帽儿山天然次生林主要林分类型最优树种组成
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摘要
【目的】以帽儿山地区天然次生林为对象,通过对不同演替阶段林分特征状态的综合评价确定林分类型的最优树种组成,为构建该区合理的森林经营模式提供理论依据。【方法】以帽儿山实验林场2004和2016年共53块固定样地数据为基础,从林分结构特征、林分活力和树种多样性3个方面共选取12项指标:角尺度、大小比数、混交度、直径分布、林分密度、林分蓄积生长量、蓄积量、平均高、天然更新密度、林分潜在疏密度、Simpson多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数,在熵值-AHP法基础上采用线性加权综合评价法探讨不同软硬阔混交比例对软阔混交林(硬软阔比:0:10、1:9、2:8、3:7)、软硬阔混交林(硬软阔比:4:6、5:5、6:4)和硬阔混交林(硬软阔比:7:3、8:2)林分结构的综合影响。【结果】3种林型中,除树种混交程度整体相对较高外(0.62～0.69),林木水平分布格局(0.53～0.56)、林木大小分化程度(0.47～0.51)、径阶分布q值(1.09～1.19)和更新数量(368～571株/hm~2)均相对较差;各项指标权重值最大为林分蓄积生长量(0.191),最小为大小比数(0.021);软阔混交林、软硬阔混交林、硬阔混交林3种林型中,综合评价值最大的硬软阔树种组成比例分别对应为2:8、6:4、8:2。【结论】帽儿山天然次生林的最优树种组成在不同林型内差异显著,软阔混交林、软硬阔混交林、硬阔混交林的最优树种组成比例分别对应为2硬8软、6硬4软、8硬2软,为该区阔叶次生林树种组成调整提供参考。
[Objective] Focus on the natural secondary forest in Maoershan Mountain of northeastern China,this paper tries to find out the optimal tree species composition of different forest types at varied succession stages by comprehensive evaluation of stand characteristics, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the construction of a reasonable forest management model in this region. [Method] Based on the datasets of 53 permanent sample plots in Maoershan Mountain in 2004 and 2016, a total of 12 indicators, namely uniform angle, neighborhood comparison, mingling degree, diameter distribution, stand density, stand volume growth, volume, mean height, natural regeneration density, stand potential density, Simpson diversity index and Pielou evenness index, which reflected three aspects of the forest characteristics(i.e., stand structure characteristics, stand vigor and tree species diversity), were selected to study the influence of different ratios of hard and soft wood in 3 different mixed forest types on forest structure, using the method of linear-weight comprehensive evaluation, based on effects of entropy-AHP method. One forest type was soft broadleaved mixed forest(the proportion of hard broadleaved trees in the stand was 0%, 10%, 20% and 30%), another was soft-hard broadleaved mixed forest(the proportion of hard broadleaved trees in the stand was 40%, 50%and 60%), and the last one was hard broadleaved mixed forest(the proportion of hard broadleaved trees in the stand was 70% and 80%). [Result] Among the 3 forest types, the overall mingling degree of mixed forest was relatively high(0.62-0.69), while the horizontal distribution pattern(0.53-0.56), size differentiation degree of forest trees(0.47-0.51), diameter distribution(q value: 1.09-1.19) and natural regeneration number(368-571 plant/ha) of stand were relatively poor. Stand volume growth showed a maximum weight(0.191) and neighborhood comparison showed a minimum weight(0.021). The proportion of hard broadleaved trees with the highest comprehensive evaluation value in the 3 forest types was 20%, 60% and 80%,respectively. [Conclusion] The optimal tree species composition for the natural secondary forest in Maoershan Mountain differed significantly among different forest types. The optimal proportion of hard broadleaved trees for the 3 forest types(soft broadleaved mixed forest, soft-hard broadleaved mixed forest and hard broadleaved mixed forest) was 20%, 60% and 80%, respectively. The conclusion of this study can provide reference for the adjustment of tree species composition of broadleaved secondary forest in this region.
[Objective] Focus on the natural secondary forest in Maoershan Mountain of northeastern China,this paper tries to find out the optimal tree species composition of different forest types at varied succession stages by comprehensive evaluation of stand characteristics, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the construction of a reasonable forest management model in this region. [Method] Based on the datasets of 53 permanent sample plots in Maoershan Mountain in 2004 and 2016, a total of 12 indicators, namely uniform angle, neighborhood comparison, mingling degree, diameter distribution, stand density, stand volume growth, volume, mean height, natural regeneration density, stand potential density, Simpson diversity index and Pielou evenness index, which reflected three aspects of the forest characteristics(i.e., stand structure characteristics, stand vigor and tree species diversity), were selected to study the influence of different ratios of hard and soft wood in 3 different mixed forest types on forest structure, using the method of linear-weight comprehensive evaluation, based on effects of entropy-AHP method. One forest type was soft broadleaved mixed forest(the proportion of hard broadleaved trees in the stand was 0%, 10%, 20% and 30%), another was soft-hard broadleaved mixed forest(the proportion of hard broadleaved trees in the stand was 40%, 50%and 60%), and the last one was hard broadleaved mixed forest(the proportion of hard broadleaved trees in the stand was 70% and 80%). [Result] Among the 3 forest types, the overall mingling degree of mixed forest was relatively high(0.62-0.69), while the horizontal distribution pattern(0.53-0.56), size differentiation degree of forest trees(0.47-0.51), diameter distribution(q value: 1.09-1.19) and natural regeneration number(368-571 plant/ha) of stand were relatively poor. Stand volume growth showed a maximum weight(0.191) and neighborhood comparison showed a minimum weight(0.021). The proportion of hard broadleaved trees with the highest comprehensive evaluation value in the 3 forest types was 20%, 60% and 80%,respectively. [Conclusion] The optimal tree species composition for the natural secondary forest in Maoershan Mountain differed significantly among different forest types. The optimal proportion of hard broadleaved trees for the 3 forest types(soft broadleaved mixed forest, soft-hard broadleaved mixed forest and hard broadleaved mixed forest) was 20%, 60% and 80%, respectively. The conclusion of this study can provide reference for the adjustment of tree species composition of broadleaved secondary forest in this region.
引文
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[5]Zhang P,Shao G,Zhao G,et al.China’s forest policy for the 21st century[J].Science,2000,288:2135-2136.
[6]于立忠,刘利芳,王绪高,等.东北次生林生态系统保护与恢复技术探讨[J].生态学杂志,2017,36(11):3243-3248.Yu L Z,Liu L F,Wang X G,et al.Discussion on the protection and restoration technology of secondary forest ecosystems in Northeast China[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2017,36(11):3243-3248.
[7]Chen X,Li B L,Lin Z S.The acceleration of succession for the restoration of the mixed-broadleaved Korean pine forests in Northeast China[J].Forest Ecology&Management,2003,177(1):503-514.
[8]张悦,易雪梅,王远遐,等.采伐对红松种群结构与动态的影响[J].生态学报,2015,35(1):38-45.Zhang Y,Yi X M,Wang Y X,et al.Impact of tree harvesting on the population structure and dynamics of Pinus koraiensis(Pinaceae)[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(1):38-45.
[9]Yu D,Zhou L,Zhou W,et al.Forest management in Northeast China:history,problems,and challenges[J].Environmental Management,2011,48(6):1122-1135.
[10]Hector A,Schmid B,Beierkuhnlein C,et al.Plant diversity and productivity experiments in European grasslands[J].Science,1999,286:1123-1127.
[11]董灵波,刘兆刚,李凤日,等.大兴安岭主要森林类型林分空间结构及最优树种组成[J].林业科学研究,2014,27(6):734-740.Dong L B,Liu Z G,Li F R,et al.Quantitative analysis of forest spatial structure and optimal species composition for the main forest types in Daxing’anling,Northeast China[J].Forest Research,2014,27(6):734-740.
[12]Burrascano S,Blasi F M S.Testing indicators of sustainable forest management on understorey composition and diversity in southern Italy through variation partitioning[J].Plant Ecology,2011,212(5):829-841.
[13]李法胜,于政中,刘建国.矩阵模型在最优树种组成研究中的应用[J].北京林业大学学报,1992,14(2):23-30.Li F S,Yu Z Z,Liu J G.Application of matrix model in species composition[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,1992,14(2):23-30.
[14]张士增,曹禹田.天然落叶松林树种组成的优化[J].东北林业大学学报,1997,25(1):65-66.Zhang S Z,Cao Y T.The optimization of tree species composition of nature Dahurian Larch[J].Journal of Northeast Forestry University,1997,25(1):65-66.
[15]吕康梅.长白山过伐林区云冷杉针阔混交林最优林分结构和最优生长动态的研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2006.LüK M.Study on ideal stand structure and development of spruce-fir mixed stands in over cutting area in Changbai Mountains[D].Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2006.
[16]Condés S,Rio M D,Sterba H.Mixing effect on volume growth of Fagus sylvatica,and Pinus sylvestris,is modulated by stand density[J].Forest Ecology&Management,2013,292:86-95.
[17]LégaréS,ParéD,Bergeron Y.The responses of black spruce growth to an increased proportion of aspen in mixed stands[J].Canadian Journal of Forest Research,2004,34(2):405-416.
[18]Reyes-Hernandez V J,Comeau P G.The influence of stocking and stand composition on productivity of boreal trembling aspenwhite spruce stands[J].Forests,2015,6(12):4573-4587.
[19]Sterba H,Rio M D,Brunner A,et al.Effect of species proportion definition on the evaluation of growth in pure vs.mixed stands[J].Forest Systems,2014,23(3):547-559.
[20]李菁,骆有庆,石娟.基于生物多样性保护的兴安落叶松与白桦最佳混交比例:以阿尔山林区为例[J].生态学报,2012,32(16):4943-4949.Li J,Luo Y Q,Shi J.The optimum mixture ratio of larch and birch in terms of biodiversity conservation:a case study in Aershan forest area[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(16):4943-4949.
[21]贺燕.金沟岭林场两种林型混交结构的研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2015.He Y.Study on mixed structure of two forest type of Jingouling Forestry Station[D].Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2015.
[22]陈贝贝,王凯,倪瑞强,等.长白山针阔混交林乔木幼苗组成与空间分布[J].北京林业大学学报,2018,40(2):68-75.Chen B B,Wang K,Ni R Q,et al.Composition and spatial pattern of tree seedlings in a coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest in Changbai Mountain of northeastern China[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2018,40(2):68-75.
[23]林思祖,黄宝龙,洪伟,等.杉阔混交林混交比例确定的新途径[J].林业科学,2004,40(1):158-161.Lin S Z.Huang B L,Hong W,et al.New approach to decide the mixed proportion for establishing Chinese fir and broadleaved mixed forest[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2004,40(1):158-161.
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