自然观光地旅游企业主移民定居驱动机制探析——以黄山汤口为例
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摘要
随着旅游移民现象不断演变和研究的深入,大量旅游劳工移民在迁入地的半定居和永久性定居行为开始受到国内外学者的关注。中国一些著名的自然观光地因开发早、区域人力资源供给不足等原因,吸引了大量外来企业主的迁入和集聚,因而成为研究旅游企业主移民的合适案例地。本文以黄山汤口为例,以旅游劳工移民中的企业主移民为研究对象,运用回归分析判别移民定居意愿的支持因素,并据此构建结构方程模型,探讨生活满意度、经营满意度、继续经营意愿、社会融合意愿、总体感知对移民定居的影响,进而分析中国自然观光地旅游企业主移民定居驱动机制。研究表明:①与国外发达经济体旅游企业主移民相比,中国自然观光地旅游企业主移民男性比例明显偏高且更为年轻,其家庭主要收入高度依赖迁移后的工作。经营收益情况是其考虑后续定居的重要前提条件。因此,中国自然观光地旅游企业主移民定居意愿可分为购房定居意愿和退休定居意愿。②探索性分析表明,中国自然观光地旅游企业主移民的购房定居和退休定居意愿的影响因素包括经营满意因素、生活满意因素、社会融合状况。③结构方程模型检验显示,衡量经营目标和动机的总体感知变量对继续经营意愿有替代作用。移民经营满意度是其定居意愿的本质驱动力。④社会融合意愿和总体感知构成了购房定居意愿的直接驱动力。除经营满意度外,对居住条件等生活因素的满意与否是购房定居意愿的间接驱动力。⑤退休定居意愿最强的直接驱动力是购房定居意愿,总体感知既是其直接弱驱动力又通过购房定居意愿对其产生影响,其余变量均是其间接驱动力。
With the evolution of tourism migration phenomenon and further research, scholars at home and abroad have focused on the temporary or permanent settlement of massive tourism labor migrants. Tourism labor migrants include employee migrants and entrepreneurial migrants. With a case study of Tangkou county in Huangshan, this paper mainly takes tourism entrepreneurial migrants(TEMs) as the research objects and applies multiple linear regression analysis to find supportive elements on migrants' settlement intention. Based on this, we build a structural equation model to explore the impact of the following factors on migrants' willingness to settle down, which are life and business satisfaction, continuous business intention, social integration intention, and overall perception on business objectives and motivations. Then we analyze the driving mechanism of settlement of tourism labor migrants in China. The main conclusions can be drawn as follows:(1) Compared with developed countries,China's migrants are much younger and the proportion of males is significantly higher. Given that the main household incomes of migrants are highly dependent on current work, economic benefit is the key precondition for their consideration of subsequent settlement. Based on regression analysis, the settlement intention of Chinese tourism labor migrants can be identified as the willingness to purchase second-home for settlement and to settle down after retirement.(2) Exploratory analysis shows that the TEMs' settlement intentions are influenced by factors of operating satisfaction, life satisfaction and social integration.(3) The fitting process of the structural model shows that the overall perception variable can replace continuous business intention. Path analysis confirms that business satisfaction is the essential driving force of migrants' settlement intention.(4) Both of social integration intention and overall perception are direct driving forces of willingness to purchase second-home. Besides business satisfaction,it is whether migrants are satisfied with living factors such as climate, natural environment and living conditions or not that has an indirect effect on willingness to purchase second-home. The strongest direct force for willingness to settle down after retirement is the willingness to purchase second-home. The overall perception variable is not only the relatively weak direct force for willingness to settle down after retirement but also has an indirect effect on it, while others are indirect driving forces.
With the evolution of tourism migration phenomenon and further research, scholars at home and abroad have focused on the temporary or permanent settlement of massive tourism labor migrants. Tourism labor migrants include employee migrants and entrepreneurial migrants. With a case study of Tangkou county in Huangshan, this paper mainly takes tourism entrepreneurial migrants(TEMs) as the research objects and applies multiple linear regression analysis to find supportive elements on migrants' settlement intention. Based on this, we build a structural equation model to explore the impact of the following factors on migrants' willingness to settle down, which are life and business satisfaction, continuous business intention, social integration intention, and overall perception on business objectives and motivations. Then we analyze the driving mechanism of settlement of tourism labor migrants in China. The main conclusions can be drawn as follows:(1) Compared with developed countries,China's migrants are much younger and the proportion of males is significantly higher. Given that the main household incomes of migrants are highly dependent on current work, economic benefit is the key precondition for their consideration of subsequent settlement. Based on regression analysis, the settlement intention of Chinese tourism labor migrants can be identified as the willingness to purchase second-home for settlement and to settle down after retirement.(2) Exploratory analysis shows that the TEMs' settlement intentions are influenced by factors of operating satisfaction, life satisfaction and social integration.(3) The fitting process of the structural model shows that the overall perception variable can replace continuous business intention. Path analysis confirms that business satisfaction is the essential driving force of migrants' settlement intention.(4) Both of social integration intention and overall perception are direct driving forces of willingness to purchase second-home. Besides business satisfaction,it is whether migrants are satisfied with living factors such as climate, natural environment and living conditions or not that has an indirect effect on willingness to purchase second-home. The strongest direct force for willingness to settle down after retirement is the willingness to purchase second-home. The overall perception variable is not only the relatively weak direct force for willingness to settle down after retirement but also has an indirect effect on it, while others are indirect driving forces.
引文
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[2]Hall C,Williams A.Tourism and migration:new relationships between production and consumption.Tourism Geographies,2000,2(1):5-27.
[3]Joppe M.Migrant workers:Challenges and opportunities in addressing tourism labour shortages.Tourism Management,2012,33(3):662-671.
[4]Kumas H,Caglar A,Karaalp H S.Firm size and labour market segmentation theory:Evidence from Turkish micro data.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,2014,150:360-373.
[5]Neumark D,Johnson H,Mejia M C.Future skill shortages in the U.S.economy?.Economics of Education Review,2011,32(1):151-167.
[6]Haug B,Dann G M,Mehmetoglu M.Little Norway in Spain from tourism to migration.Annals of Tourism Research,2007,34(1):202-222.
[7]Dom?nguez-Mujica J,Gonzalez-Perez J,Parreno-Castellano J.Tourism and human mobility in Spanish Archipelagos.Annals of Tourism Research,2011,38(2):586-606.
[8]Ooi N,Mair J,Laing J.The transition from seasonal worker to permanent resident:social barriers faced within a mountain resort Community.Journal of Travel Research,2014,55(2):246-260.
[9]Matarrita-Cascante D,Stocks G.Amenity migration to the global south:Implications for community development.Geoforum,2013,49:91-102.
[10]Seetaram N.Immigration and international inbound tourism:Empirical evidence from Australia.Tourism Management,2012,33(6):1535-1543.
[11]Etzo I,Massidda C,Piras R.Migration and Outbound Tourism:Evidence From Italy.Annals of Tourism Research,2014,48(1):235-249.
[12]Dwyer L,Seetaram N,Forsyth P.Is the migration-tourism relationship only about VFR?.Annals of Tourism Research,2014,46(3):130-143.
[13]Backer E.VFR travel:It is underestimated.Tourism Management,2012,33(1):74-79.
[14]Yousuf M,Backer E.A content analysis of Visiting Friends and Relatives(VFR)travel research.Journal of Hospitality&Tourism Management,2015,25:1-10.
[15]Shani A,Uriely N.VFR tourism:The host experience.Annals of Tourism Research,2012,39(1):421-440.
[16]杨钊,陆林.旅游移民研究体系及方法初探.地理研究.2008,27(4):949-962.[Yang Zhao,Lu Lin.A preliminary study on research system and methods of tourism migration.Geographical Research,2008,27(4):949-962.]
[17]杨钊,陆林.国外旅游移民研究综述.地理与地理信息科学,2004,21(4):84-89.[Yang Zhao,Lu Lin.Summarization of foreign literature about tourism migration.Geography and Geo-Information Science,2004,21(4):84-89.]
[18]唐香姐,徐红罡.生活方式型移民研究综述.地理科学进展,2015,34(9):1096-1106.[Tang Xiangjie,Xu Honggang.Review of lifestyle migration.Progress in Geography,2015,34(9):1096-1106.]
[19]Noorloos F V,Steela G.Lifestyle migration and socio-spatial segregation in the urban(izing)landscapes of Cuenca(Ecuador)and Guanacaste(Costa Rica).Habitat International,2015,54:50-57
[20]吴悦芳,徐红罡.基于流动性视角的第二居所旅游研究综述.地理科学进展,2012,31(6):799-807.[Wu Yuefang,Xu Honggang.A literature review of second residence tourism:Implication on mobility analysis.Progress in Geography,2012,31(6):799-807.]
[21]Tangeland T,Vennesland B,Nybakk E.Second-home owners'intention to purchase nature-based tourism activity products-A Norwegian case study.Tourism Management,2013,36:364-376.
[22]Wong K M,Musa G.Retirement motivation among‘Malaysia My Second Home’participants.Tourism Management,2014,40:141-154.
[23]Wong K M,Musa G.Challenges of international retirees in second home destination:A phenomenological analysis.Tourism Management Perspectives,2015,15:81-90.
[24]Abdul-Aziz A R,Tah J H M,Lim J X,et al.Government initiatives to attract retired migrants:An analysis of Malaysia's My Second Home(MM2H)programme.Tourism Management Perspectives,2015,16:58-66.
[25]Salazar N B,Zhang Y.Seasonal lifestyle tourism:The case of Chinese elites.Annals of Tourism Research,2013,43(4):81-99.
[26]Glorioso R S,Moss L A G.Amenity migration to mountain Regions:Current knowledge and a strategic construct for sustainable management.Social Change,2007,37(1):137-161.
[27]Pavelka J,Draper D.Leisure negotiation within amenity migration.Annals of Tourism Research,2015,50(50):128-142.
[28]Benson M,O'Reilly K.Migration and the search for a better way of life:A critical exploration of lifestyle migration.Sociological Review,2009,57(4):608-625.
[29]Fourie J,Santana-Gallego M.Ethnic reunion and cultural affinity.Tourism Management,2012,36(3):411-420.
[30]Ruiz-Ballesteros E,Caceres-Feria R.Community-building and amenity migration in community-based tourism development.An approach from southwest Spain.Tourism Management,2016,54:513-523.
[31]Schaeffer Y,Cremer-Schulte D,Tartiu C,et al.Natural amenity-driven segregation:Evidence from location choices in French metropolitan areas.Ecological Economics,2016,130:37-52.
[32]Szivas E,Riley M.Tourism employment during economic transition.Annals of Tourism Research,1999,26(4):747-771.
[33]Janta H,Brown L,Lugosi P,et al.Migrant relationships and tourism employment.Annals of Tourism Research,2011,38(4):1322-1343.
[34]杨钊,上官筱燕,蔡永寿等.九寨沟旅游劳工迁移微观驱动力分析.地理研究,2013,32(2):347-359.[Yang Zhao,Shang Guan Xiaoyan,Cai Yongshou,et al.Analysis of tourism labor migrants’micro-motivation in Jiuzhaigou based on mixed methods approaches.Geographical Research,2013,32(2):347-359.]
[35]陈蕾,杨钊.生活方式型旅游小企业的特征及研究启示.旅游学刊,2014,29(8):80-88.[Chen Lei,Yang Zhao.Features of lifestyle-oriented small tourism firms and its implications.Tourism Tribune,2014,29(8):80-88.]
[36]Bredvold R,Sk?lén P.Lifestyle entrepreneurs and their identity construction:A study of the tourism industry.Tourism Management,2016,56:96-105.
[37]Stone I,Stubbs C.Enterprising expatriates:Lifestyle migration and entrepreneurship in rural southern Europe.Entrepreneurship&Regional Development,2007,19(5):433-450.
[38]Uriely N.‘Travelling workers’and‘working tourists’:Variations across the interaction between work and tourism.International Journal of Tourism Research,2001,3(1):1-8.
[39]李艳凝,徐红罡.游客还是居民-旅居拉萨和尼泊尔的自主经营者.旅游论坛,2009,2(2):182-187.[Li Yanning,Xu Honggang.From tourists to lifestyle entrepreneur:Chinese tourists in Lhasa and Nepal.Tourism Forum,2009,2(2):182-187.]
[40]梁微,徐红罡,Rhodri Thomas.大理古城生活方式型旅游企业的动机和目标研究.旅游学刊,2010,25(2):47-53.[Liang Wei,Xu Honggang,Thomas R.Study on the motivations and objectives of life-styled tourism businesses in Dali Ancient City.Tourism Tribune,2010,25(2):47-53.]
[41]马少吟,徐红罡.从消费到生产:大理古城生活方式型旅游企业主移民的生存特征.旅游学刊,2016,31(5):81-88.[Ma Shaoyin,Xu Honggang.From consumption to production:understanding the tourism lifestyle entrepreneur in Dali.Tourism Tribune,2016,31(5):81-88.]
[42]陆林.山岳型旅游地生命周期研究--安徽黄山、九华山实证分析.地理科学,1997,7(1):63-69.[Lu Lin.A study on the life cycle of mountain resorts:A case study of Huangshan Mountain and Jiuhuashan Mountain.Scientia Geographica Sinica,1997,17(1):63-69.]
[43]刘法建,张捷,章锦河等.旅游地网络的演化与时空特征研究--以黄山风景区及汤口社区为例.地理科学,2014,34(12):1428-1437.[Liu Fajian,Zhang Jie,Zhang Jinhe,et al.The Process and spatial-temporal feature of tourism destination network evolution:A case study of MT.Huangshan scenic area and Tangkou.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2014,34(12):1428-1437.]
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