1月份两类ENSO的海气环流模态分析
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摘要
本文对1950～2001年1月份的大气风场和大洋流场做了联合复EOF(Empirical Orthogonal Function)分解,用以探讨1月份两类ENSO(El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation)的海气环流及耦合情况,所得结果主要有:该分解第1、2模态空间场分别相应于东部型、中部型ENSO,前者在赤道太平洋东部和中部都有海温动力异常,并以东部异常最强,后者仅在中部存在此异常,两模态的时间系数都与ENSO有很好相关,为此第1、2模态可分别称为东部型、中部型ENSO的风场流场(异常)模态。东部型ENSO模态具有3～6年的年际变化和13～14年的年代际变化,中部型则有明显的7年年际变化和12、17年的年代际变化,两者中约13年的周期与冬季北太平洋NPGO(North Pacific Gyre Oscillation)的周期相同。东、中部型El Ni?o期间,沃克环流上升支分别从印尼东移至赤道西、中太平洋,并有所减弱;南、北支哈得莱环流则分别位于日界线以东及该线附近,且均有所加强,从而使南、北太平洋副热带高压偏强;而在5°S的南美沿岸则分别有垂直运动上升和下沉异常。在海气耦合上,两类ENSO模态在赤道中太平洋均存在西风异常与海洋赤道Kelvin波和Rossby波的波包解耦合,而海温动力异常对大气的影响则都起到负反馈作用,从而有利于ENSO的维持和稳定。
In this paper, combined complex Empirical Orthogonal Function(CEOF)analysis is applied to the atmospheric wind and ocean flow fields in January from 1950 to 2001 to understand the coupled ocean-atmosphere circulation associated with two types of El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)in January. The results are as follows. The first and second modes respectively correspond to the Eastern Pacific type of ENSO(EP-ENSO) and the Central Pacific type of ENSO(CP-ENSO). The former type of ENSO corresponds to sea surface temperature(SST) anomalies in the eastern and central equatorial Pacific, and the eastern anomaly is stronger; the latter corresponds to SST anomaly only in the central equatorial Pacific. Their time coefficients are closely related to ENSO. Thereby, they can be named as EPENSO mode and CP-ENSO mode regarding wind-current fields, respectively. The EP-ENSO mode has distinct interannual and interdecadal variations with periods of 3 to 6 and 13 to 14 years. The CP-ENSO mode has distinct interannual and interdecadal variations with periods of 7, 12 and 17 years. The 13-year period is similar to the NPGO(North Pacific Gyre Oscillation)period of winter climate mode in the North Pacific. During the Eastern and Central Pacific type of El Ni?o, the ascending branch of the Walker Circulation shifts eastward from Indonesia to the western or central equatorial Pacific, and the intensity weakens; the southern and northern branches of Hadley Circulation are respectively located to the east of and near the international date line, and the intensity enhances, which causes the subtropical high to become stronger; along the coast of South America near 5° S, there are anomalies of updraft and downdraft. For the two types of ENSO modes, westerly anomalies and wave packet solutions of Kelvin wave and Rossby wave are coupled near the central equatorial Pacific. Sea temperature kinetic anomaly has a negative feedback on the atmospheric circulation, which is favorable for the maintenance and stability of ENSO.
In this paper, combined complex Empirical Orthogonal Function(CEOF)analysis is applied to the atmospheric wind and ocean flow fields in January from 1950 to 2001 to understand the coupled ocean-atmosphere circulation associated with two types of El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)in January. The results are as follows. The first and second modes respectively correspond to the Eastern Pacific type of ENSO(EP-ENSO) and the Central Pacific type of ENSO(CP-ENSO). The former type of ENSO corresponds to sea surface temperature(SST) anomalies in the eastern and central equatorial Pacific, and the eastern anomaly is stronger; the latter corresponds to SST anomaly only in the central equatorial Pacific. Their time coefficients are closely related to ENSO. Thereby, they can be named as EPENSO mode and CP-ENSO mode regarding wind-current fields, respectively. The EP-ENSO mode has distinct interannual and interdecadal variations with periods of 3 to 6 and 13 to 14 years. The CP-ENSO mode has distinct interannual and interdecadal variations with periods of 7, 12 and 17 years. The 13-year period is similar to the NPGO(North Pacific Gyre Oscillation)period of winter climate mode in the North Pacific. During the Eastern and Central Pacific type of El Ni?o, the ascending branch of the Walker Circulation shifts eastward from Indonesia to the western or central equatorial Pacific, and the intensity weakens; the southern and northern branches of Hadley Circulation are respectively located to the east of and near the international date line, and the intensity enhances, which causes the subtropical high to become stronger; along the coast of South America near 5° S, there are anomalies of updraft and downdraft. For the two types of ENSO modes, westerly anomalies and wave packet solutions of Kelvin wave and Rossby wave are coupled near the central equatorial Pacific. Sea temperature kinetic anomaly has a negative feedback on the atmospheric circulation, which is favorable for the maintenance and stability of ENSO.
引文
Ashok K,Behera S K,Rao S A,et al.2007.El Ni?o Modoki and its possible teleconnection[J].J.Geophys.Res.,112(C11):C11007.doi:10.1029/2006JC003798
Bjerknes J.1966.A possible response of the atmospheric Hadley circulation to equatorial anomalies of ocean temperature[J].Tellus,18(4):820-829.doi:10.3402/tellusa.v18i4.9712
Bjerknes J.1969.Atmospheric teleconnections from the equatorial Pacific[J].Mon.Wea.Rev.,97(3):163-172.doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1969)097<0163:ATFTEP>2.3.CO;2
薄燕青,吴洪宝.2008.沃克环流的强度、位置及其对ENSO循环的影响[A]//中国气象学会2008年年会气候预测研究与预测方法分会场论文集[C].北京:气象出版社.Bo Yanqing,Wu Hongbao.2008.The strength and position of Walker circulation and its influence on ENSO cycle[A]//China Meteorological Society,2008Annual Conference Proceedings(Climate Prediction Research and Forecasting Method[C])(in Chinese).Beijing:China Meteorological Press.
Capotondi A,Wittenberg A T,Newman M,et al.2015.Understanding ENSO diversity[J].Bull.Amer.Meteor.Soc.,96(6):921-938.doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00117.1
陈永利,王凡,赵永平,等.2007.海温距平的ENSO模和类ENSO模的三维结构[J].海洋与湖沼,38(5):385-393.Chen Yongli,Wang Fan,Zhao Yongping,et al.2007.Three-dimensional structure of ENSO and ENSO-Like modes of sea temperature anomaly[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica(in Chinese),38(5):385-393.doi:10.3321/j.issn:0029-814x.2007.05.001
符淙斌,弗莱彻J.1985.“埃尔尼诺”(El Ni?o)时期赤道增暖的两种类型[J].科学通报,(8):596-599.Fu Congbin,Fletcher J.1985.Two types of equatorial warming at the time of El Ni?o[J].Chinese Science Bulletin(in Chinese),30(8):596-599
何珊珊,张文君,祁莉,等.2015.两类厄尔尼诺事件发展年秋季印度洋海温异常特征对比[J].气象学报,73(3):515-528.He Shanshan,Zhang Wenjun,Qi Li,et al.2015.Contrasting SSTanomalies over the Indian Ocean between the two types of El Ni?o events during boreal autumn[J].Acta Meteor.Sinica(in Chinese),73(3):515-528.doi:10.11676/qxxb2015.040
Hu C D,Yang S,Wu Q G,et al.2016.Reinspecting two types of El Ni?o:A new pair of Ni?o indices for improving real-time ENSOmonitoring[J].Climate Dyn.,47(12):4031-4049.doi:10.1007/s00382-016-3059-x
黄嘉佑.2000.气象统计分析与预报方法[M].第2版.北京:气象出版社,135-139.Huang Jiayou.2000.Statistic Analysis and Forecast Methods in Meteorology(in Chinese)[M].2nd ed.Beijing:China Meteorological Press,135-139.
Jeong H I,Ahn J B,Lee J Y,et al.2015.Interdecadal change of interannual variability and predictability of two types of ENSO[J].Climate Dyn.,44(3-4):1073-1091.doi:10.1007/s00382-014-2127-3
Kao H Y,Yu J Y.2009.Contrasting Eastern-Pacific and Central-Pacific types of ENSO[J].J.Climate,22(3):615-632.doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2309.1
Larkin N K,Harrison D E.2005.Global seasonal temperature and precipitation anomalies during El Ni?o autumn and winter[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,32(16):L16705.doi:10.1029/2005GL022860
李军.2007.角动量守恒对经圈环流建立和变异的影响[D].中国科学院大气物理研究所博士学位论文,114pp.Li Jun.2007.Influences of angular momentum conservation on the formation and variation of the mean meridional circulation[D].Ph.D.dissertation(in Chinese),Institute of Atmospheric Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,114pp
梁晓妮,俞永强,刘海龙.2008.ENSO循环年代际变化及其数值模拟[J].大气科学,32(6):1471-1482.Liang Xiaoni,Yu Yongqiang,Liu Hailong.2008.Numerical simulation of decadal modulation of ENSO[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),32(6):1471-1482.doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2008.06.20
Liang Y C,Lo M H,Yu J Y.2014.Asymmetric responses of land hydroclimatology to two types of El Ni?o in the Mississippi River basin[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,41(2):582-588.doi:10.1002/2013GL058828
North G R,Bell T L,Cahalan R F,et al.1982.Sampling errors in the estimation of empirical orthogonal functions[J].Mon.Wea.Rev.,110(7):699-706.doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1982)110<0699:SEITEO>2.0.CO;2
秦坚肇,王亚非.2014.构建描述两种ENSO类型的新指数[J].气象学报,72(3):526-541.Qin Jianzhao,Wang Yafei.2014.Construction of new indices for the two types of ENSO events[J].Acta Meteor.Sinica(in Chinese),72(3):526-541.doi:10.11676/qxxb2014.023
Tang T,Li W,Sun G.2015.Impact of two different types of El Ni?o events on runoff over the conterminous United States[J].Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions,12(9):8977-9002.doi:10.5194/hessd-12-8977-2015
Trenberth K E.1997.The definition of El Ni?o[J].Bull.Amer.Meteor.Soc.,78(12):2771-2778.doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<2771:TDOENO>2.0.CO;2
袁良,何金海.2013.两类ENSO对我国华南地区冬季降水的不同影响[J].干旱气象,31(1):24-31.Yuan Liang,He Jinhai.2013.Different impacts of two types of ENSO on winter rainfall over South China[J].Journal of Arid Meteorology(in Chinese),31(1):24-31.doi:10.11755/j.issn.1006-7639(2013)-01-0024
曾庆存.1974.大气红外遥测原理[M].北京:科学出版社,160-166.Zeng Qingcun.1974.The Theory of Atmospheric Infrared Remote Sense(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:Science Press,160-166
张东凌,曾庆存.2007.5月热带印度洋大气大洋耦合环流的统计动力分析[J].中国科学(D辑):地球科学,37(12):1693-1699.Zhang Dongling,Zeng Qingcun.2007.Dynamic statistic analysis of coupled circulation of atmosphere and ocean in tropical Indian Ocean on May[J].Science in China(Series D)(in Chinese),37(12):1693-1699,doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-7240.2007.12.015
张东凌,吕庆平,张立凤.2015.冬季北太平洋海气环流年代际异常的统计动力诊断[J].大气科学,39(4):692-704.Zhang Dongling,LüQingping,Zhang Lifeng.2015.Dynamical statistic analysis of decadal anomalies of air-sea circulation in the North Pacific during winter[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),39(4):692-704.doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1501.14132
Zhang D L,Zhu J,Lu X,et al.2019.Wave packet solutions in a bounded equatorial ocean and its interannual and decadal variability[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,38(03):45-59.doi:10.1007/s13131-019-1395-2
张立凤,吕庆平,张永垂.2011.北太平洋涡旋振荡研究进展[J].地球科学进展,26(11):1143-1149.Zhang Lifeng,LüQingping,Zhang Yongchui.2011.Advances in the study of North Pacific gyre oscillation[J].Advances in Earth Sciences(in Chinese),26(11):1143-1149.doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2011.11.1143
Zheleznova I V,Gushchina D Y.2015.The response of global atmospheric circulation to two types of El Ni?o[J].Russian Meteorology and Hydrology,40(3):170-179.doi:10.3103/S1068373915030036
Bjerknes J.1966.A possible response of the atmospheric Hadley circulation to equatorial anomalies of ocean temperature[J].Tellus,18(4):820-829.doi:10.3402/tellusa.v18i4.9712
Bjerknes J.1969.Atmospheric teleconnections from the equatorial Pacific[J].Mon.Wea.Rev.,97(3):163-172.doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1969)097<0163:ATFTEP>2.3.CO;2
薄燕青,吴洪宝.2008.沃克环流的强度、位置及其对ENSO循环的影响[A]//中国气象学会2008年年会气候预测研究与预测方法分会场论文集[C].北京:气象出版社.Bo Yanqing,Wu Hongbao.2008.The strength and position of Walker circulation and its influence on ENSO cycle[A]//China Meteorological Society,2008Annual Conference Proceedings(Climate Prediction Research and Forecasting Method[C])(in Chinese).Beijing:China Meteorological Press.
Capotondi A,Wittenberg A T,Newman M,et al.2015.Understanding ENSO diversity[J].Bull.Amer.Meteor.Soc.,96(6):921-938.doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00117.1
陈永利,王凡,赵永平,等.2007.海温距平的ENSO模和类ENSO模的三维结构[J].海洋与湖沼,38(5):385-393.Chen Yongli,Wang Fan,Zhao Yongping,et al.2007.Three-dimensional structure of ENSO and ENSO-Like modes of sea temperature anomaly[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica(in Chinese),38(5):385-393.doi:10.3321/j.issn:0029-814x.2007.05.001
符淙斌,弗莱彻J.1985.“埃尔尼诺”(El Ni?o)时期赤道增暖的两种类型[J].科学通报,(8):596-599.Fu Congbin,Fletcher J.1985.Two types of equatorial warming at the time of El Ni?o[J].Chinese Science Bulletin(in Chinese),30(8):596-599
何珊珊,张文君,祁莉,等.2015.两类厄尔尼诺事件发展年秋季印度洋海温异常特征对比[J].气象学报,73(3):515-528.He Shanshan,Zhang Wenjun,Qi Li,et al.2015.Contrasting SSTanomalies over the Indian Ocean between the two types of El Ni?o events during boreal autumn[J].Acta Meteor.Sinica(in Chinese),73(3):515-528.doi:10.11676/qxxb2015.040
Hu C D,Yang S,Wu Q G,et al.2016.Reinspecting two types of El Ni?o:A new pair of Ni?o indices for improving real-time ENSOmonitoring[J].Climate Dyn.,47(12):4031-4049.doi:10.1007/s00382-016-3059-x
黄嘉佑.2000.气象统计分析与预报方法[M].第2版.北京:气象出版社,135-139.Huang Jiayou.2000.Statistic Analysis and Forecast Methods in Meteorology(in Chinese)[M].2nd ed.Beijing:China Meteorological Press,135-139.
Jeong H I,Ahn J B,Lee J Y,et al.2015.Interdecadal change of interannual variability and predictability of two types of ENSO[J].Climate Dyn.,44(3-4):1073-1091.doi:10.1007/s00382-014-2127-3
Kao H Y,Yu J Y.2009.Contrasting Eastern-Pacific and Central-Pacific types of ENSO[J].J.Climate,22(3):615-632.doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2309.1
Larkin N K,Harrison D E.2005.Global seasonal temperature and precipitation anomalies during El Ni?o autumn and winter[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,32(16):L16705.doi:10.1029/2005GL022860
李军.2007.角动量守恒对经圈环流建立和变异的影响[D].中国科学院大气物理研究所博士学位论文,114pp.Li Jun.2007.Influences of angular momentum conservation on the formation and variation of the mean meridional circulation[D].Ph.D.dissertation(in Chinese),Institute of Atmospheric Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,114pp
梁晓妮,俞永强,刘海龙.2008.ENSO循环年代际变化及其数值模拟[J].大气科学,32(6):1471-1482.Liang Xiaoni,Yu Yongqiang,Liu Hailong.2008.Numerical simulation of decadal modulation of ENSO[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),32(6):1471-1482.doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2008.06.20
Liang Y C,Lo M H,Yu J Y.2014.Asymmetric responses of land hydroclimatology to two types of El Ni?o in the Mississippi River basin[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,41(2):582-588.doi:10.1002/2013GL058828
North G R,Bell T L,Cahalan R F,et al.1982.Sampling errors in the estimation of empirical orthogonal functions[J].Mon.Wea.Rev.,110(7):699-706.doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1982)110<0699:SEITEO>2.0.CO;2
秦坚肇,王亚非.2014.构建描述两种ENSO类型的新指数[J].气象学报,72(3):526-541.Qin Jianzhao,Wang Yafei.2014.Construction of new indices for the two types of ENSO events[J].Acta Meteor.Sinica(in Chinese),72(3):526-541.doi:10.11676/qxxb2014.023
Tang T,Li W,Sun G.2015.Impact of two different types of El Ni?o events on runoff over the conterminous United States[J].Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions,12(9):8977-9002.doi:10.5194/hessd-12-8977-2015
Trenberth K E.1997.The definition of El Ni?o[J].Bull.Amer.Meteor.Soc.,78(12):2771-2778.doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<2771:TDOENO>2.0.CO;2
袁良,何金海.2013.两类ENSO对我国华南地区冬季降水的不同影响[J].干旱气象,31(1):24-31.Yuan Liang,He Jinhai.2013.Different impacts of two types of ENSO on winter rainfall over South China[J].Journal of Arid Meteorology(in Chinese),31(1):24-31.doi:10.11755/j.issn.1006-7639(2013)-01-0024
曾庆存.1974.大气红外遥测原理[M].北京:科学出版社,160-166.Zeng Qingcun.1974.The Theory of Atmospheric Infrared Remote Sense(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:Science Press,160-166
张东凌,曾庆存.2007.5月热带印度洋大气大洋耦合环流的统计动力分析[J].中国科学(D辑):地球科学,37(12):1693-1699.Zhang Dongling,Zeng Qingcun.2007.Dynamic statistic analysis of coupled circulation of atmosphere and ocean in tropical Indian Ocean on May[J].Science in China(Series D)(in Chinese),37(12):1693-1699,doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-7240.2007.12.015
张东凌,吕庆平,张立凤.2015.冬季北太平洋海气环流年代际异常的统计动力诊断[J].大气科学,39(4):692-704.Zhang Dongling,LüQingping,Zhang Lifeng.2015.Dynamical statistic analysis of decadal anomalies of air-sea circulation in the North Pacific during winter[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),39(4):692-704.doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1501.14132
Zhang D L,Zhu J,Lu X,et al.2019.Wave packet solutions in a bounded equatorial ocean and its interannual and decadal variability[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,38(03):45-59.doi:10.1007/s13131-019-1395-2
张立凤,吕庆平,张永垂.2011.北太平洋涡旋振荡研究进展[J].地球科学进展,26(11):1143-1149.Zhang Lifeng,LüQingping,Zhang Yongchui.2011.Advances in the study of North Pacific gyre oscillation[J].Advances in Earth Sciences(in Chinese),26(11):1143-1149.doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2011.11.1143
Zheleznova I V,Gushchina D Y.2015.The response of global atmospheric circulation to two types of El Ni?o[J].Russian Meteorology and Hydrology,40(3):170-179.doi:10.3103/S1068373915030036