中国葡萄气候区划Ⅱ:酿酒葡萄品种区域化
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摘要
葡萄酒的品质主要取决于葡萄(Vitis vinifera L.)品种,而一定的品种只有在与之相适应的生态条件下种植才能发挥出其潜力.本研究以中国2294个气象站点1982~2011年30年平均气象数据和中国全境90 m分辨率数字高程模型数据为基础,在ArcGIS平台支持下,建立了无霜期和活动积温的多元逐步回归模型.并分别以普通克里金法和反距离权重法对无霜期和活动积温空间回归残差进行插值,将模拟值栅格图层和残差值栅格图层叠加,分别得到无霜期、活动积温栅格图层;以普通克里金法对干燥度进行空间内插得到干燥度栅格图层.在此基础上绘制了高精度的中国酿酒葡萄气候区划图和品种区域化图,将酿酒葡萄适宜栽培划分为4区12亚区,对各亚区气候特点和分布范围进行了描述,并根据不同熟性葡萄品种对活动积温需求的不同对各亚区进一步划分,分别绘制了12亚区的酿酒葡萄品种区域化图.研究结果显示,中国酿酒葡萄栽培区类型多样,在不考虑土壤等其他因素的情况下,中国酿酒葡萄适宜区类型多达36种.本研究结果具有高分辨率,对不同葡萄产区的栽培品种建议更有针对性,对全国各地葡萄种植品种的选择及相关产业发展有着重要的指导意义.
The quality of grape wine depends on grape varieties, and a certain variety only plays its potential when cultivating in the adaptable ecological conditions. With the improvement of living standards, people's demand for wine quality is also getting higher and higher, the grape and wine industry in China developed rapidly, therefore, the precision of the wine grape varieties regionalization must be improved to meet the requirements. In the past, the climatic regionalization studies used meteorological data of only a few hundred or even dozens of stations. This study based on the meteorological data of 2294 stations in 30 years(from 1982 to 2011) and the digital elevation model(DEM) data with the resolution of 3″(90 meter) in China, under the support of ArcG IS platform, to establish the multivariate stepwise regression model of the frost-free period and active accumulated temperature. The ordinary kriging and inverse distance weighting methods were adopted to make interpolation of the spatial regression residual error of the frost-free period and the active accumulated temperature, the simulated values of the raster layer and the residual value of the raster layer are overlaid to obtain the raster layers of frost-free period and active accumulated temperature; the ordinary kriging was chosen for the spatial interpolation of dryness index to obtain the raster layers of dryness index. At the same time, combined with the special climate characteristics of southwest and northeast of China, we introduced active accumulated temperature and annual extreme low temperature as the auxiliary index to exclude the areas where were too cold for the wine grapes to pass the winter, which improved the accuracy of this research greatly. The climatic regionalization map and varieties regionalization map of grape in China with high accuracy were produced on this basis. The suitable cultivation area for grape in China was divided into 4 districts and 12 sub-districts, and the sub regions are further divided according to the different active accumulated temperature of different maturity grape varieties, then the wine grape variety regionalization map of 12 sub-districts were also produced and described according to the climatic characteristics and distribution range of each sub-district. Suggestions on the introduction and cultivation of grape varieties in different areas were also given. The regionalization results show that the types of wine grape cultivation areas in China are various; the types of Chinese wine grape suitable areas are up to 36 species without considering other factors such as soil conditions. The characteristics of different regions are distinctive, and there will be more types under further precise divisions according to soil conditions and other factors. It is inevitably that China has the potential to become the most diversified wine producing country in the world. The majority of research scholars need to make a concerted effort to dig out the potential value and play the unique advantage of each region. The regionalization map of this study have a high resolution, the recommendations of planting varieties in different grape growing regions are more targeted. It has a certain reference value in the selection of grape varieties in different areas and the relevant industrial policy making.
The quality of grape wine depends on grape varieties, and a certain variety only plays its potential when cultivating in the adaptable ecological conditions. With the improvement of living standards, people's demand for wine quality is also getting higher and higher, the grape and wine industry in China developed rapidly, therefore, the precision of the wine grape varieties regionalization must be improved to meet the requirements. In the past, the climatic regionalization studies used meteorological data of only a few hundred or even dozens of stations. This study based on the meteorological data of 2294 stations in 30 years(from 1982 to 2011) and the digital elevation model(DEM) data with the resolution of 3″(90 meter) in China, under the support of ArcG IS platform, to establish the multivariate stepwise regression model of the frost-free period and active accumulated temperature. The ordinary kriging and inverse distance weighting methods were adopted to make interpolation of the spatial regression residual error of the frost-free period and the active accumulated temperature, the simulated values of the raster layer and the residual value of the raster layer are overlaid to obtain the raster layers of frost-free period and active accumulated temperature; the ordinary kriging was chosen for the spatial interpolation of dryness index to obtain the raster layers of dryness index. At the same time, combined with the special climate characteristics of southwest and northeast of China, we introduced active accumulated temperature and annual extreme low temperature as the auxiliary index to exclude the areas where were too cold for the wine grapes to pass the winter, which improved the accuracy of this research greatly. The climatic regionalization map and varieties regionalization map of grape in China with high accuracy were produced on this basis. The suitable cultivation area for grape in China was divided into 4 districts and 12 sub-districts, and the sub regions are further divided according to the different active accumulated temperature of different maturity grape varieties, then the wine grape variety regionalization map of 12 sub-districts were also produced and described according to the climatic characteristics and distribution range of each sub-district. Suggestions on the introduction and cultivation of grape varieties in different areas were also given. The regionalization results show that the types of wine grape cultivation areas in China are various; the types of Chinese wine grape suitable areas are up to 36 species without considering other factors such as soil conditions. The characteristics of different regions are distinctive, and there will be more types under further precise divisions according to soil conditions and other factors. It is inevitably that China has the potential to become the most diversified wine producing country in the world. The majority of research scholars need to make a concerted effort to dig out the potential value and play the unique advantage of each region. The regionalization map of this study have a high resolution, the recommendations of planting varieties in different grape growing regions are more targeted. It has a certain reference value in the selection of grape varieties in different areas and the relevant industrial policy making.
引文
1 Xiu D R,Zhou R S,Chao W J,et al.Analysis and selection of base varieties of climate regionalization index for dry red Wine(in Chinese).Vitic Wine Making,1997,3:22-26[修德仁,周润生,晁无疾,等.干红葡萄酒用品种气候区域化指标分析及基地选择.葡萄栽培与酿酒,1997,3:22-26]
2 Luo G G.Discussions on the climate section target of grapes(in Chinese).J Hebei For Sci Tech,2004,5:61-63[罗国光.关于葡萄气候区划指标问题的探讨.河北林业科技,2004,5:61-63]
3 Song R G,Lu W P,Wang J,et al.Study on regionalization of wine wild grape variety(in Chinese).Sino-overeseas Grapev Wine,1999,2:14-18[宋润刚,路文鹏,王军,等.酿酒山葡萄品种区域化的研究.中外葡萄与葡萄酒,1999,2:14-18]
4 Zhang Z W,Liu Y L,Xi Z M.Climatic regionalization of grape and wine(in Chinese).Shaanxi Agr Sci,2002,5:7-10[张振文,刘延琳,惠竹梅.葡萄与葡萄酒种气候区域化.陕西农业科学,2002,5:7-10]
5 Li H,Huo X S.Atmospheric moisture content index in climatic zoning of grapevine cultivation in China(in Chinese).Chin J Ecol,2006,9:1124-1128[李华,火兴三.中国酿酒葡萄气候区划的水分指标.生态学杂志,2006,9:1124-1128]
6 Li H,Huo X S.Study of the zoning thermal indexes of the grapevine(in Chinese).J Northwest Sci-tech Univ Agr For(Nat Sci Edit),2006,12:69-73[李华,火兴三.酿酒葡萄区划热量指标的研究.西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2006,12:69-73]
7 Li H Y,Zhang X Y,Wang J,et al.Ecological regionalization for Merlot in Northern China(in Chinese).Sino-Overseas Grapev Wine,2014,5:22-26[李红英,张晓煜,王静,等.中国北方酿酒葡萄美乐优质生态区划研究.中外葡萄与葡萄酒,2014,5:22-26]
8 Li H Y,Zhang X Y,Han Y J,et al.Ecological regionalization for dry red wine grape varieties based on GIS in northern China(in Chinese).Chin J Ecol,2014,11:3081-3087[李红英,张晓煜,韩颖娟,等.基于GIS的中国北方干红酒用葡萄品种生态区划.生态学杂志,2014,11:3081-3087]
9 Zhang X Y,Liu J,Zhang Y H,et al.Climatic regionalization of wine-grape in North China(in Chinese).Arid Land Geogr,2008,5:707-712[张晓煜,刘静,张亚红,等.中国北方酿酒葡萄气候适宜性区划.干旱区地理,2008,5:707-712]
10 Zhang Y L,Shao Z X.Review on the regional cultivation of grape in Yunnan Province(in Chinese).Anhui Agr Sci Bull,2012,21:109-111[张艳丽,邵则夏.论云南葡萄区域化栽培.安徽农学通报,2012,21:109-111]
11 Huo X S.Study of the zoning thermal indexes of the grapevine and viticulture zoning in China(in Chinese).Master Dissertation.Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2006.56-58[火兴三.中国酿酒葡萄气候区划指标体系及区域化研究.硕士学位论文.杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2006.56-58]
12 Cai F,Yu G R,Zhu Q L,et al.Comparison of precisions between spatial methods of climatic factors:A case study on mean air temperature(in Chinese).Resour Sci,2005,5:173-179[蔡福,于贵瑞,祝青林,等.气象要素空间化方法精度的比较研究-以平均气温为例.资源科学,2005,5:173-179]
13 Ye J X.Spatial information research for temperature and precipitation climate data in the Hengduan Mountains(in Chinese).J Anhui Agr Sci,2011,19:11767-11770[叶江霞.横断山区温度及降雨气候资料空间信息化研究.安徽农业科学,2011,19:11767-11770]
14 Shi S Q,Chen Y Q,Li Z G,et al.Study on land productivity potential of maize in Jilin Province based on spatial interpolation technique and auxiliary information(in Chinese).Agr Res Arid Areas,2011,4:408-414[石淑芹,陈佑启,李正国,等.基于空间插值分析的指标空间化及吉林省玉米种植区划研究.地理科学,2011,4:408-414]
15 Wang X,LüJ K,Liu H B,et al.A detailed simulation study on GIS-based agricultural climate resources spatial distribution in Chongqing(in Chinese).Chin Agr Sci Bull,2009,14:256-262[汪璇,吕家恪,刘洪斌,等.基于GIS的重庆农业气候资源空间分布精细模拟研究.中国农学通报,2009,14:256-262]
16 Liu Y,Zou S B.A study on the distributing climatic models in arid mountainous area-distributing temperature and precipitation models in high spatial resolution in the Qilian Mountains(in Chinese).J Lanzhou Univ,2006,1:7-12[刘勇,邹松兵.祁连山地区高分辨率气温降水量分布模型.兰州大学学报,2006,1:7-12]
17 Li X,Cheng G D,Lu L.Comparison of spatial interpolation methods(in Chinese).Adv Earth Sci,2000,3:260-265[李新,程国栋,卢玲.空间内插方法比较.地球科学进展,2000,3:260-265]
18 Fang S M,Qian Z T,Li Y P.Comparison of four precipatation spatial interpolation methods in Gansu(in Chinese).J Arid Land Resour Environ,2005,3:47-50[方书敏,钱正堂,李远平.甘肃省降水的空间内插方法比较.干旱区资源与环境,2005,3:47-50]
19 Wang J L,Sun J S,Zhou Z H,et al.A method for evaluation crop water requirements based on digital elevation model(DEM)(in Chinese).J Irrig Drain,2005,5:36-38[王景雷,孙景生,周祖昊,等.基于DEM的作物需水量估算方法.灌溉排水学报,2005,5:36-38]
20 Zhu H Z,Luo T X,Daly C.Validation of simulated grid data sets of China’s temperature and precipitation with high spatial resolution(in Chinese).Geogr Res,2003,3:349-359[朱华忠,罗天祥,Daly C.中国高分辨率温度和降水模拟数据的验证.地理研究,2003,3:349-359]
21 Yuan X,Li E Y.Spatial variability of crop water requirement(in Chinese).J Hydraul Eng,1990,2:33-37[袁新,李恩羊.参照作物需水量的空间变异性.水利学报,1990,2:33-37]
22 He P C.Viticulture(in Chinese).Beijing:China Agriculture Press,1999.358-383[贺普超.葡萄学.北京:中国农业出版社,1999.358-383]
23 Peng D H,Peng X F.Relationship between grape quality and wine quality(in Chinese).Vitic Wine Making,1994,3:1-5[彭德华,彭学锋.论葡萄品质与葡萄酒质量的关系.葡萄栽培与酿酒,1994,3:1-5]
24 Huang H B.A preliminary analysis on the climatic region of grape in North China(in Chinese).J Beijing Agr Univ,1980,2:43-51[黄辉白.我国北方葡萄气候区域的初步分析.北京农业大学学报,1980,2:43-51]
25 Luo G G.Some problems on the development of wine grape in China(in Chinese).Vitic Wine Making,1998,2:36-40[罗国光.关于我国发展酿酒葡萄的几个问题.葡萄栽培与酿酒,1998,2:36-40]
26 Ding Y H.Climate of China(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press,2013.393-402[丁一汇.中国气候.北京:科学出版社,2013.393-402]
2 Luo G G.Discussions on the climate section target of grapes(in Chinese).J Hebei For Sci Tech,2004,5:61-63[罗国光.关于葡萄气候区划指标问题的探讨.河北林业科技,2004,5:61-63]
3 Song R G,Lu W P,Wang J,et al.Study on regionalization of wine wild grape variety(in Chinese).Sino-overeseas Grapev Wine,1999,2:14-18[宋润刚,路文鹏,王军,等.酿酒山葡萄品种区域化的研究.中外葡萄与葡萄酒,1999,2:14-18]
4 Zhang Z W,Liu Y L,Xi Z M.Climatic regionalization of grape and wine(in Chinese).Shaanxi Agr Sci,2002,5:7-10[张振文,刘延琳,惠竹梅.葡萄与葡萄酒种气候区域化.陕西农业科学,2002,5:7-10]
5 Li H,Huo X S.Atmospheric moisture content index in climatic zoning of grapevine cultivation in China(in Chinese).Chin J Ecol,2006,9:1124-1128[李华,火兴三.中国酿酒葡萄气候区划的水分指标.生态学杂志,2006,9:1124-1128]
6 Li H,Huo X S.Study of the zoning thermal indexes of the grapevine(in Chinese).J Northwest Sci-tech Univ Agr For(Nat Sci Edit),2006,12:69-73[李华,火兴三.酿酒葡萄区划热量指标的研究.西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2006,12:69-73]
7 Li H Y,Zhang X Y,Wang J,et al.Ecological regionalization for Merlot in Northern China(in Chinese).Sino-Overseas Grapev Wine,2014,5:22-26[李红英,张晓煜,王静,等.中国北方酿酒葡萄美乐优质生态区划研究.中外葡萄与葡萄酒,2014,5:22-26]
8 Li H Y,Zhang X Y,Han Y J,et al.Ecological regionalization for dry red wine grape varieties based on GIS in northern China(in Chinese).Chin J Ecol,2014,11:3081-3087[李红英,张晓煜,韩颖娟,等.基于GIS的中国北方干红酒用葡萄品种生态区划.生态学杂志,2014,11:3081-3087]
9 Zhang X Y,Liu J,Zhang Y H,et al.Climatic regionalization of wine-grape in North China(in Chinese).Arid Land Geogr,2008,5:707-712[张晓煜,刘静,张亚红,等.中国北方酿酒葡萄气候适宜性区划.干旱区地理,2008,5:707-712]
10 Zhang Y L,Shao Z X.Review on the regional cultivation of grape in Yunnan Province(in Chinese).Anhui Agr Sci Bull,2012,21:109-111[张艳丽,邵则夏.论云南葡萄区域化栽培.安徽农学通报,2012,21:109-111]
11 Huo X S.Study of the zoning thermal indexes of the grapevine and viticulture zoning in China(in Chinese).Master Dissertation.Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2006.56-58[火兴三.中国酿酒葡萄气候区划指标体系及区域化研究.硕士学位论文.杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2006.56-58]
12 Cai F,Yu G R,Zhu Q L,et al.Comparison of precisions between spatial methods of climatic factors:A case study on mean air temperature(in Chinese).Resour Sci,2005,5:173-179[蔡福,于贵瑞,祝青林,等.气象要素空间化方法精度的比较研究-以平均气温为例.资源科学,2005,5:173-179]
13 Ye J X.Spatial information research for temperature and precipitation climate data in the Hengduan Mountains(in Chinese).J Anhui Agr Sci,2011,19:11767-11770[叶江霞.横断山区温度及降雨气候资料空间信息化研究.安徽农业科学,2011,19:11767-11770]
14 Shi S Q,Chen Y Q,Li Z G,et al.Study on land productivity potential of maize in Jilin Province based on spatial interpolation technique and auxiliary information(in Chinese).Agr Res Arid Areas,2011,4:408-414[石淑芹,陈佑启,李正国,等.基于空间插值分析的指标空间化及吉林省玉米种植区划研究.地理科学,2011,4:408-414]
15 Wang X,LüJ K,Liu H B,et al.A detailed simulation study on GIS-based agricultural climate resources spatial distribution in Chongqing(in Chinese).Chin Agr Sci Bull,2009,14:256-262[汪璇,吕家恪,刘洪斌,等.基于GIS的重庆农业气候资源空间分布精细模拟研究.中国农学通报,2009,14:256-262]
16 Liu Y,Zou S B.A study on the distributing climatic models in arid mountainous area-distributing temperature and precipitation models in high spatial resolution in the Qilian Mountains(in Chinese).J Lanzhou Univ,2006,1:7-12[刘勇,邹松兵.祁连山地区高分辨率气温降水量分布模型.兰州大学学报,2006,1:7-12]
17 Li X,Cheng G D,Lu L.Comparison of spatial interpolation methods(in Chinese).Adv Earth Sci,2000,3:260-265[李新,程国栋,卢玲.空间内插方法比较.地球科学进展,2000,3:260-265]
18 Fang S M,Qian Z T,Li Y P.Comparison of four precipatation spatial interpolation methods in Gansu(in Chinese).J Arid Land Resour Environ,2005,3:47-50[方书敏,钱正堂,李远平.甘肃省降水的空间内插方法比较.干旱区资源与环境,2005,3:47-50]
19 Wang J L,Sun J S,Zhou Z H,et al.A method for evaluation crop water requirements based on digital elevation model(DEM)(in Chinese).J Irrig Drain,2005,5:36-38[王景雷,孙景生,周祖昊,等.基于DEM的作物需水量估算方法.灌溉排水学报,2005,5:36-38]
20 Zhu H Z,Luo T X,Daly C.Validation of simulated grid data sets of China’s temperature and precipitation with high spatial resolution(in Chinese).Geogr Res,2003,3:349-359[朱华忠,罗天祥,Daly C.中国高分辨率温度和降水模拟数据的验证.地理研究,2003,3:349-359]
21 Yuan X,Li E Y.Spatial variability of crop water requirement(in Chinese).J Hydraul Eng,1990,2:33-37[袁新,李恩羊.参照作物需水量的空间变异性.水利学报,1990,2:33-37]
22 He P C.Viticulture(in Chinese).Beijing:China Agriculture Press,1999.358-383[贺普超.葡萄学.北京:中国农业出版社,1999.358-383]
23 Peng D H,Peng X F.Relationship between grape quality and wine quality(in Chinese).Vitic Wine Making,1994,3:1-5[彭德华,彭学锋.论葡萄品质与葡萄酒质量的关系.葡萄栽培与酿酒,1994,3:1-5]
24 Huang H B.A preliminary analysis on the climatic region of grape in North China(in Chinese).J Beijing Agr Univ,1980,2:43-51[黄辉白.我国北方葡萄气候区域的初步分析.北京农业大学学报,1980,2:43-51]
25 Luo G G.Some problems on the development of wine grape in China(in Chinese).Vitic Wine Making,1998,2:36-40[罗国光.关于我国发展酿酒葡萄的几个问题.葡萄栽培与酿酒,1998,2:36-40]
26 Ding Y H.Climate of China(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press,2013.393-402[丁一汇.中国气候.北京:科学出版社,2013.393-402]