幸福倾向及其对幸福感的影响:机制及发展
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摘要
个体追求并获得幸福的倾向可分为快乐倾向、意义倾向和投入倾向,三种幸福倾向都能显著预测幸福感。意义倾向和投入倾向通过为个体获得更多资源而提高幸福感,快乐倾向通过改善短时情绪而提高幸福感;环境因素和个体因素影响幸福倾向的形成;青少年所持有的三种幸福倾向都较低。未来研究应深入探讨环境因素与个体因素对幸福倾向的交互作用、追踪幸福倾向的发展特点、揭示幸福倾向影响幸福感的中介过程、完善幸福倾向的测量方式。
For the individuals,the tendency to seek and achieve happiness could be divided into orientation to pleasure,orientation to meaning and orientation to engagement. All these three orientations to happiness could predict well-being significantly. Through achieving more resources for individuals,the orientation to meaning and orientation to engagement could increase their well-being; whereas through improving short-term emotion for individuals,the orientation to pleasure could increase their well-being.The environmental factors and individual factors could influence the formation of orientations to happiness;for the adolescents,the three types of orientations to happiness are relatively low. The future study should emphasize the following aspects: deeply exploring the interaction of environmental factors and individual factors on orientations to happiness; tracking the developmental characteristic in orientations to happiness;revealing the mediating process in the influence of orientations to happiness on well-being; improving the methods of measuring orientations to happiness.
For the individuals,the tendency to seek and achieve happiness could be divided into orientation to pleasure,orientation to meaning and orientation to engagement. All these three orientations to happiness could predict well-being significantly. Through achieving more resources for individuals,the orientation to meaning and orientation to engagement could increase their well-being; whereas through improving short-term emotion for individuals,the orientation to pleasure could increase their well-being.The environmental factors and individual factors could influence the formation of orientations to happiness;for the adolescents,the three types of orientations to happiness are relatively low. The future study should emphasize the following aspects: deeply exploring the interaction of environmental factors and individual factors on orientations to happiness; tracking the developmental characteristic in orientations to happiness;revealing the mediating process in the influence of orientations to happiness on well-being; improving the methods of measuring orientations to happiness.
引文
林崇德、李庆安,2005,《青少年期身心发展特点》,《北京师范大学学报(社会科学版)》第3期。
石霞飞、王芳、左世江,2015,《追求快乐还是追求意义?青少年幸福倾向及其对学习行为的影响》,《心理发展与教育》第5期。
Anic, P. 2014, “Hedonic and Eudaimonic Motives for Favourite Leisure Activities.” Applied Psychology 7(1).
Annas, Julia 2009, “Feeling Good and Functioning Well: Distinctive Concepts in Ancient Philosophy and Contemporary Science. ” Journal of Positive Psychology 4(3).
Arnett, J. 1994, “Sensation Seeking: A New Conceptualization and a New Scale. ” Personality & Individual Differences 16(2).
Asano, R. et al. 2014, “The Hedonic and Eudaimonic Motives for Activities (HEMA) in Japan: The Pursuit of Well-being.” The Japanese Journal of Psychology 85(1).
Bubic' , A. et al. 2016, “The Role of Decision Making Styles in Explaining Happiness.” Journal of Happiness Studies 19(1).
Bujacz, A. et al. 2014, “Measuring Hedonia and Eudaimonia as Motives for Activities: Cross-national Investigation through Traditional and Bayesian Structural Equation Modeling.” Frontiers in Psychology 5.
Burrow, A. L. et al. 2011, “Purpose as a Form of Identity Capital for Positive Youth Adjustment.” Developmental Psychology 47(4).
Buschor, C. et al. 2013, “Self- and Peer-rated Character Strengths: How do They Relate to Satisfaction with Life and Orientations to Happiness? ” The Journal of Positive Psychology 8(2).
Chan, D. W. 2009, “Orientations to Happiness and Subjective Well-being among Chinese Prospective and in-service Teachers in Hong Kong.” Educational Psychology 29(2).
Chen, Guo Hai 2010, “Validating the Orientations to Happiness Scale in a Chinese Sample of University Students.” Social Indicators Research 99(3).
Csikszentmihalyi, M. 1990, Flow:The Psychology of Optimal Experience. New York: Harper and Row.
Deci, E. L. et al. 2000, “The ‘What’ and ‘Why’ of Goal Pursuits:Human Needs and the Self-determination of Behavior.” Psychological Inquiry 11(4).
Diener, E. (ed.) 2009, Subjective Well-being (Vol.37). New York: Springer.
Fowers, B. J. et al. 2010, “Constitutive and Instrumental Goal Orientations and Their Relations with Eudaimonic and Hedonic Well-being.” The Journal of Positive Psychology 5(2).
Fredrickson, B. L. 2004, “The Broaden-and-Build Theory of Positive Emotions.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.Series B: Biological Sciences 359(1449).
Fu, Xinyuan, Y. Kou & Y. Yang 2014, “Materialistic Values among Chinese Adolescents: Effects of Parental Rejection and Self-esteem.” Child & Youth Care Forum 44(1).
Fu, Xinyuan, X. Liu, Y. Yang, M. Zhang & Y. Kou, 2018, “The Role of Relative Intrinsic Aspirations in Chinese Adolescents' Prosocial Behaviors.” Youth & Society 50(1).
Giannopoulos, V. L. et al. 2011, “Effects of Positive Interventions and Orientations to Happiness on Subjective well-being.” The Journal of Positive Psychology 6(2).
Góngora, V. C. et al. 2014, “Well-being and Life Satisfaction in Argentinean Adolescents.” Journal of Youth Studies 17(9).
Grimm, C. et al. 2014, “Orientations to Happiness and the Experience of Everyday Activities.” The Journal of Positive Psychology 10(3).
Grotevant, H. D. 1987, “Toward a Process Model of Identity Formation.” Journal of Adolescent Research 2(3).
Harris, J. R. 1995, “Where is the Child's Environment? A Group Socialization Theory of Development.” Psychological Review 102(3).
Harter, S. 1999, The Construction of the Self: A Developmental Perspective. New York: Guilford Press.
Henderson, L. et al. 2012, “Integrating the Hedonic and Eudaimonic Perspectives to More Comprehensively Understand Wellbeing and Pathways to Wellbeing.” International Journal of Wellbeing 2(3).
Hirschi, A. 2011, “Effects of Orientations to Happiness on Vocational Identity Achievement.” Career Development Quarterly 59(4).
Hunter, J. P. et al. 2003, “The Positive Psychology of Interested Adolescents.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 32(1).
Huta, V. 2011, “Linking Peoples' Pursuit of Eudaimonia and Hedonia with Characteristics of their Parents: Parenting Styles, Verbally Endorsed Values, and Role Modeling.” Journal of Happiness Studies 13(1).
—— 2014, “Eudaimonia.” In S. A. David et al. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Happiness. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
—— 2016, “Eudaimonic and Hedonic Orientations:Theoretical Considerations and Research Findings.”In J. Vitters⌀ (ed.), Handbook of Eudaimonic Well-Being . Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Huta, V., L. G. Pelletier, D. Baxter & A. Thompson 2012, “How Eudaimonic and Hedonic Motives Relate to The Well-being of Close Others.” The Journal of Positive Psychology 7(5).
Huta, V. & R. M. Ryan 2010, “Pursuing Pleasure or Virtue: The Differential and Overlapping Well-being Benefits of Hedonic and Eudaimonic Motives.” Journal of Happiness Studies 11(6).
Huta, V. & A. S.Waterman 2013, “Eudaimonia and its Distinction from Hedonia: Developing a Classification and Terminology for Understanding Conceptual and Operational Definitions.” Journal of Happiness Studies 15(6).
Jiang, Jiang et al. 2015. “Can't Buy Me Friendship? Peer Rejection and Adolescent Materialism: Implicit Self-esteem as a Mediator. ”Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 58.
Kashdan, T. B. et al. 2008, “Reconsidering Happiness: The Costs of Distinguishing between Hedonics and Eudaimonia.” Journal of Positive Psychology 3(4).
Kav【math4z】i【math5z】, T. et al. 2013, “Happiness and Pathways to Reach It: Dimension-centred Versus Person-centred Approach.” Social Indicators Research 118(1).
Kryza-Lacombe, M. et al. 2018, “Hedonic and Eudaimonic Motives: Associations with Academic Achievement and Negative Emotional States among Urban College Students.” Journal of Happiness Studies.
Ku, L. 2015, “Development of Materialism in Adolescence: The Longitudinal Role of Life Satisfaction among Chinese Youths.” Social Indicators Research 124(1).
Li, X. 2009, “An Empirical Study on Public Service Motivation and The Performance of Government Employee in China.” Canadian Social Science 4(2).
Luo, L. et al. 2004 “Culture and Conceptions of Happiness: Individual Oriented and Social Oriented SWB. ”Journal of Happiness Studies 5(3).
Moran, S. et al. 2012, ”How Supportive of Their Specific Purposes Do Youth Believe Their Family and Friends Are?” Journal of Adolescent Research 28(3).
Morgan, J. et al. 2013, “Intrinsic Aspirations and Personal Meaning across Adulthood: Conceptual Interrelations and Age/Sex Differences.” Developmental Psychology 49(5).
Ortner, C. N. M. et al. 2018, “The Roles of Hedonic and Eudaimonic Motives in Emotion Regulation.” Personality and Individual Differences 120.
Oyserman, D. et al. 2002, “Rethinking Individualism and Collectivism: Evaluation of Theoretical Assumptions and Meta-analyses.” Psychological Bulletin 128(1).
Park, N. et al. 2009, “Orientations to Happiness and Life Satisfaction in Twenty-seven Nations.” Journal of Positive Psychology 4(4).
Peterson, C., N. Park & M. E. P. Seligman 2005, “Orientations to Happiness and Life Satisfaction: The Full Life versus the Empty Life.” Journal of Happiness Studies 6(1).
Peterson, C., W. Ruch, U. Beermann, N. Park & M. E. P. Seligman 2007, “Strengths of Character, Orientations to Happiness, and Life Satisfaction.” Journal of Positive Psychology 2(3).
Pollock, N. C. et al. 2015, “Do Orientations to Happiness Mediate the Associations between Personality Traits and Subjective Well-being? ” Journal of Happiness Studies 17(2).
Richins, M. L. et al. 1992, “A Consumer Values Orientation for Materialism and its Measurement: Scale Development and Validation.” Journal of Consumer Research 19(3).
Romer, D. et al. 2007, “A Biosocial-affect Model of Adolescent Sensation Seeking:The Role of Affect Evaluation and Peer-group Influence in Adolescent Drug Use.” Prevention Science 8(2).
Ruch, W. et al. 2010, “Ways to Happiness in German-speaking Countries.” European Journal of Psychological Assessment 26(3).
Ryan, R. M. et al. 2000, “Self-determination Theory and the Facilitation of Intrinsic Motivation, Social Development, and Well-being.” American Psychologist 55(1).
San Martín, J. et al. 2010, “Life Satisfaction and Perception of Happiness among University Students.” The Spanish Journal of Psychology 13(2).
Schueller, S. M. et al. 2010, “Pursuit of Pleasure, Engagement, and Meaning: Relationships to Subjective and Objective Measures of Well-being. ” Journal of Positive Psychology 5(4).
Shek, D. T. et al. 2014, “The Chinese Adolescent Materialism Scale: Psychometric Properties and Normative Profiles.” International Journal on Disability and Human Development 13(2).
Sheldon, K. M. et al. 2012, “The Challenge of Staying Happier: Testing the Hedonic Adaptation Prevention Model.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 38(5).
Sirgy, M. J. 2012, The Psychology of Quality of Life Hedonic Well-being, Life Satisfaction, and Eudaimonia. Dordrecht: Springer.
Steger, M. F. et al. 2008, “Being Good by Doing Good: Daily Eudaimonic Activity and Well-being.” Journal of Research in Personality 42(1).
Steinberg, L., D. Albert, E. Cauffman, M. Banich, S. Graham & J. Woolard 2008, “Age Differences in Sensation Seeking and Impulsivity as Indexed by Behavior and Self-report: Evidence for a Dual Systems Model.” Developmental Psychology 44(6).
Steinberg, L. & S. B. Siverberg 1986, “The Vicissitudes of Autonomy in Early Adolescence.” Child Development 57(4).
Strobel, M. et al. 2011, “Be Yourself, Believe in Yourself, and Be Happy: Self-efficacy as a Mediator between Personality Factors and Subjective Well-being.” Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 52(1).
Telzer, E. H. et al. 2014, “Neural Sensitivity to Eudaimonic and Hedonic Rewards Differentially Predict Adolescent Depressive Symptoms over Time.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111(18).
van Auken, S. et al. 2014, “Assessing Materialism among The Future Elites of China.” Journal of International Consumer Marketing 26(2).
Vella-Brodrick, D. A. et al. 2008, “Three Ways to Be Happy: Pleasure, Engagement, and Meaning-Findings from Australian and US Samples.” Social Indicators Research 90(2).
Verkasalo, M. et al. 2006, “Values Following a Major Terrorist Incident: Finnish Adolescent and Student Values before and after September 11, 2001.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 36(1).
Vitoroulis, I. et al. 2012, “Perceived Parental and Peer Support in Relation to Canadian, Cuban, and Spanish Adolescents' Valuing of Academics and Intrinsic Academic Motivation.” Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology 43(5).
Vitters⌀, J. et al. 2006, “Why Can't We Measure Engagement with Life Satisfaction Scales? Some Theoretical and Empirical Arguments about Their Distinctiveness.” Paper Presented at the The 3rd European Conference on Positive Psychology. Braga, Portugal.
Waterman, A. S. et al. 2008, “The Implications of Two Conceptions of Happiness (Hedonic Enjoyment and Eudaimonia) for the Understanding of Intrinsic Motivation.” Journal of Happiness Studies 9(1).
Wentzel, K. R. 1998, “Social Relationships and Motivation in Middle School: The Role of Parents, Teachers, and Peers.” Journal of Educational Psychology 90(2).
Yang,Y.,P.Li & Y.Kou 2017, “Orientations to Happiness and Subjective Well-Being in Chinese Adolescents.” Child Indicators Research 10(4).
Yang, Y., P. Li, X. Fu & Y. Kou 2017, “Orientations to Happiness and Subjective Well-Being in Chinese Adolescents: The Roles of Prosocial Behavior and Internet Addictive Behavior.” Journal of Happiness Studies 18(6).
石霞飞、王芳、左世江,2015,《追求快乐还是追求意义?青少年幸福倾向及其对学习行为的影响》,《心理发展与教育》第5期。
Anic, P. 2014, “Hedonic and Eudaimonic Motives for Favourite Leisure Activities.” Applied Psychology 7(1).
Annas, Julia 2009, “Feeling Good and Functioning Well: Distinctive Concepts in Ancient Philosophy and Contemporary Science. ” Journal of Positive Psychology 4(3).
Arnett, J. 1994, “Sensation Seeking: A New Conceptualization and a New Scale. ” Personality & Individual Differences 16(2).
Asano, R. et al. 2014, “The Hedonic and Eudaimonic Motives for Activities (HEMA) in Japan: The Pursuit of Well-being.” The Japanese Journal of Psychology 85(1).
Bubic' , A. et al. 2016, “The Role of Decision Making Styles in Explaining Happiness.” Journal of Happiness Studies 19(1).
Bujacz, A. et al. 2014, “Measuring Hedonia and Eudaimonia as Motives for Activities: Cross-national Investigation through Traditional and Bayesian Structural Equation Modeling.” Frontiers in Psychology 5.
Burrow, A. L. et al. 2011, “Purpose as a Form of Identity Capital for Positive Youth Adjustment.” Developmental Psychology 47(4).
Buschor, C. et al. 2013, “Self- and Peer-rated Character Strengths: How do They Relate to Satisfaction with Life and Orientations to Happiness? ” The Journal of Positive Psychology 8(2).
Chan, D. W. 2009, “Orientations to Happiness and Subjective Well-being among Chinese Prospective and in-service Teachers in Hong Kong.” Educational Psychology 29(2).
Chen, Guo Hai 2010, “Validating the Orientations to Happiness Scale in a Chinese Sample of University Students.” Social Indicators Research 99(3).
Csikszentmihalyi, M. 1990, Flow:The Psychology of Optimal Experience. New York: Harper and Row.
Deci, E. L. et al. 2000, “The ‘What’ and ‘Why’ of Goal Pursuits:Human Needs and the Self-determination of Behavior.” Psychological Inquiry 11(4).
Diener, E. (ed.) 2009, Subjective Well-being (Vol.37). New York: Springer.
Fowers, B. J. et al. 2010, “Constitutive and Instrumental Goal Orientations and Their Relations with Eudaimonic and Hedonic Well-being.” The Journal of Positive Psychology 5(2).
Fredrickson, B. L. 2004, “The Broaden-and-Build Theory of Positive Emotions.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.Series B: Biological Sciences 359(1449).
Fu, Xinyuan, Y. Kou & Y. Yang 2014, “Materialistic Values among Chinese Adolescents: Effects of Parental Rejection and Self-esteem.” Child & Youth Care Forum 44(1).
Fu, Xinyuan, X. Liu, Y. Yang, M. Zhang & Y. Kou, 2018, “The Role of Relative Intrinsic Aspirations in Chinese Adolescents' Prosocial Behaviors.” Youth & Society 50(1).
Giannopoulos, V. L. et al. 2011, “Effects of Positive Interventions and Orientations to Happiness on Subjective well-being.” The Journal of Positive Psychology 6(2).
Góngora, V. C. et al. 2014, “Well-being and Life Satisfaction in Argentinean Adolescents.” Journal of Youth Studies 17(9).
Grimm, C. et al. 2014, “Orientations to Happiness and the Experience of Everyday Activities.” The Journal of Positive Psychology 10(3).
Grotevant, H. D. 1987, “Toward a Process Model of Identity Formation.” Journal of Adolescent Research 2(3).
Harris, J. R. 1995, “Where is the Child's Environment? A Group Socialization Theory of Development.” Psychological Review 102(3).
Harter, S. 1999, The Construction of the Self: A Developmental Perspective. New York: Guilford Press.
Henderson, L. et al. 2012, “Integrating the Hedonic and Eudaimonic Perspectives to More Comprehensively Understand Wellbeing and Pathways to Wellbeing.” International Journal of Wellbeing 2(3).
Hirschi, A. 2011, “Effects of Orientations to Happiness on Vocational Identity Achievement.” Career Development Quarterly 59(4).
Hunter, J. P. et al. 2003, “The Positive Psychology of Interested Adolescents.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 32(1).
Huta, V. 2011, “Linking Peoples' Pursuit of Eudaimonia and Hedonia with Characteristics of their Parents: Parenting Styles, Verbally Endorsed Values, and Role Modeling.” Journal of Happiness Studies 13(1).
—— 2014, “Eudaimonia.” In S. A. David et al. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Happiness. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
—— 2016, “Eudaimonic and Hedonic Orientations:Theoretical Considerations and Research Findings.”In J. Vitters⌀ (ed.), Handbook of Eudaimonic Well-Being . Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Huta, V., L. G. Pelletier, D. Baxter & A. Thompson 2012, “How Eudaimonic and Hedonic Motives Relate to The Well-being of Close Others.” The Journal of Positive Psychology 7(5).
Huta, V. & R. M. Ryan 2010, “Pursuing Pleasure or Virtue: The Differential and Overlapping Well-being Benefits of Hedonic and Eudaimonic Motives.” Journal of Happiness Studies 11(6).
Huta, V. & A. S.Waterman 2013, “Eudaimonia and its Distinction from Hedonia: Developing a Classification and Terminology for Understanding Conceptual and Operational Definitions.” Journal of Happiness Studies 15(6).
Jiang, Jiang et al. 2015. “Can't Buy Me Friendship? Peer Rejection and Adolescent Materialism: Implicit Self-esteem as a Mediator. ”Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 58.
Kashdan, T. B. et al. 2008, “Reconsidering Happiness: The Costs of Distinguishing between Hedonics and Eudaimonia.” Journal of Positive Psychology 3(4).
Kav【math4z】i【math5z】, T. et al. 2013, “Happiness and Pathways to Reach It: Dimension-centred Versus Person-centred Approach.” Social Indicators Research 118(1).
Kryza-Lacombe, M. et al. 2018, “Hedonic and Eudaimonic Motives: Associations with Academic Achievement and Negative Emotional States among Urban College Students.” Journal of Happiness Studies.
Ku, L. 2015, “Development of Materialism in Adolescence: The Longitudinal Role of Life Satisfaction among Chinese Youths.” Social Indicators Research 124(1).
Li, X. 2009, “An Empirical Study on Public Service Motivation and The Performance of Government Employee in China.” Canadian Social Science 4(2).
Luo, L. et al. 2004 “Culture and Conceptions of Happiness: Individual Oriented and Social Oriented SWB. ”Journal of Happiness Studies 5(3).
Moran, S. et al. 2012, ”How Supportive of Their Specific Purposes Do Youth Believe Their Family and Friends Are?” Journal of Adolescent Research 28(3).
Morgan, J. et al. 2013, “Intrinsic Aspirations and Personal Meaning across Adulthood: Conceptual Interrelations and Age/Sex Differences.” Developmental Psychology 49(5).
Ortner, C. N. M. et al. 2018, “The Roles of Hedonic and Eudaimonic Motives in Emotion Regulation.” Personality and Individual Differences 120.
Oyserman, D. et al. 2002, “Rethinking Individualism and Collectivism: Evaluation of Theoretical Assumptions and Meta-analyses.” Psychological Bulletin 128(1).
Park, N. et al. 2009, “Orientations to Happiness and Life Satisfaction in Twenty-seven Nations.” Journal of Positive Psychology 4(4).
Peterson, C., N. Park & M. E. P. Seligman 2005, “Orientations to Happiness and Life Satisfaction: The Full Life versus the Empty Life.” Journal of Happiness Studies 6(1).
Peterson, C., W. Ruch, U. Beermann, N. Park & M. E. P. Seligman 2007, “Strengths of Character, Orientations to Happiness, and Life Satisfaction.” Journal of Positive Psychology 2(3).
Pollock, N. C. et al. 2015, “Do Orientations to Happiness Mediate the Associations between Personality Traits and Subjective Well-being? ” Journal of Happiness Studies 17(2).
Richins, M. L. et al. 1992, “A Consumer Values Orientation for Materialism and its Measurement: Scale Development and Validation.” Journal of Consumer Research 19(3).
Romer, D. et al. 2007, “A Biosocial-affect Model of Adolescent Sensation Seeking:The Role of Affect Evaluation and Peer-group Influence in Adolescent Drug Use.” Prevention Science 8(2).
Ruch, W. et al. 2010, “Ways to Happiness in German-speaking Countries.” European Journal of Psychological Assessment 26(3).
Ryan, R. M. et al. 2000, “Self-determination Theory and the Facilitation of Intrinsic Motivation, Social Development, and Well-being.” American Psychologist 55(1).
San Martín, J. et al. 2010, “Life Satisfaction and Perception of Happiness among University Students.” The Spanish Journal of Psychology 13(2).
Schueller, S. M. et al. 2010, “Pursuit of Pleasure, Engagement, and Meaning: Relationships to Subjective and Objective Measures of Well-being. ” Journal of Positive Psychology 5(4).
Shek, D. T. et al. 2014, “The Chinese Adolescent Materialism Scale: Psychometric Properties and Normative Profiles.” International Journal on Disability and Human Development 13(2).
Sheldon, K. M. et al. 2012, “The Challenge of Staying Happier: Testing the Hedonic Adaptation Prevention Model.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 38(5).
Sirgy, M. J. 2012, The Psychology of Quality of Life Hedonic Well-being, Life Satisfaction, and Eudaimonia. Dordrecht: Springer.
Steger, M. F. et al. 2008, “Being Good by Doing Good: Daily Eudaimonic Activity and Well-being.” Journal of Research in Personality 42(1).
Steinberg, L., D. Albert, E. Cauffman, M. Banich, S. Graham & J. Woolard 2008, “Age Differences in Sensation Seeking and Impulsivity as Indexed by Behavior and Self-report: Evidence for a Dual Systems Model.” Developmental Psychology 44(6).
Steinberg, L. & S. B. Siverberg 1986, “The Vicissitudes of Autonomy in Early Adolescence.” Child Development 57(4).
Strobel, M. et al. 2011, “Be Yourself, Believe in Yourself, and Be Happy: Self-efficacy as a Mediator between Personality Factors and Subjective Well-being.” Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 52(1).
Telzer, E. H. et al. 2014, “Neural Sensitivity to Eudaimonic and Hedonic Rewards Differentially Predict Adolescent Depressive Symptoms over Time.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111(18).
van Auken, S. et al. 2014, “Assessing Materialism among The Future Elites of China.” Journal of International Consumer Marketing 26(2).
Vella-Brodrick, D. A. et al. 2008, “Three Ways to Be Happy: Pleasure, Engagement, and Meaning-Findings from Australian and US Samples.” Social Indicators Research 90(2).
Verkasalo, M. et al. 2006, “Values Following a Major Terrorist Incident: Finnish Adolescent and Student Values before and after September 11, 2001.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 36(1).
Vitoroulis, I. et al. 2012, “Perceived Parental and Peer Support in Relation to Canadian, Cuban, and Spanish Adolescents' Valuing of Academics and Intrinsic Academic Motivation.” Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology 43(5).
Vitters⌀, J. et al. 2006, “Why Can't We Measure Engagement with Life Satisfaction Scales? Some Theoretical and Empirical Arguments about Their Distinctiveness.” Paper Presented at the The 3rd European Conference on Positive Psychology. Braga, Portugal.
Waterman, A. S. et al. 2008, “The Implications of Two Conceptions of Happiness (Hedonic Enjoyment and Eudaimonia) for the Understanding of Intrinsic Motivation.” Journal of Happiness Studies 9(1).
Wentzel, K. R. 1998, “Social Relationships and Motivation in Middle School: The Role of Parents, Teachers, and Peers.” Journal of Educational Psychology 90(2).
Yang,Y.,P.Li & Y.Kou 2017, “Orientations to Happiness and Subjective Well-Being in Chinese Adolescents.” Child Indicators Research 10(4).
Yang, Y., P. Li, X. Fu & Y. Kou 2017, “Orientations to Happiness and Subjective Well-Being in Chinese Adolescents: The Roles of Prosocial Behavior and Internet Addictive Behavior.” Journal of Happiness Studies 18(6).