THE IMPACT OF MOUNTAIN TO BASIN WINDS ON THE DIURNAL VARIATION IN FOG OVER THE SICHUAN BASIN, CHINA
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摘要
There is an increased demand for the accurate prediction of fog events in the Sichuan Basin(SCB) using numerical methods. A dense fog event that occurred over the SCB on 22 December 2016 was investigated. The results show that this dense fog event was influenced by the southwest of a low pressure with a weak horizontal pressure gradient and high relative humidity. This fog event showed typical diurnal variations. The fog began to form at 1800 UTC on 21 December 2016(0200 local standard time on 22 December 2016) and dissipated at 0600 UTC on 22 December 2016(1400 local standard time on 22 December 2016). The Weather Research and Forecasting model was able to partially reproduce the main features of this fog event and the diurnal variation in the local mountain to basin winds. The simulated horizontal visibility and liquid water content were used to characterize the fog. The mountain to basin winds had an important role in the diurnal variation of the fog event. The positive feedback mechanism between the fog and mountain to basin winds was good for the formation and maintain of the fog during the night. During the day, the mountain to basin wind displayed a transition from downslope flows to upslope flows. Water vapor evaporated easily from the warm, strong upslope winds, which resulted in the dissipation of fog during the day. The topography surrounding the SCB favored the lifting and condensation of air parcels in the lower troposphere as a result of the low height of the lifting condensation level.
There is an increased demand for the accurate prediction of fog events in the Sichuan Basin(SCB) using numerical methods. A dense fog event that occurred over the SCB on 22 December 2016 was investigated. The results show that this dense fog event was influenced by the southwest of a low pressure with a weak horizontal pressure gradient and high relative humidity. This fog event showed typical diurnal variations. The fog began to form at 1800 UTC on 21 December 2016(0200 local standard time on 22 December 2016) and dissipated at 0600 UTC on 22 December 2016(1400 local standard time on 22 December 2016). The Weather Research and Forecasting model was able to partially reproduce the main features of this fog event and the diurnal variation in the local mountain to basin winds. The simulated horizontal visibility and liquid water content were used to characterize the fog. The mountain to basin winds had an important role in the diurnal variation of the fog event. The positive feedback mechanism between the fog and mountain to basin winds was good for the formation and maintain of the fog during the night. During the day, the mountain to basin wind displayed a transition from downslope flows to upslope flows. Water vapor evaporated easily from the warm, strong upslope winds, which resulted in the dissipation of fog during the day. The topography surrounding the SCB favored the lifting and condensation of air parcels in the lower troposphere as a result of the low height of the lifting condensation level.
There is an increased demand for the accurate prediction of fog events in the Sichuan Basin(SCB) using numerical methods. A dense fog event that occurred over the SCB on 22 December 2016 was investigated. The results show that this dense fog event was influenced by the southwest of a low pressure with a weak horizontal pressure gradient and high relative humidity. This fog event showed typical diurnal variations. The fog began to form at 1800 UTC on 21 December 2016(0200 local standard time on 22 December 2016) and dissipated at 0600 UTC on 22 December 2016(1400 local standard time on 22 December 2016). The Weather Research and Forecasting model was able to partially reproduce the main features of this fog event and the diurnal variation in the local mountain to basin winds. The simulated horizontal visibility and liquid water content were used to characterize the fog. The mountain to basin winds had an important role in the diurnal variation of the fog event. The positive feedback mechanism between the fog and mountain to basin winds was good for the formation and maintain of the fog during the night. During the day, the mountain to basin wind displayed a transition from downslope flows to upslope flows. Water vapor evaporated easily from the warm, strong upslope winds, which resulted in the dissipation of fog during the day. The topography surrounding the SCB favored the lifting and condensation of air parcels in the lower troposphere as a result of the low height of the lifting condensation level.
引文
[1]QIAN T,ZHAO P,ZHANG F,et al.Rainy-season precipitation over the Sichuan Basin and adjacent regions in southwestern China[J].Mon Wea Rev,2015,143(1):383-394.
[2]DUYNKERKE P G.Radiation Fog:A comparison of model simulation with the detailed observations[J].Mon Wea Rev,1991,119(2):324-341.
[3]NEMERY B,HOET P H,NEMMAR A.The meuse valley fog of 1930:An air pollution disaster[J].Lancet,2001,357(9257):704-708.
[4]NIU Sheng-jie,LU Chun-song,YU Hua-ying,et al.Fog research in China:An overview[J].Adv Atmos Sci,2010,27(3):639-662.
[5]GULTEPE I,MILBRANDT J A.Microphysical observations and mesoscale model simulation of a warm fog case during FRAM project[J].J Pure Appl Geophys,2007,164(6-7):1161-1178.
[6]GULTEPE I,TARDIF R,MICHAELIDES S C,et al.Fog research:A review of past achievements and future perspectives[J].J Pure Appl Geophys,2007,164(6-7):1121-1159.
[7]TAYLOR G I.The formation of fog and mist[J].Quart JRoy Meteor Soc,1917,43(183):241-268.
[8]CROFT P J.Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences[M].Manhattan:Academic Press,2003:777-792.
[9]DENG Yu-jiao,WANG Jie-chun,CAO Jing,et al.Detection of daytime fog in South China Sea using MODIS data[J].J Trop Meteor,2014,20(4):386-390.
[10]ZHANG Yue,FAN Shu-xian,ZHANG Shu-ting,et al.Microstructures and temporal variation characteristics during a sea fog event along the west coast of the Taiwan Strait[J].J Trop Meteor,2017,23(2):155-165.
[11]FEI Dong-dong,NIU Sheng-jie,YANG Jun.Analysis of the microphysical structure of radiation fog in Xuanen mountainous region of Hubei,China[J].J Trop Meteor,2017,23(2):177-190.
[12]ZHANG Shu-ting,NIU Sheng-jie.Haze-to-fog transformation during a long lasting,low visibility episode in Nanjing[J].J Trop Meteor,2016,22(S1):67-77.
[13]Van Der VELDE I R,STEENEVELD G J,SCHREUR BG J W,et al.Modeling and forecasting the onset and duration of severe radiation fog under frost conditions[J].Mon Wea Rev,2010,138(11):4237-4253.
[14]FISHER E L,CAPLAN P.An experiment in numerical prediction of fog and stratus[J].J Atmos Sci,1963,20(5):425-437.
[15]BAKER R,CRAMER J,PETERS J.Radiation fog:UPSairlines conceptual models and forecast methods[C]//Proc 10th conf on aviation,range and aerospace meteorology.Portland:Amer Meteor Soc,2002:154-159.
[16]PAGWSKI M,GULTEPE I,KING P.Analysis and modeling of an extremely dense fog event in Southern Ontario[J].J Appl Meteor,2004,43(1):3-16.
[17]SHI C,YANG J,QIU M,et al.Analysis of an extremely dense regional fog event in Eastern China using a mesoscale model[J].Atmos Res,2010,95(4):428-440.
[18]ZHOU B,DU J.Fog prediction from a multimodel mesoscale ensemble prediction system[J].Wea Forecasting,2010,25(1):303-322.
[19]ROM譧N-CASC魷N C,YAG譈E C,SASTRE M,et al.Observations and WRF simulations of fog events at the Spanish Northern Plateau[J].Adv Sci Res,2012,8(1):11-18.
[20]HU H,ZHANG Q,XIE B,et al.Predictability of an advection fog event over North China,Part I:Sensitivity to initial condition differences[J].Mon Wea Rev,2014,142(5):1803-1822.
[21]HUANG Hui-jun,ZHAN Guo-wei,LIU Chun-xia,et al.A case study of numerical simulation of sea fog on the southern China Coast[J].J Trop Meteor,2016,22(4):497-507.
[22]M譈LLER M D.Numerical simulation of fog and radiation in complex terrain[D].Basel:University of Basel,2006:90.
[23]GAO Shan-dong,LIN Hang,SHEN Biao,et al.A heavy sea fog event over the Yellow Sea in March 2005:Analysis and numerical modeling[J].Adv Atmos Sci,2007,24(1):65-81.
[24]STEENEVELD G J,RONDA R J,HOLTSLAG A A M.The challenge of forecasting the onset and development of radiation fog using mesoscale atmospheric models[J].Bound-Layer Meteor,2015,154(2):265-289.
[25]HUANG H L,WANG C C,CHEN T J,et al.The role of diurnal solenoidal circulation on propagating rainfall episodes near the eastern Tibetan Plateau[J].Mon Wea Rev,2010,138(7):2975-2989.
[26]De WEKKER S F J,ZHONG S,FAST J D,et al.Anumerical study of the thermally driven plain-to-basin wind over idealized basin topographies[J].J Appl Meteor,1998,37(6):606-622.
[27]DORAN J C,ZHONG S.Regional drainage flows in the Pacific Northwest[J].Mon Wea Rev,1994,122(6):1158-1167.
[28]BOSSERT J E,COTTON W R.Regional-scale flows in mountainous terrain,Part I:A numerical and observational comparison[J].Mon Wea Rev,1994,122(7):1449-1471.
[29]BOSSERT J E.An investigation of flow regimes affecting the Mexico City region[J].J Appl Meteor,1997,36(2):119-140.
[30]BUETTNEER K J K,THYER N.Valley winds in the Mount Rainier area[J].Arch Meteor Geophys Bioklim,1966,14(2):125-147.
[31]MOORE G E,DALY C,LIU K M.Modeling of mountain-valley wind fields in the southern San Joaquin valley,California[J].J Appl Meteor,1987,26(9):1230-1242.
[32]GAO Y,TANG M,LUO S.Some aspects of recent research on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau meteorology[J].Bull Amer Meteor Soc,1981,62(1):31-35.
[33]REITER E R.Thermal effects of the Tibetan Plateau on atmospheric circulation systems[C]//Proceedings of the first Sino-American workshop on mountain meteorology.Beijing,1982(in Chinese).
[34]KUO Y H,ANTHES R A.Mesoscale budgets of heat and moisture in a convective system over the central United States[J].Mon Wea Rev,1984,112(8):1482-1497.
[35]CHOW F K,WEIGEL A P,STREET R L,et al.High-resolution large-eddy simulations of flow in a steep Alpine valley,Part I:Methodology,verification,and sensitivity experiments[J].J Appl Meteor Climatol,2006,45(1):63-86.
[36]WEISSMANN M,BRAUN F J,GANTNER L,et al.The Alpine mountain-plain circulation:Airborne Doppler lidar measurements and numerical simulations[J].Mon Wea Rev,2005,133(11):3095-3109.
[37]WILSON A M,BARROS A P.Orographic land-atmosphere interactions and the diurnal cycle of low-level clouds and fog[J].J Hydrometeor,2017,18(5):1513-1533.
[38]M譈LLER M D,MASBOU M,BOTT A.2010.Three-dimensional fog forecasting in complex terrain[J].Quart J Roy Meteor Soc,136(653):2189-2202.
[39]CUXART J,JIMéNEZ M A.Deep radiation fog in a wide closed valley:Study by numerical modeling and remote sensing[J].Pure Appl Geophys,2011,169(5-6):911-926.
[40]National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration(NOAA).Surface weather observations and reports[R]//Federal meteorological handbook.Silver Spring,1995:94.
[41]TAYLOR G I.Eddy motion in the atmosphere[J].Philos Trans Roy Soc London,1915,215A:1-26.
[42]PAGOWSKI M,GULTEPE I,KING P.Analysis and modeling of an extremely dense fog event in southern Ontario[J].J Appl Meteor,2004,43(1):3-16.
[43]SKAMAROCK W C.A description of the advanced research WRF[J].NCAR Technical,2008,113:7-25.
[44]ZHANG Chao-lin,MIAO Shi-guang,LI Qing-chun,et al.Impacts of fine-resolution land use information of Beijing on a summer severe rainfall simulation[J].Chin JGeophys,2007,50(5):1372-1382(in Chinese).
[45]HONG S Y,LIM J O J.The WRF single-moment 6-class microphysics scheme(WSM6)[J].J Korean Meteor Soc,2006,42(2):129-151.
[46]MLAWER E J,TAUBMAN S J,BROWN P D,et al.Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres:RRTM,a validated correlated-k model for the longwave[J].J Geophys Res Atmos,1997,102(D14):16663-16682.
[47]DUDHIA J.Numerical study of convection observed during the winter monsoon experiment using a mesoscale two dimensional model[J].J Atmos Sci,1989,46(20):3077-3107.
[48]SUKORIANSKY S,GALPERIN B,PEROV V.Application of a new spectral theory of stably stratified turbulence to the atmospheric boundary layer over sea ice[J].Bound-Layer Meteor,2005,117(2):231-257.
[49]KAIN J S.The Kain-Fritsch convective parameterization:An update[J].J Appl Meteor,2004,43(1):170-181.
[50]KUNKEL B A.Parameterization of droplet terminal velocity and extinction coefficient in fog models[J].JAppl Meteor,1984,23(1):34-41.
[51]STOELINGA M T,WARNER T T.Nonhydrostatic,mesobeta-scale model simulations of cloud ceiling and visibility for an East Coast winter precipitation event[J].J Appl Meteor,1999,38(4):385-404.
[52]FU G,GUO J,XIE S P,et al.Analysis and high-resolution modeling of a dense sea fog event over the Yellow Sea[J].Atmos Res,2006,81(4):293-303.
[53]LI Xiao-na,HUANG Jian,SHEN Shuang-he,et al.Evolution of liquid water content in a sea fog controlled by a high-pressure pattern[J].J Trop Meteor,2010,16(4):409-416.
[54]ZHOU B,FERRIER B S.Asymptotic analysis of equilibrium in radiation fog[J].J Appl Meteor Climatol,2008,47(6):1704-1722.
[2]DUYNKERKE P G.Radiation Fog:A comparison of model simulation with the detailed observations[J].Mon Wea Rev,1991,119(2):324-341.
[3]NEMERY B,HOET P H,NEMMAR A.The meuse valley fog of 1930:An air pollution disaster[J].Lancet,2001,357(9257):704-708.
[4]NIU Sheng-jie,LU Chun-song,YU Hua-ying,et al.Fog research in China:An overview[J].Adv Atmos Sci,2010,27(3):639-662.
[5]GULTEPE I,MILBRANDT J A.Microphysical observations and mesoscale model simulation of a warm fog case during FRAM project[J].J Pure Appl Geophys,2007,164(6-7):1161-1178.
[6]GULTEPE I,TARDIF R,MICHAELIDES S C,et al.Fog research:A review of past achievements and future perspectives[J].J Pure Appl Geophys,2007,164(6-7):1121-1159.
[7]TAYLOR G I.The formation of fog and mist[J].Quart JRoy Meteor Soc,1917,43(183):241-268.
[8]CROFT P J.Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences[M].Manhattan:Academic Press,2003:777-792.
[9]DENG Yu-jiao,WANG Jie-chun,CAO Jing,et al.Detection of daytime fog in South China Sea using MODIS data[J].J Trop Meteor,2014,20(4):386-390.
[10]ZHANG Yue,FAN Shu-xian,ZHANG Shu-ting,et al.Microstructures and temporal variation characteristics during a sea fog event along the west coast of the Taiwan Strait[J].J Trop Meteor,2017,23(2):155-165.
[11]FEI Dong-dong,NIU Sheng-jie,YANG Jun.Analysis of the microphysical structure of radiation fog in Xuanen mountainous region of Hubei,China[J].J Trop Meteor,2017,23(2):177-190.
[12]ZHANG Shu-ting,NIU Sheng-jie.Haze-to-fog transformation during a long lasting,low visibility episode in Nanjing[J].J Trop Meteor,2016,22(S1):67-77.
[13]Van Der VELDE I R,STEENEVELD G J,SCHREUR BG J W,et al.Modeling and forecasting the onset and duration of severe radiation fog under frost conditions[J].Mon Wea Rev,2010,138(11):4237-4253.
[14]FISHER E L,CAPLAN P.An experiment in numerical prediction of fog and stratus[J].J Atmos Sci,1963,20(5):425-437.
[15]BAKER R,CRAMER J,PETERS J.Radiation fog:UPSairlines conceptual models and forecast methods[C]//Proc 10th conf on aviation,range and aerospace meteorology.Portland:Amer Meteor Soc,2002:154-159.
[16]PAGWSKI M,GULTEPE I,KING P.Analysis and modeling of an extremely dense fog event in Southern Ontario[J].J Appl Meteor,2004,43(1):3-16.
[17]SHI C,YANG J,QIU M,et al.Analysis of an extremely dense regional fog event in Eastern China using a mesoscale model[J].Atmos Res,2010,95(4):428-440.
[18]ZHOU B,DU J.Fog prediction from a multimodel mesoscale ensemble prediction system[J].Wea Forecasting,2010,25(1):303-322.
[19]ROM譧N-CASC魷N C,YAG譈E C,SASTRE M,et al.Observations and WRF simulations of fog events at the Spanish Northern Plateau[J].Adv Sci Res,2012,8(1):11-18.
[20]HU H,ZHANG Q,XIE B,et al.Predictability of an advection fog event over North China,Part I:Sensitivity to initial condition differences[J].Mon Wea Rev,2014,142(5):1803-1822.
[21]HUANG Hui-jun,ZHAN Guo-wei,LIU Chun-xia,et al.A case study of numerical simulation of sea fog on the southern China Coast[J].J Trop Meteor,2016,22(4):497-507.
[22]M譈LLER M D.Numerical simulation of fog and radiation in complex terrain[D].Basel:University of Basel,2006:90.
[23]GAO Shan-dong,LIN Hang,SHEN Biao,et al.A heavy sea fog event over the Yellow Sea in March 2005:Analysis and numerical modeling[J].Adv Atmos Sci,2007,24(1):65-81.
[24]STEENEVELD G J,RONDA R J,HOLTSLAG A A M.The challenge of forecasting the onset and development of radiation fog using mesoscale atmospheric models[J].Bound-Layer Meteor,2015,154(2):265-289.
[25]HUANG H L,WANG C C,CHEN T J,et al.The role of diurnal solenoidal circulation on propagating rainfall episodes near the eastern Tibetan Plateau[J].Mon Wea Rev,2010,138(7):2975-2989.
[26]De WEKKER S F J,ZHONG S,FAST J D,et al.Anumerical study of the thermally driven plain-to-basin wind over idealized basin topographies[J].J Appl Meteor,1998,37(6):606-622.
[27]DORAN J C,ZHONG S.Regional drainage flows in the Pacific Northwest[J].Mon Wea Rev,1994,122(6):1158-1167.
[28]BOSSERT J E,COTTON W R.Regional-scale flows in mountainous terrain,Part I:A numerical and observational comparison[J].Mon Wea Rev,1994,122(7):1449-1471.
[29]BOSSERT J E.An investigation of flow regimes affecting the Mexico City region[J].J Appl Meteor,1997,36(2):119-140.
[30]BUETTNEER K J K,THYER N.Valley winds in the Mount Rainier area[J].Arch Meteor Geophys Bioklim,1966,14(2):125-147.
[31]MOORE G E,DALY C,LIU K M.Modeling of mountain-valley wind fields in the southern San Joaquin valley,California[J].J Appl Meteor,1987,26(9):1230-1242.
[32]GAO Y,TANG M,LUO S.Some aspects of recent research on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau meteorology[J].Bull Amer Meteor Soc,1981,62(1):31-35.
[33]REITER E R.Thermal effects of the Tibetan Plateau on atmospheric circulation systems[C]//Proceedings of the first Sino-American workshop on mountain meteorology.Beijing,1982(in Chinese).
[34]KUO Y H,ANTHES R A.Mesoscale budgets of heat and moisture in a convective system over the central United States[J].Mon Wea Rev,1984,112(8):1482-1497.
[35]CHOW F K,WEIGEL A P,STREET R L,et al.High-resolution large-eddy simulations of flow in a steep Alpine valley,Part I:Methodology,verification,and sensitivity experiments[J].J Appl Meteor Climatol,2006,45(1):63-86.
[36]WEISSMANN M,BRAUN F J,GANTNER L,et al.The Alpine mountain-plain circulation:Airborne Doppler lidar measurements and numerical simulations[J].Mon Wea Rev,2005,133(11):3095-3109.
[37]WILSON A M,BARROS A P.Orographic land-atmosphere interactions and the diurnal cycle of low-level clouds and fog[J].J Hydrometeor,2017,18(5):1513-1533.
[38]M譈LLER M D,MASBOU M,BOTT A.2010.Three-dimensional fog forecasting in complex terrain[J].Quart J Roy Meteor Soc,136(653):2189-2202.
[39]CUXART J,JIMéNEZ M A.Deep radiation fog in a wide closed valley:Study by numerical modeling and remote sensing[J].Pure Appl Geophys,2011,169(5-6):911-926.
[40]National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration(NOAA).Surface weather observations and reports[R]//Federal meteorological handbook.Silver Spring,1995:94.
[41]TAYLOR G I.Eddy motion in the atmosphere[J].Philos Trans Roy Soc London,1915,215A:1-26.
[42]PAGOWSKI M,GULTEPE I,KING P.Analysis and modeling of an extremely dense fog event in southern Ontario[J].J Appl Meteor,2004,43(1):3-16.
[43]SKAMAROCK W C.A description of the advanced research WRF[J].NCAR Technical,2008,113:7-25.
[44]ZHANG Chao-lin,MIAO Shi-guang,LI Qing-chun,et al.Impacts of fine-resolution land use information of Beijing on a summer severe rainfall simulation[J].Chin JGeophys,2007,50(5):1372-1382(in Chinese).
[45]HONG S Y,LIM J O J.The WRF single-moment 6-class microphysics scheme(WSM6)[J].J Korean Meteor Soc,2006,42(2):129-151.
[46]MLAWER E J,TAUBMAN S J,BROWN P D,et al.Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres:RRTM,a validated correlated-k model for the longwave[J].J Geophys Res Atmos,1997,102(D14):16663-16682.
[47]DUDHIA J.Numerical study of convection observed during the winter monsoon experiment using a mesoscale two dimensional model[J].J Atmos Sci,1989,46(20):3077-3107.
[48]SUKORIANSKY S,GALPERIN B,PEROV V.Application of a new spectral theory of stably stratified turbulence to the atmospheric boundary layer over sea ice[J].Bound-Layer Meteor,2005,117(2):231-257.
[49]KAIN J S.The Kain-Fritsch convective parameterization:An update[J].J Appl Meteor,2004,43(1):170-181.
[50]KUNKEL B A.Parameterization of droplet terminal velocity and extinction coefficient in fog models[J].JAppl Meteor,1984,23(1):34-41.
[51]STOELINGA M T,WARNER T T.Nonhydrostatic,mesobeta-scale model simulations of cloud ceiling and visibility for an East Coast winter precipitation event[J].J Appl Meteor,1999,38(4):385-404.
[52]FU G,GUO J,XIE S P,et al.Analysis and high-resolution modeling of a dense sea fog event over the Yellow Sea[J].Atmos Res,2006,81(4):293-303.
[53]LI Xiao-na,HUANG Jian,SHEN Shuang-he,et al.Evolution of liquid water content in a sea fog controlled by a high-pressure pattern[J].J Trop Meteor,2010,16(4):409-416.
[54]ZHOU B,FERRIER B S.Asymptotic analysis of equilibrium in radiation fog[J].J Appl Meteor Climatol,2008,47(6):1704-1722.