氮肥基追比例对测墒补灌小麦冠层不同层次光能利用及干物质转运的影响
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摘要
【目的】研究测墒补灌节水栽培条件下,氮肥基追比例对小麦植株冠层不同层次光能利用和干物质积累转运及分配的影响,为确定合理的氮肥运筹模式提供依据。【方法】以‘济麦22’小麦为试验材料,在总施氮量为240 kg/hm~2条件下,设置5个氮肥基追比例,分别为N1 (0∶10)、N2 (3∶7)、N3 (5∶5)、N4 (7∶3)、N5(10∶0),在拔节期和开花期,土壤相对含水量均补灌至田间持水量的70%。【结果】氮肥基追比例为5∶5的N3处理开花后的叶面积指数、冠层上层和中层的光合有效辐射(PAR)截获率及截获量显著高于其它处理,中层和下层的透射率显著低于其它处理,PAR转化率和利用率较N1、N2、N4和N5分别提高13.64%、8.02%、8.70%、14.38%和21.17%、8.50%、10.67%、23.88%。N3处理开花后干物质同化量、成熟期干物质积累量及中层营养器官开花前贮藏干物质向籽粒的转运量、转运率显著高于其它处理,籽粒干物质分配量较N1、N2、N4和N5分别提高11.37%、5.68%、6.03%和16.25%。相关分析表明,中层营养器官开花前贮藏干物质向籽粒的转运量与中层PAR截获率呈显著正相关;籽粒干物质分配量与上层、中层及总PAR截获率呈显著正相关,与下层PAR截获率呈显著负相关。【结论】氮肥基追比例为5∶5的处理显著提高了小麦冠层的光能利用,促进了中层营养器官开花前贮藏干物质向籽粒的转运,获得了最高的籽粒产量,为本试验条件下的最优处理。
【Objectives】Under water-saving cultivation conditions, the effects of base application ratio of nitrogen on light energy utilization and accumulation, transport and distribution of dry matter in different layers of wheat canopy were studied to provide a basis for rational nitrogen fertilizer management.【Methods】The study included five treatments at a nitrogen application rate of 240 kg/hm~2, with fertilizer ratios of base to topdressing of0∶10(N1), 3∶7(N2), 5∶5(N3), 7∶3(N4) and 10∶0(N5) for the cultivar Jimai 22. Relative soil moisture content was maintained up to 70% of field capacity at the joining and anthesis stages of wheat.【Results】Leaf area index at 0, 7 and 14 days after anthesis, photosynthetically active radiation(PAR) capture ratios in upper and middle layers of wheat canopy under the N3 treatment with ratio of base fertilizer to topdressing of 5∶5 were significantly higher than those under other treatments, and penetration through the middle and lower wheat canopy layers was significantly lower than that under other treatments. Compared with the N1, N2, N4 and N5 treatments,PAR conversion and utilization efficiencies of N3 were increased by 13.64%, 8.02%, 8.70% and 14.38%, and21.17%, 8.50%, 10.67% and 23.88%, respectively. Dry matter assimilation after anthesis, dry matter accumulation at maturity, rates of dry matter translocation and transport from middle-layer vegetative organs to grains before flowering under the N3 were significantly higher than those under other treatments. Compared with the N1, N2,N4 and N5 treatments, dry matter distribution amounts in grains at maturity were increased by 11.37%, 5.68%,6.03% and 16.25%, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that dry matter transport from middle-layer vegetative organs to grains before flowering was significantly and positively correlated with PAR capture ratio in the middle layer. Dry matter distribution in grains was significantly and positively correlated with PAR capture ratios in the upper, middle and all layers, and significantly and negatively correlated with PAR capture ratio in the lower layer.【Conclusions】The treatment with base to topdressing fertilizer ratio of 5:5 significantly enhanced light energy utilization in wheat canopy, promoted dry matter transport from middle-layer vegetative organs to grain before anthesis and accumulation of dry matter after anthesis, and resulted in the highest grain yield. The treatment with base to topdressing fertilizer ratio of 5:5 was the best treatment under the test conditions.
【Objectives】Under water-saving cultivation conditions, the effects of base application ratio of nitrogen on light energy utilization and accumulation, transport and distribution of dry matter in different layers of wheat canopy were studied to provide a basis for rational nitrogen fertilizer management.【Methods】The study included five treatments at a nitrogen application rate of 240 kg/hm~2, with fertilizer ratios of base to topdressing of0∶10(N1), 3∶7(N2), 5∶5(N3), 7∶3(N4) and 10∶0(N5) for the cultivar Jimai 22. Relative soil moisture content was maintained up to 70% of field capacity at the joining and anthesis stages of wheat.【Results】Leaf area index at 0, 7 and 14 days after anthesis, photosynthetically active radiation(PAR) capture ratios in upper and middle layers of wheat canopy under the N3 treatment with ratio of base fertilizer to topdressing of 5∶5 were significantly higher than those under other treatments, and penetration through the middle and lower wheat canopy layers was significantly lower than that under other treatments. Compared with the N1, N2, N4 and N5 treatments,PAR conversion and utilization efficiencies of N3 were increased by 13.64%, 8.02%, 8.70% and 14.38%, and21.17%, 8.50%, 10.67% and 23.88%, respectively. Dry matter assimilation after anthesis, dry matter accumulation at maturity, rates of dry matter translocation and transport from middle-layer vegetative organs to grains before flowering under the N3 were significantly higher than those under other treatments. Compared with the N1, N2,N4 and N5 treatments, dry matter distribution amounts in grains at maturity were increased by 11.37%, 5.68%,6.03% and 16.25%, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that dry matter transport from middle-layer vegetative organs to grains before flowering was significantly and positively correlated with PAR capture ratio in the middle layer. Dry matter distribution in grains was significantly and positively correlated with PAR capture ratios in the upper, middle and all layers, and significantly and negatively correlated with PAR capture ratio in the lower layer.【Conclusions】The treatment with base to topdressing fertilizer ratio of 5:5 significantly enhanced light energy utilization in wheat canopy, promoted dry matter transport from middle-layer vegetative organs to grain before anthesis and accumulation of dry matter after anthesis, and resulted in the highest grain yield. The treatment with base to topdressing fertilizer ratio of 5:5 was the best treatment under the test conditions.
引文
[1] Wang Y Q, Xi W X, Wang Z M, et al. Contribution of ear photosynthesis to grain yield under rainfed and irrigation conditions for winter wheat cultivars released in the past 30 years in North China Plain[J]. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2016, 15:2247-2256.
[2] Wang Z, Zhao X, Wu P, et al. Border row effects on light interception in wheat/maize strip intercropping systems[J]. Field Crops Research, 2017,214:1-13.
[3]Du X B, Chen B L, Shen T Y, et al. Effect of cropping system on radiation use efficiency in double-cropped wheat-cotton[J]. Field Crops Research, 2015, 170:21-31.
[4]Thorp K R, Wang G, Bronson K F, et al. Hyperspectral data mining to identify relevant canopy spectral features for estimating dururm wheat growth, nitrogen status, and grain yield[J]. Computers&Electronics in Agriculture, 2017, 136:1-12.
[5]Mon J, Bronson K F, Hunsaker D J, et al. Interactive effects of nitrogen fertilization and irrigation on grain yield, canopy temperature, and nitrogen use efficiency in overhead sprinklerirrigated durum wheat[J]. Field Crops Research, 2016. 191:54-65.
[6]冯素伟,丁位华,胡铁柱,等.播量与追氮量对BNS型杂交小麦灌浆期冠层结构及产量的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2013, 33(6):1174-1180.Feng S W, Ding W H, Hu T Z, et al. Effects of planting density and nitrogen fertilizer rate on the canopy structure at grain filling stage and yield of BNS hybrid wheat[J]. Journal of Triticeae Crops, 2013,33(6):1174-1180.
[7]Rathore V S, Nathawat N S, Bhardwaj S, et al. Yield, water and nitrogen use efficiencies of sprinkler irrigated wheat grown under different irrigation and nitrogen levels in an arid region[J].Agricultural Water Management, 2017, 187:232-245.
[8]Guo Z J, Yu Z W, Wang D, et al. Photosynthesis and winter wheat yield responses to supplemental irrigation based on measurement of water content in various soil layers[J]. Field Crops Research, 2014,166:102-111.
[9]王健波,严昌荣,刘恩科,等.长期免耕覆盖对旱地冬小麦旗叶光合特性及干物质积累与转运的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(2):296-305.Wang J B, Yan C R, Liu E K, et al. Effects of long-term no-tillage with straw mulch on photosynthetic characteristics of flag leaves and dry matter accumulation and translocation of winter wheat in dryland[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2015, 21(2):296-305.
[10]刘万代,张倩,汪大伟.氮肥基追比对不同成熟型小麦叶片衰老及产量的影响[J].湖南农业科学,2015,(3):21-24.Liu W D, Zhang Q, Wang D W. Effects of nitrogen-based recovery ratio on the leaf senescence and the yield of different maturing phases of wheat[J]. Hunan Agricultural Sciences, 2015,(3):21-24.
[11]张耀兰,曹承富,李华伟,等.氮肥运筹对晚播冬小麦产量、品质及叶绿素荧光特性的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2013, 33(5):965-971.Zhang Y L, Cao C F, Li H W, et al. Effects of nitrogen application on yield, quality and fluorescent characteristic of late-sown winter wheat[J]. Journal of Triticeae Crops, 2013, 33(5):965-971.
[12]吴光磊,郭立月,崔正勇,等.氮肥运筹对晚播冬小麦氮素和干物质积累与转运的影响[J].生态学报,2012, 32(16):5128-5137.Wu G L, Guo L Y, Cui Z Y, et al. Differental effects of nitrogen managements on nitrogen, dry matter accumulation and transportation in late-sowing winter wheat[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012, 32(16):5128-5137.
[13]崔晓朋,张喜英,孙宏勇,等.水氮管理及品种对冬小麦光能利用率的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2015, 23(10):1236-1243.Cui X P, Zhang X Y, Sun H Y, et al. Effects of water and nitrogen management on radiation use efficiency of different varieties of winter wheat[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2015, 23(10):1236-1243.
[14]张凯,陈年来,顾群英,等.不同水氮水平下小麦品种对光、水和氮利用效率的权衡[J].应用生态学报,2016, 27(7):2273-2282.Zhang K, Chen N L, Gu Q Y, et al. Trade-offs among light, water and nitrogen use efficiencies of wheat cultivars under different water and nitrogen application levels[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2016, 27(7):2273-2282.
[15] Xu J K, Yu Z W, Shi Y, et al. Effect of different supplemental irrigation strategies on photosynthetic characteristics and water use efficiency of wheat[J]. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research,2017, 77:346-354.
[16]韩占江,于振文,王东,等.测墒补灌对冬小麦干物质积累与分配及水分利用效率的影响[J].作物学报,2010,36(3):457-465.Han Z J, Yu Z W, Wang D, et al. Effects of supplemental irrigation based on testing soil moisture on dry matter accumulation and distribution and water use efficiency in winter wheat[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2010, 36(3):457-465.
[17]李贺丽,罗毅,薛晓萍,等.冬小麦冠层对人射光合有效辐射吸收比例的估算方法评价[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(4):201-206.Li H L, Luo Y, Xue X P, et al. Assessment of approaches for estimating fraction of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by winter wheat canopy[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2011, 27(4):201-206.
[18]房全孝,陈雨海,李全起,等.土壤水分对冬小麦生长后期光能利用及水分利用效率的影响[J].作物学报,2006, 32(6):861-866.Fang Q X, Chen Y H, Li Q Q, et al. Effects of soil moisture on radiation utilization during late growth stage and water use efficiency of winter wheat[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2006, 32(6):861-866.
[19]赵亚南,宿敏敏,吕阳,等.减量施肥下小麦产量、肥料利用率和土壤养分平衡[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2017, 23(4):864-873.Zhao Y N, Su M M, Lu Y, et al. Wheat yield, nutrient use efficiencies and soil nutrient balance under reduced fertilizer rate[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2017, 23(4):864-873.
[20] Li H L,Luo Y, Ma J H. Radiation-use efficiency and the harvest index of winter wheat at different nitrogen levels and their relationships to canopy spectral reflectance[J]. Crop&Pasture Science, 2011,62:208-217.
[21] Du X, Chen B, Shen T, et al. Effect of cropping system on radiation use efficiency in double-cropped wheat-cotton[J]. Field Crops Research,2015, 170:21-31.
[22]卜冬宁,李瑞奇,张晓,等.氮肥基追比和追氮时期对超高产冬小麦生育及产量形成的影响[J].河北农业大学学报,2012, 35(4):6-12.Bu D N, Li R Q, Zhang X, et al. Effects of basal-topdressing ratio and topdressing time of nitrogen on the growth and development and grain yield formation in super high yield winter wheat[J]. Journal of Agricultural University of Hebei, 2012, 35(4):6-12.
[23]石祖梁,顾克军,杨四军.氮肥运筹对稻茬小麦干物质、氮素转运及氮素平衡的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2012, 32(6):1128-1133.Shi Z L, Gu K J, Yang S J. Effects of nitrogen application on translocation of dry matter and nitrogen, and nitrogen balance inwinter wheat under rice-wheat rotation[J]. Journal of Triticeae Crops,2012,32(6):1128-1133.
[24]马迎辉,王玲敏,黄玉芳,等.氮肥运筹对冬小麦干物质累积、产量及氮素吸收利用的影响[J].华北农学报,2013, 28(1):187-192.Ma Y H, Wang L M, Huang Y F, et al. Effect of nitrogen application on dry matter accumulation, yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency of winter wheat[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinca, 2013, 28(1):187-192.
[25] Gaju O, Desilva J, Carvalho P, et al. Leaf photosynthesis and associations with grain yield, biomass and nitrogen-use efficiency in landraces, synthetic-derived lines and cultivars in wheat[J]. Field Crops Research, 2016, 193:1-15.
[26] Gitz D C, Xin Z, Baker J T, et al. Canopy light interception of a conventional and an erect leafed sorghum[J]. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 2015, 6:2576-2584.
[27] Wang Z K, Zhao X N, Wu P T, et al. Radiation interception and utilization by wheat-maize strip intercropping systems[J].Agricultural and Forpest Meteorology, 2015, 204:58-66.
[2] Wang Z, Zhao X, Wu P, et al. Border row effects on light interception in wheat/maize strip intercropping systems[J]. Field Crops Research, 2017,214:1-13.
[3]Du X B, Chen B L, Shen T Y, et al. Effect of cropping system on radiation use efficiency in double-cropped wheat-cotton[J]. Field Crops Research, 2015, 170:21-31.
[4]Thorp K R, Wang G, Bronson K F, et al. Hyperspectral data mining to identify relevant canopy spectral features for estimating dururm wheat growth, nitrogen status, and grain yield[J]. Computers&Electronics in Agriculture, 2017, 136:1-12.
[5]Mon J, Bronson K F, Hunsaker D J, et al. Interactive effects of nitrogen fertilization and irrigation on grain yield, canopy temperature, and nitrogen use efficiency in overhead sprinklerirrigated durum wheat[J]. Field Crops Research, 2016. 191:54-65.
[6]冯素伟,丁位华,胡铁柱,等.播量与追氮量对BNS型杂交小麦灌浆期冠层结构及产量的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2013, 33(6):1174-1180.Feng S W, Ding W H, Hu T Z, et al. Effects of planting density and nitrogen fertilizer rate on the canopy structure at grain filling stage and yield of BNS hybrid wheat[J]. Journal of Triticeae Crops, 2013,33(6):1174-1180.
[7]Rathore V S, Nathawat N S, Bhardwaj S, et al. Yield, water and nitrogen use efficiencies of sprinkler irrigated wheat grown under different irrigation and nitrogen levels in an arid region[J].Agricultural Water Management, 2017, 187:232-245.
[8]Guo Z J, Yu Z W, Wang D, et al. Photosynthesis and winter wheat yield responses to supplemental irrigation based on measurement of water content in various soil layers[J]. Field Crops Research, 2014,166:102-111.
[9]王健波,严昌荣,刘恩科,等.长期免耕覆盖对旱地冬小麦旗叶光合特性及干物质积累与转运的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(2):296-305.Wang J B, Yan C R, Liu E K, et al. Effects of long-term no-tillage with straw mulch on photosynthetic characteristics of flag leaves and dry matter accumulation and translocation of winter wheat in dryland[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2015, 21(2):296-305.
[10]刘万代,张倩,汪大伟.氮肥基追比对不同成熟型小麦叶片衰老及产量的影响[J].湖南农业科学,2015,(3):21-24.Liu W D, Zhang Q, Wang D W. Effects of nitrogen-based recovery ratio on the leaf senescence and the yield of different maturing phases of wheat[J]. Hunan Agricultural Sciences, 2015,(3):21-24.
[11]张耀兰,曹承富,李华伟,等.氮肥运筹对晚播冬小麦产量、品质及叶绿素荧光特性的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2013, 33(5):965-971.Zhang Y L, Cao C F, Li H W, et al. Effects of nitrogen application on yield, quality and fluorescent characteristic of late-sown winter wheat[J]. Journal of Triticeae Crops, 2013, 33(5):965-971.
[12]吴光磊,郭立月,崔正勇,等.氮肥运筹对晚播冬小麦氮素和干物质积累与转运的影响[J].生态学报,2012, 32(16):5128-5137.Wu G L, Guo L Y, Cui Z Y, et al. Differental effects of nitrogen managements on nitrogen, dry matter accumulation and transportation in late-sowing winter wheat[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012, 32(16):5128-5137.
[13]崔晓朋,张喜英,孙宏勇,等.水氮管理及品种对冬小麦光能利用率的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2015, 23(10):1236-1243.Cui X P, Zhang X Y, Sun H Y, et al. Effects of water and nitrogen management on radiation use efficiency of different varieties of winter wheat[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2015, 23(10):1236-1243.
[14]张凯,陈年来,顾群英,等.不同水氮水平下小麦品种对光、水和氮利用效率的权衡[J].应用生态学报,2016, 27(7):2273-2282.Zhang K, Chen N L, Gu Q Y, et al. Trade-offs among light, water and nitrogen use efficiencies of wheat cultivars under different water and nitrogen application levels[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2016, 27(7):2273-2282.
[15] Xu J K, Yu Z W, Shi Y, et al. Effect of different supplemental irrigation strategies on photosynthetic characteristics and water use efficiency of wheat[J]. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research,2017, 77:346-354.
[16]韩占江,于振文,王东,等.测墒补灌对冬小麦干物质积累与分配及水分利用效率的影响[J].作物学报,2010,36(3):457-465.Han Z J, Yu Z W, Wang D, et al. Effects of supplemental irrigation based on testing soil moisture on dry matter accumulation and distribution and water use efficiency in winter wheat[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2010, 36(3):457-465.
[17]李贺丽,罗毅,薛晓萍,等.冬小麦冠层对人射光合有效辐射吸收比例的估算方法评价[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(4):201-206.Li H L, Luo Y, Xue X P, et al. Assessment of approaches for estimating fraction of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by winter wheat canopy[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2011, 27(4):201-206.
[18]房全孝,陈雨海,李全起,等.土壤水分对冬小麦生长后期光能利用及水分利用效率的影响[J].作物学报,2006, 32(6):861-866.Fang Q X, Chen Y H, Li Q Q, et al. Effects of soil moisture on radiation utilization during late growth stage and water use efficiency of winter wheat[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2006, 32(6):861-866.
[19]赵亚南,宿敏敏,吕阳,等.减量施肥下小麦产量、肥料利用率和土壤养分平衡[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2017, 23(4):864-873.Zhao Y N, Su M M, Lu Y, et al. Wheat yield, nutrient use efficiencies and soil nutrient balance under reduced fertilizer rate[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2017, 23(4):864-873.
[20] Li H L,Luo Y, Ma J H. Radiation-use efficiency and the harvest index of winter wheat at different nitrogen levels and their relationships to canopy spectral reflectance[J]. Crop&Pasture Science, 2011,62:208-217.
[21] Du X, Chen B, Shen T, et al. Effect of cropping system on radiation use efficiency in double-cropped wheat-cotton[J]. Field Crops Research,2015, 170:21-31.
[22]卜冬宁,李瑞奇,张晓,等.氮肥基追比和追氮时期对超高产冬小麦生育及产量形成的影响[J].河北农业大学学报,2012, 35(4):6-12.Bu D N, Li R Q, Zhang X, et al. Effects of basal-topdressing ratio and topdressing time of nitrogen on the growth and development and grain yield formation in super high yield winter wheat[J]. Journal of Agricultural University of Hebei, 2012, 35(4):6-12.
[23]石祖梁,顾克军,杨四军.氮肥运筹对稻茬小麦干物质、氮素转运及氮素平衡的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2012, 32(6):1128-1133.Shi Z L, Gu K J, Yang S J. Effects of nitrogen application on translocation of dry matter and nitrogen, and nitrogen balance inwinter wheat under rice-wheat rotation[J]. Journal of Triticeae Crops,2012,32(6):1128-1133.
[24]马迎辉,王玲敏,黄玉芳,等.氮肥运筹对冬小麦干物质累积、产量及氮素吸收利用的影响[J].华北农学报,2013, 28(1):187-192.Ma Y H, Wang L M, Huang Y F, et al. Effect of nitrogen application on dry matter accumulation, yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency of winter wheat[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinca, 2013, 28(1):187-192.
[25] Gaju O, Desilva J, Carvalho P, et al. Leaf photosynthesis and associations with grain yield, biomass and nitrogen-use efficiency in landraces, synthetic-derived lines and cultivars in wheat[J]. Field Crops Research, 2016, 193:1-15.
[26] Gitz D C, Xin Z, Baker J T, et al. Canopy light interception of a conventional and an erect leafed sorghum[J]. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 2015, 6:2576-2584.
[27] Wang Z K, Zhao X N, Wu P T, et al. Radiation interception and utilization by wheat-maize strip intercropping systems[J].Agricultural and Forpest Meteorology, 2015, 204:58-66.