基于涡度相关法的麦田O_3干沉降及不同沉降通道分配的特征
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摘要
近地层高浓度臭氧(O_3)会给植物的生长发育带来严重的负效应,而O_3本身难溶于水,主要通过干沉降方式沉降到陆地生态系统。该研究采用涡度相关法对冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)田主要生育期的O_3干沉降过程进行了观测,利用边界线技术和线性相关法分别分析了O_3干沉降速率最大值(Vdmax)和太阳辐射(SR)、温度(T)、相对湿度(RH)及O_3干沉降速率(Vd)和摩擦速度(u*)的关系,并运用彭曼公式结合总初级生产力(GPP)估算不同O_3沉降通道的分配比例。研究结果表明:(1)观测期间30 min平均O_3浓度(CO_3)、O_3干沉降通量(FO_3)、Vd分别为32.9 n L·L–1、–5.09 nmol·m–2·s–1、0.39 cm·s–1,CO_3、FO_3、Vd的变化范围分别为16–58 n L·L–1、–2.9––11.7 nmol·m–2·s–1、0.17–0.63 cm·s–1,其中FO_3和CO_3、Vd的关系并不是同步的。(2)初步推断出较强光照(SR≥400 W·m–2)、适宜的温度(T=18℃)以及较为湿润(RH>40%)的环境条件比较有利于O_3干沉降过程。其中Vdmax与SR呈增长关系(y=1.06–exp(–0.0094–x)),SR<400 W·m–2时Vdmax随SR的增大而增大,并在SR=400 W·m–2左右达到最大值,当SR≥400 W·m–2时Vdmax持续维持在最大值;Vdmax与T呈"钟形"曲线关系(y=1.06–(x–18)2/169),当T=18℃时Vdmax达到最大;当RH<40%时Vdmax呈下降趋势(y=0.030x–0.106);当相对湿度较高时,白天的Vd随RH下降有下降趋势,而夜间的Vd随RH增加而上升,因此Vd可能随RH增大而增大,也可能随RH增大而减小。u*与Vd存在一定的线性正相关关系,但相关并不显著。(3)整个观测期平均气孔O_3沉降通道和非气孔O_3沉降通道占总O_3干沉降通量的分配比例分别是32%和68%;白天通过气孔O_3沉降通道和非气孔O_3沉降通道所沉降的O_3通量平均占总O_3干沉降通量的比例分别是42%和58%,其中叶面积指数和降雨均会影响气孔O_3沉降。
Aims Anthropogenic pollutants cause an increase in ground-level ozone concentration, which is a known threat to plant growth and yield and has been extensively observed worldwide. Since ozone is only slightly soluble in water, it is deposited mainly through dry deposition in terrestrial ecosystem. The object of this study was to analyze the characteristics of ozone dry deposition and to estimate the contribution of stomatal and non-stomatal ozone deposition pathways to total ozone deposition in a winter wheat field. Methods The research site was a winter wheat(Triticum aestivum) field located in Yongfeng experimental station of Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology. The data used in this study were collected from March 16, 2016 to May 30, 2016. We observed ozone dry deposition with an eddy-covariance system. This system mainly included a 3D sonic anemometer, an open-path infrared absorption spectrometer, a fast-response ozone chemiluminescent analyzer and a slow-response ozone monitor. We simultaneously measured meteorological dataincluding solar radiation(SR), air temperature(T), air relativity humidity(RH), wind speed, net radiation, and rainfall. All raw data were recorded with data-logger and averaged every 30 min. Important findings Half hourly means of ozone concentrations(C_(O_3)), ozone flux(F_(O_3)) and ozone dry deposition velocity(V–1d) in the winter wheat field were 32.9 n L·L, –5.09 nmol·m~(–2)·s~(–1), 0.39 cm·s–1, and the ranges of them were 16–58 nL ·L–1, –2.9– –11.7 nmol·m~(–2)·s~(–1), 0.17–0.63 cm·s–1, respectively. FO3 and CO3/Vd were found to be mismatched with phase peaks occurring at different time intervals. The ecosystem was more effective on ozone dry deposition, under conditions of moderate to high SR(SR ≥ 400 W·m~(–2)), moderate T and humility(T = 18 °C and RH > 40%). The relationship between Vdmax and SR was this function(y = 1.06 –exp(–0.0094 – x)). Vdmax increased with SR When SR < 400 W·m~(–2), and Vdmax reached its maximum when SR =400 W·m~(–2). Vdmax maintained its maximum when SR ≥ 400 W·m~(–2). The relationship between Vdmax and T was "bell" curve(y = 1.06 –(x – 18)2/169). Vdmax reached its maximum when T = 18 °C. Vdmax decreased with RH when RH < 40 %(y = 0.030 x – 0.106). The variation of Vd might uncertainty when RH was high. There was a liner positive relationship between friction velocity(u*) and Vd, but this relationship was not significant. The mean day-to-day and daytime contributions of stomatal and non-stomatal ozone deposition pathway to total ozone deposition were 32%, 68% and 42%, 58%, respectively, during the whole experimental period.
Aims Anthropogenic pollutants cause an increase in ground-level ozone concentration, which is a known threat to plant growth and yield and has been extensively observed worldwide. Since ozone is only slightly soluble in water, it is deposited mainly through dry deposition in terrestrial ecosystem. The object of this study was to analyze the characteristics of ozone dry deposition and to estimate the contribution of stomatal and non-stomatal ozone deposition pathways to total ozone deposition in a winter wheat field. Methods The research site was a winter wheat(Triticum aestivum) field located in Yongfeng experimental station of Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology. The data used in this study were collected from March 16, 2016 to May 30, 2016. We observed ozone dry deposition with an eddy-covariance system. This system mainly included a 3D sonic anemometer, an open-path infrared absorption spectrometer, a fast-response ozone chemiluminescent analyzer and a slow-response ozone monitor. We simultaneously measured meteorological dataincluding solar radiation(SR), air temperature(T), air relativity humidity(RH), wind speed, net radiation, and rainfall. All raw data were recorded with data-logger and averaged every 30 min. Important findings Half hourly means of ozone concentrations(C_(O_3)), ozone flux(F_(O_3)) and ozone dry deposition velocity(V–1d) in the winter wheat field were 32.9 n L·L, –5.09 nmol·m~(–2)·s~(–1), 0.39 cm·s–1, and the ranges of them were 16–58 nL ·L–1, –2.9– –11.7 nmol·m~(–2)·s~(–1), 0.17–0.63 cm·s–1, respectively. FO3 and CO3/Vd were found to be mismatched with phase peaks occurring at different time intervals. The ecosystem was more effective on ozone dry deposition, under conditions of moderate to high SR(SR ≥ 400 W·m~(–2)), moderate T and humility(T = 18 °C and RH > 40%). The relationship between Vdmax and SR was this function(y = 1.06 –exp(–0.0094 – x)). Vdmax increased with SR When SR < 400 W·m~(–2), and Vdmax reached its maximum when SR =400 W·m~(–2). Vdmax maintained its maximum when SR ≥ 400 W·m~(–2). The relationship between Vdmax and T was "bell" curve(y = 1.06 –(x – 18)2/169). Vdmax reached its maximum when T = 18 °C. Vdmax decreased with RH when RH < 40 %(y = 0.030 x – 0.106). The variation of Vd might uncertainty when RH was high. There was a liner positive relationship between friction velocity(u*) and Vd, but this relationship was not significant. The mean day-to-day and daytime contributions of stomatal and non-stomatal ozone deposition pathway to total ozone deposition were 32%, 68% and 42%, 58%, respectively, during the whole experimental period.
引文
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