.新型缓/控释肥料研究现状与展望[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2006,37(1):3-8.HAN X R.Current situation and prospects of new type slow and controlled releaseing fertilizers[J].Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University,2006,37(1):3-8.
[3]古慧娟,石元亮,于阁杰,等.我国缓/控释肥料的应用效应研究进展[J].土壤通报,2011,42(1):220-223.GU H J,SHI Y L,YU G J,et al.Research advances on the use efficiency of slow/controlled release fertilizer[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2011,42(1):220-223.
[4]曹兵,贺发云,徐秋明,等.南京郊区番茄地中氮肥的效应与去向[J].应用生态学报,2006,17(10):1839-1844.CAO B,HE F Y,XU Q M,et al.Use efficiency and fate of fertilizer N in tomato field of Nanjing suburb[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2006,17(10):1839-1844.
[5]李方敏,樊小林,陈文东.控释肥对水稻产量和氮肥利用效率的影响[J].营养与肥料学报,2005,11(4):494-500.LI F M,FAN X L,CHEN W D.Effects of controlled release fertilizer on rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2005,11(4):494-500.
[6]丁霄,孙占育,孙锋,等.袋控肥对吐鲁番‘无核白’葡萄产量品质的影响[J].西北农业学报,2009,18(6):249-252.DING X,SUN ZH Y,SUN F,et al.Effect of paper package fertilization on yield and quality of‘Thompson Seedless’grape in the turpon region[J].Acta Agriculturae Borealioccidentalis Sinica,2009,18(6):249-252.
[7]唐拴虎,徐培智,张发宝,等.一次性全层施用控释肥对水稻根系形态发育及抗倒伏能力的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2006,12(1):63-69.TANG SH H,XU P ZH,ZHANG F B,et al.Influence of single basal application controlled-release fertilizer on morphologic development of root system and lodging resistance of rice[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2006,12(1):63-69.
[8]黄云,廖铁军,向华辉.控释氮肥对辣椒的生理效应及利用率研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2002,8(4):414-418.HUANG Y,LIAO T J,XIANG H H.Study on physiological effect and fertilizer utilization rate of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer for pepper[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2002,8(4):414-418.
[9]颜冬云,张民,蒋新.控释复合肥对盆栽一串红生长发育与品质的影响[J].园艺学报,2004,31(6):773-777.YAN D Y,ZHANG M,JIANG X.Effects of controlled-release fertilizers on growth and development of potted salvia[J].Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2004,31(6):773-777.
[10]俞巧钢,朱本岳,叶雪珠.控释肥在柑桔上的应用研究[J].浙江农业学报,2001,13(4):210-213.YU Q G,ZHU B Y,YE X ZH.Studies on application of controlled release fertilizer in citrus[J].Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis,2001,13(4):210-213.
[11]邵蕾,张民,陈学森,等.控释氮肥对土壤和苹果树氮含量及苹果产量的影响[J].园艺学报,2007,34(1):43-46.SHAO L,ZHANG M,CHEN X S,et al.Effects of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer on yield and nitrogen content of soil and apple tree[J].Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2007,34(1):43-46.
[12]杨相东,常京涛,蓝锐,等.作物对氮素的吸收特性和对包膜控释肥的释放性能要求[J].化工进展,2010,29(8):1530-1535.YANG X D,CHANG J T,LAN R,et al.Crop nitrogen uptake and its requirement on film coated controlled-release fertilizer[J].Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress,2010,29(8):1530-1535.
[13]张志良,瞿伟菁.植物生理学实验指导[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2003.ZHANG ZH L,QU W J.The Experimental Guide for Plant Physiology[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2003.
[14]马志本,程玉娥.关于苹果果实表面花青素含量的化学测定方法[J].中国果树,1984,(4):49-51.MA ZH B,CHENG Y E.Chamical detemination of anthocyanin content of apple skin[J].China Fruit,1984,(4):49-51.
[15]苑克俊,孙玉刚,张大鹏,等.苹果贮藏期间发生虎皮病的生理生化基础及其防治[J].植物生理学通讯,2002,38(5):505-510.YUAN K J,SUN Y G,ZHANG D P,et al.Physiological and biochemical bases of superficial scald development and its control in apple during storage[J].Plant Physiology Communications,2002,38(5):505-510.
[16]SHELDRICK W F,SYERS J K,LINGARD J.Soil nutrient audits for China to estimate nutrient balances and output/input relationships[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2003,94(3):341-354.
[17]束怀瑞.果树栽培生理学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1993,10:69-87.SHU H R.Cultivation Physiology of Fruit Science[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,1993,10:69-87.
[18]LUPWAYI N Z,GRANT C A,SOON Y K,et al.Soil microbial community response to controlled-release urea fertilizer under zero tillage and conventional tillage[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2010,45(3):254-261.
[19]OBREZA T A,ROUSE R E.Long-term response of Hamlin orange trees to controlled-release nitrogen fertilizers[J].Hort Science,2006,41(2),423-426.
[20]邱现奎,董元杰,万勇善,等.不同施肥处理对土壤养分含量及土壤酶活性的影响[J].土壤,2010,42(2):249-255.QIU X K,DONG Y J,WAN Y SH,et al.Effects of different fertilizing treatments on contents of soil nutrients and soil enzyme activity[J].Soils,2010,42(2):249-255.
[21]OMBODI A,SAIGUSA M.Band versus nursery pot application of polyolefin-coated fertilizer for bell peppers grown in the field[J].Journal of Integrated Field Science,2005,2:107-112.
[22]SOLOMON A,KAZUYUKI I.Comparative effects of application of coated and non-coated urea in clayey and sandy paddy soil microcosms examined by the 15 N tracer technique[J].Soil Science Plant Nutrition,2004,50(2):205-213.
[23]王艳,王小波,王小晶,等.包膜缓释肥料(CSFs)增产机理与氮肥利用率示踪研究[J].水土保持学报,2006,20(5):109-111.WANG Y,WANG X B,WANG X J,et al.Research on increase yield mechanisms of coated slow-release fertilizers and N utilization ratio by tracing[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2006,20(5):109-111.
[24]KLOOSTER W S,CREGG B M,FEMANDEZ R T,et al.Growth and physiology of deciduous shade trees in response to controlled-release fertilizer[J].Scientia Horticulturae,2012,135:71-79.
[25]ZHANG J Z,WANG W,SUN G F,et al.Photosynthesis of Hosta under light and controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer[J].Russian Journal of Plant Physiology,2011,58(2):261-270.
[26]WANG X ZH,ZHU J G,GAO R,et al.Nitrogen cycling and losses under rice-wheat rotations with coated urea and urea in the Taihu lake region[J].Pedosphere,2007,17(1):62-69.