干湖盆湖滨带不同类型盐土粒度特征分析
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摘要
盐土风蚀是干旱区盐尘释放的主要过程,土壤粒度特征是影响地表风蚀速率的重要因素.通过对干湖盆湖滨带表层分布的普通盐土、蓬松盐霜盐土、结壳盐土、结皮盐土4种类型表层(0~5cm)的粒度组成、粒径分布特征进行分析,探讨不同类型盐土地表的风蚀潜力.结果表明:4种盐土的土壤黏粒体积分数均较低,以粉粒、极细砂、细砂为主,其中结皮盐土的粉粒体积分数最高,蓬松盐霜盐土最低;土壤平均粒径由大到小依次为蓬松盐霜盐土、结壳盐土、普通盐土、结皮盐土;分选性均较差;偏度分别为近于对称、正偏、近于对称和负偏;峰度分别属于中等、中等、宽平和尖窄.虽然盐分结晶胶结作用能够在一定程度上增强地表的抗风蚀能力,但受区域常年大风气象条件影响,地表盐土仍存在较强的风蚀潜力,因此干湖盆湖滨带地表作为盐碱尘暴的潜在风蚀源地需要引起更多的关注.
Solonchak is the main source of salt dust in arid areas,and soil grain size is an important factor affecting erosion.Four solonchak types(meadow solonchak,puffy solonchak,shell solonchak and crustal solonchak)were sampled from playas and grain size was analyzed to correlate their erosion potential.The 4 types of solonchak were found to be mainly composed of silt(crustal solonchak had the highest silt content,puffy solonchak the lowest),coarse sand,fine sand,and clay(with extremely low content).Mean soil grain size had the following order:puffy solonchak>shell solonchak>meadow solonchak>crustal solonchak.The 4 types of solonchak all showed poor sortability.The skewness was found to be nearly symmetrical,positive skewness,nearly symmetrical and negative skewness for meadow solonchak,puffy solonchak,shell solonchak and crustal solonchak,respectively.Correspondingly,the kurtosis of the 4 solonchaks was medium,medium,wide flat and narrow respectively.Although the ability to resist wind erosion of soil surface can be enhanced by salt crystallization and cementation,solonchaks still have erosion potential due to year-round strong wind.It is therefore necessary to pay more attention to playas as potential source of wind erosion.
Solonchak is the main source of salt dust in arid areas,and soil grain size is an important factor affecting erosion.Four solonchak types(meadow solonchak,puffy solonchak,shell solonchak and crustal solonchak)were sampled from playas and grain size was analyzed to correlate their erosion potential.The 4 types of solonchak were found to be mainly composed of silt(crustal solonchak had the highest silt content,puffy solonchak the lowest),coarse sand,fine sand,and clay(with extremely low content).Mean soil grain size had the following order:puffy solonchak>shell solonchak>meadow solonchak>crustal solonchak.The 4 types of solonchak all showed poor sortability.The skewness was found to be nearly symmetrical,positive skewness,nearly symmetrical and negative skewness for meadow solonchak,puffy solonchak,shell solonchak and crustal solonchak,respectively.Correspondingly,the kurtosis of the 4 solonchaks was medium,medium,wide flat and narrow respectively.Although the ability to resist wind erosion of soil surface can be enhanced by salt crystallization and cementation,solonchaks still have erosion potential due to year-round strong wind.It is therefore necessary to pay more attention to playas as potential source of wind erosion.
引文
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[27]张余,张克存,安志山,等.敦煌沙漠绿洲过渡带地表沉积物粒度特征及沉积环境[J].水土保持通报,2017,37(4):69
[28]春梅.基于GIS和RS的锡林郭勒盟风沙灾害综合评价研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古师范大学,2013
[29]王遵亲.中国盐渍土[M].北京:科学出版社,1993
[30]成都地质学院陕北队.沉积岩(物)粒度分析及其应用[M].北京:地质出版社,1978
[31]FOLK R L,WARD W C.Brazos River bar[Texas];a study in the significance of grain size parameters[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,1957,27(1):3
[32]殷志强,秦小光,吴金水,等.湖泊沉积物粒度多组分特征及其成因机制研究[J].第四纪研究,2008,28(2):345
[33]肖舜,陈发虎,强明瑞,等.青海苏干湖表层沉积物粒度分布模式与大气粉尘记录[J].地理学报,2007,62(11):1153
[34]郭晓阳,王维,王国良,等.季风边缘区湖泊表层沉积物粒度组分分布特征与影响因素[J].地理研究,2016,35(4):677
[35]刘晓清,王亚萍,张振文,等.陕西红碱淖湖底表层沉积物粒度特征[J].地球环境学报,2013(4):1371
[36]李耀辉.近年来我国沙尘暴研究的新进展[J].中国沙漠,2004,24(5):616
[37]ASHLEY G M.Interpretation of polymodal sediments[J].Journal of Geology,1978,86(4):411
[38]韩同林,林景星,王永,等.京津地区“沙尘暴”的性质和治理:以北京2006年4月16日的尘暴为例[J].地质通报,2007,26(2):117
[39]ZHANG X Y,ZHUANG G S,HUI Y,et al.Aerosol particles from dried salt-lakes and saline soils carried on dust storms over Beijing[J].Terrestrial Atmospheric&Oceanic Sciences,2009,20(4):619
[40]刘艳菊,韩同林,庞健峰,等.北京地区盐碱尘暴粉尘物质的主要来源[J].地质通报,2010,29(5):713
[41]辛志远,刘志刚,郝艳霞,等.锡林郭勒盟风能资源分析与评估[J].内蒙古科技与经济,2014(18):56
[2]郑喜玉.中国盐湖志[M].北京:科学出版社,2002
[3]王树基.近四十年来人类活动对我国干旱区湖泊的影响[J].干旱区地理,1989,12(1):1
[4]秦大河.中国西部环境演变评估:中国西部环境特征及其演变[M].北京:科学出版社,2002
[5]胡汝骥,姜逢清,王亚俊,等.亚洲中部干旱区的湖泊[J].干旱区研究,2005,22(4):424
[6]TAO S,FANG J,ZHAO X,et al.Rapid loss of lakes on the Mongolian Plateau[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2015,112(7):2281
[7]吉力力·阿不都外力.干旱区湖泊与盐尘暴[M].北京:中国环境出版社,2012
[8]吉力力·阿不都外力,刘东伟,徐俊荣.艾比湖干涸湖底不同地表类型风蚀强度及粉尘输移通量的风洞试验研究[J].中国沙漠,2009,29(1):63
[9]王富葆,马春梅,夏训诚,等.罗布泊地区自然环境演变及其对全球变化的响应[J].第四纪研究,2008,28(1):150
[10]宝力道,杨胜利,图力古尔,等.湖泊干涸引起的湿地土壤理化性质对比研究:以阿尔舒特干涸湖床为例[J].草原与草业,2011(4):41
[11]岳乐平,杨利荣,李智佩,等.阿拉善高原干涸湖床沉积物与华北地区沙尘暴[J].第四纪研究,2004,24(3):311
[12]NANSON G C,CALLEN R A,PRICE D M.Hydroclimatic interpretation of Quaternary shorelines on South Australian playas[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,1998,144(3/4):281
[13]秦伯强.近百年来亚洲中部内陆湖泊演变及其原因分析[J].湖泊科学,1999,11(1):11
[14]王亚俊,孙占东.中国干旱区的湖泊[J].干旱区研究,2007,24(4):422
[15]张语克.半干旱草原区近40年来湖泊面积变化及干涸的原因[D].北京:北京大学,2010
[16]张德二,王坚红,张小曳.1990年北京降尘事件的天气动力条件及其化学元素特征[J].第四纪研究,1991,11(3):204
[17]CAHILL T A,GILL T E,REID J S,et al.Saltating particles,playa crusts and dust aerosols at Owens(dry)Lake,California[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,1996,21(7):621
[18]张兴赢,庄国顺,袁蕙.北京沙尘暴的干盐湖盐渍土源:单颗粒物分析和XPS表面结构分析[J].中国环境科学,2004,24(5):533
[19]陈兵.松嫩平原西部碱尘暴研究[D].吉林:吉林大学,2005
[20]LORENZ R D,JACKSON B K.Dust devils and dustless vortices on a desert playa observed with surface pressure and solar flux logging[J].GeoResJ,2015,5:1
[21]ARGAMAN E,SINGER A,TSOAR H.Erodibility of some crust forming soils/sediments from the Southern Aral Sea Basin as determined in a wind tunnel[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,2006,31(1):47
[22]董治宝,李振山.风成沙粒度特征对其风蚀可蚀性的影响[J].水土保持学报,1998,4(4):1
[23]刘连友,王建华,李小雁,等.耕作土壤可蚀性颗粒的风洞模拟测定[J]科学通报,1998,43(15):1663
[24]李占宏,海春兴,刘广通.内蒙古沙漠化土地中不同土地类型土壤表面可蚀性颗粒对比研究[J].水土保持研究,2008,15(1):267
[25]张瑞军,何清,孔丹,等.塔克拉玛干沙漠北缘沙尘暴源区地表沉积物粒度特征[J].干旱区研究,2008,25(6):887
[26]王仁德,常春平,彭帅,等.基于粒度对比法的坝上农田风蚀与粉尘释放量估算[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(21):108
[27]张余,张克存,安志山,等.敦煌沙漠绿洲过渡带地表沉积物粒度特征及沉积环境[J].水土保持通报,2017,37(4):69
[28]春梅.基于GIS和RS的锡林郭勒盟风沙灾害综合评价研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古师范大学,2013
[29]王遵亲.中国盐渍土[M].北京:科学出版社,1993
[30]成都地质学院陕北队.沉积岩(物)粒度分析及其应用[M].北京:地质出版社,1978
[31]FOLK R L,WARD W C.Brazos River bar[Texas];a study in the significance of grain size parameters[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,1957,27(1):3
[32]殷志强,秦小光,吴金水,等.湖泊沉积物粒度多组分特征及其成因机制研究[J].第四纪研究,2008,28(2):345
[33]肖舜,陈发虎,强明瑞,等.青海苏干湖表层沉积物粒度分布模式与大气粉尘记录[J].地理学报,2007,62(11):1153
[34]郭晓阳,王维,王国良,等.季风边缘区湖泊表层沉积物粒度组分分布特征与影响因素[J].地理研究,2016,35(4):677
[35]刘晓清,王亚萍,张振文,等.陕西红碱淖湖底表层沉积物粒度特征[J].地球环境学报,2013(4):1371
[36]李耀辉.近年来我国沙尘暴研究的新进展[J].中国沙漠,2004,24(5):616
[37]ASHLEY G M.Interpretation of polymodal sediments[J].Journal of Geology,1978,86(4):411
[38]韩同林,林景星,王永,等.京津地区“沙尘暴”的性质和治理:以北京2006年4月16日的尘暴为例[J].地质通报,2007,26(2):117
[39]ZHANG X Y,ZHUANG G S,HUI Y,et al.Aerosol particles from dried salt-lakes and saline soils carried on dust storms over Beijing[J].Terrestrial Atmospheric&Oceanic Sciences,2009,20(4):619
[40]刘艳菊,韩同林,庞健峰,等.北京地区盐碱尘暴粉尘物质的主要来源[J].地质通报,2010,29(5):713
[41]辛志远,刘志刚,郝艳霞,等.锡林郭勒盟风能资源分析与评估[J].内蒙古科技与经济,2014(18):56