黄金水母对海月水母碟状幼体捕食作用的初步研究
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摘要
一种钵水母—黄金水母(Chrysaora pacifica)被怀疑是海月水母(Aurelia aurita)碟状幼体的潜在捕食者,为了验证这一假设,在实验室可控条件下进行了以黄金水母幼水母为捕食者、海月水母碟状幼体为猎物的捕食实验。实验结果表明黄金水母幼水母(伞径:9-15mm)能够以海月水母碟状幼体(ca. 2mm)为食。在2 h的实验中,黄金水母幼水母最多摄食了15只海月水母碟状幼体(实验容器容积为450mL)。黄金水母幼水母对海月水母碟状幼体的摄食率在44ind./L和111ind./L的密度下分别为0.8±0.6/ind.·h和1.3±1.0/ind.·h。滤水率在两个密度下分别为0.029±0.024和0.051±0.041L/ind.·h。滤水率随着饵料密度的降低显著提高。实验结果证实黄金水母是海月水母碟状幼体的重要潜在捕食者,并且其对海月水母碟状幼体的捕食可能是影响天然海域中海月水母碟状幼体成活率的重要因素。
As a scyphozoan medusa, Chrysaora pacifica was suspected to be one of potential predators of Aurelia aurita ephyrae in the field. Predation experiments were conducted using laboratory-reared C. pacifica young medusae as predators and A. aurita ephyrae as prey. The results showed that young medusae of C. pacifica(9 to 15 mm in diameter) are capable of feeding on A. aurita ephyrae(ca. 2 mm), and one medusa ate as many as 15 A. aurita ephyrae in a 450 ml container in 2 h. The mean(±SD) ingestion rates of C. pacifica feeding on A. aurita ephyrae varied between 0.8±0.6 predator~(-1) h~(-1) at 44 ephyrae L~(-1) and 1.3±1.0 predator~(-1) h~(-1) at 111 ephyrae L~(-1). The mean(±SD) ingestion rate at two different prey densities was 0.029±0.024 and 0.051±0.041 L predator~(-1) h~(-1) at 111 ephyrae L~(-1 )and 44 ephyrae L~(-1), respectively. The clearance rate of C. pacifica feeding on A. aurita ephyrae increased significantly with decreasing ephyrae densities. C. pacifica is potentially an important predator of A. aurita ephyrae that may control A. aurita ephyrae populations in the field.
As a scyphozoan medusa, Chrysaora pacifica was suspected to be one of potential predators of Aurelia aurita ephyrae in the field. Predation experiments were conducted using laboratory-reared C. pacifica young medusae as predators and A. aurita ephyrae as prey. The results showed that young medusae of C. pacifica(9 to 15 mm in diameter) are capable of feeding on A. aurita ephyrae(ca. 2 mm), and one medusa ate as many as 15 A. aurita ephyrae in a 450 ml container in 2 h. The mean(±SD) ingestion rates of C. pacifica feeding on A. aurita ephyrae varied between 0.8±0.6 predator~(-1) h~(-1) at 44 ephyrae L~(-1) and 1.3±1.0 predator~(-1) h~(-1) at 111 ephyrae L~(-1). The mean(±SD) ingestion rate at two different prey densities was 0.029±0.024 and 0.051±0.041 L predator~(-1) h~(-1) at 111 ephyrae L~(-1 )and 44 ephyrae L~(-1), respectively. The clearance rate of C. pacifica feeding on A. aurita ephyrae increased significantly with decreasing ephyrae densities. C. pacifica is potentially an important predator of A. aurita ephyrae that may control A. aurita ephyrae populations in the field.
引文
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[16] Purcell J E,Cowan J H Jr.Predation by the scyphomedusan Chrysaora quinquecirrha on Mnemiopsis leidyi ctenophores.Marine Ecology Progress Series,1995,129:63-70.
[17] M ller L F,Riisg rd H U.Feeding,bioenergetics and growth in the common jellyfish Aurelia aurita and two hydromedusae,Sarsia tubulosa and Aequorea vitrine[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,2007,346:167-177.
[18] Makabe R,Takeoka H,Uye S.Offshore dispersion of ephyrae and medusae of Aurelia aurita s.l.(Cnidaria:Scyphozoa) from port enclosures:Physical and biological factors[J].Journal of Marine Systems,2015,152:75-82.
[19] Thein H,Ikeda H,Uye S.Ecophysiological characteristics of podocysts in Chrysaora pacifica (Goette) and Cyanea nozakii Kishinouye (Cnidaria:Scyphozoa:Semaeostomeae):Effects of environmental factors on their production,dormancy and excystment[J].Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,2013,446:151-158.
[2] Dong Z,Liu D,Keesing J K.Jellyfish blooms in China:Dominant species,causes and consequences[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2010,60:954-963.
[3] Uye S,Ueta Y.Recent increase of jellyfish populations and their nuisance to fisheries in the Inland Sea of Japan[J].Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Fisheries Oceanography,2004,68:9-19(in Japanese with English abstract).
[4] Olesen N J.Clearance potential of jellyfish Aurelia aurita,and predation impact on zooplankton in a shallow cove[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,1995,124:63-72.
[5] Hansson L J,Moeslund O,Ki?rboe T,et al.Clearance rates of jellyfish and their potential predation impact on zooplankton and fish larvae in a neritic ecosystem (Limfjorden,Denmark) [J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,2005,304:117-131.
[6] Ishii H,Kojima S,Tanaka Y.Survivorship and production of Aurelia aurita ephyrae in the innermost part of Tokyo Bay,Japan[J].Plankton Biology & Ecology,2004,51:26-35.
[7] Bailey K M,Houde E D.Predation on eggs and larvae of marine fishes and the recruitment problem[J].Advances in Marine Biology,1989,25:1-83.
[8] Paschke K,Gebauer P,Buschholz F,et al.Seasonal variation in starvation resistence of early larval North Sea shrimp Crangon crangon (Decapoda:Crangonidae)[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,2004,279:183-191.
[9] Fu Z,Shibata M,Makabe R,et al.Body size reduction under starvation,and the point of no return,in ephyrae of the moon jellyfish Aurelia aurita[J].Marine Ecology Progress Serie,2014,510:255-263.
[10] Purcell J E.A review of cnidarians and ctenophores feeding on competitors in the plankton[J].Hydrobiologia,1991,216/217:335-342
[11] B mstedt U,Ishii H,Martinussen M B.Is the scyphomedusa Cyanea Capillata (L.) depend on gelatinous prey for its development[J]?Sarsia,1997,82:269-273.
[12] Hansson L J.Capture and digestion of the scyphozoan jellyfish Aurelia aurita by Cyanea capillata and prey response to predator contact[J].Journal of Plankton Research,1997,19:195-208.
[13] Titelman J,Gandon L,Goarant A,et al.Intraguild predatory interactions between the jellyfish Cyanea Capillata and Aurelia aurita.Marine Biology,2007,152:745-756.
[14] Bayha K M,Graham W M,Higgins Ⅲ J E,et al.Predation potential of the jellyfish Drymonema larsoni Bayha & Dawson (Scyphozoa:Drymonematidae) on the moon jellyfish Aurelia sp.in the northern Gulf of Mexico[J].Hydrobiologia,2012,690:189-197.
[15] Sato R,Hiromi J,Kadota S.Interspecific relation between jellyfishes:laboratory observations of predation by the scyphomedusa Chrysaora pacifica upon Aurelia aurita[J].Bulletin of the College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine Nihon University,1996,53:65-71.
[16] Purcell J E,Cowan J H Jr.Predation by the scyphomedusan Chrysaora quinquecirrha on Mnemiopsis leidyi ctenophores.Marine Ecology Progress Series,1995,129:63-70.
[17] M ller L F,Riisg rd H U.Feeding,bioenergetics and growth in the common jellyfish Aurelia aurita and two hydromedusae,Sarsia tubulosa and Aequorea vitrine[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,2007,346:167-177.
[18] Makabe R,Takeoka H,Uye S.Offshore dispersion of ephyrae and medusae of Aurelia aurita s.l.(Cnidaria:Scyphozoa) from port enclosures:Physical and biological factors[J].Journal of Marine Systems,2015,152:75-82.
[19] Thein H,Ikeda H,Uye S.Ecophysiological characteristics of podocysts in Chrysaora pacifica (Goette) and Cyanea nozakii Kishinouye (Cnidaria:Scyphozoa:Semaeostomeae):Effects of environmental factors on their production,dormancy and excystment[J].Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,2013,446:151-158.