2019年总统选举与尼日利亚政党政治特点评析
摘要
尼日利亚是非洲实行多党民主政治的典型国家。在2019年总统选举中,执政的全体进步大会党继2015年大选首次击败执政16年的人民民主党后,再次获得胜利。2019年大选折射出尼政党政治的一些特点:政党碎片化突出、政党间转换频繁、民族宗教和地缘影响深远、非政府组织和国际社会关注度高以及"两党制"趋势增强。但是,无论哪个党执政,只有大力发展经济、改善民生、加强党建、提高执政水平,才能让尼日利亚政党政治行稳致远。
引文
[1]其间主要包括:第一共和国(1960—1966年)、戈翁军政府(1966—1975年)、穆罕默德军政府(1975—1976年)、奥巴桑乔军政府(1976—1979年)、第二共和国(沙加里文官政府,1979—1983)、布哈里军政府(1983—1985年)、巴班吉达军政府(1985—1993年)、第三共和国(中途夭折)、肖内坎文官过渡政府(1993年8-11月)、阿巴查军政府(1993年11月至1998年)、阿布巴卡尔军政府(1998-1999年)。
[2] https://www.inecnigeria.org/resources/accreditation-of-domesticand-foreign-observers-for-2019-general-elections/.
[3] Andrew Essien, et al.,"72 Million Nigerians to Elect President Tomorrow",https://leadership.ng/2019/02/22/72m-nigerians-to-electpresident-tomorrow/.
[4] https://www.inecnigeria.org/all-about-2019-general-elections/.
[5]国家独立选举委员会的声明指出,导致大选被迫延期的主要因素包括:恶劣天气导致航班无法将选举材料按时运抵部分地区;国家独立选举委员会在三个州的选举办公室发生火灾,选举物资被烧毁;智能读卡器等设备调试工作尚未全部就绪。
[6] Nnamdi Obasi,"Winning back trust in Nigeria□s rescheduled elections", International Crisis Group, https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/west-africa/nigeria/winning-back-trust-nigerias-rescheduled-elections.
[7]"Why INEC□s Yakubu declared Buhari winner of 2019 presidential election",Vanguard, Feburary 27,2019, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/02/why-inecs-yakubu-declared-buhari-winner-of-2019-presidential-election/.
[8] EIU, Country Profile:Nigeria, Economist Intelligence Unit:Country Report February 2019, http://www.eiu.com/FileHandler.ashx?issue_id=807605464&mode=pdf.
[9] Allan Lengel,"Nigerian Entangled In Jefferson Investigation",Washington Post, July 22, 2006, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/21/AR2006072101536_pf.html?noredirect=on.
[10] Leila Demarest,"Why Buhari Won Even Though He Had Little to Show for First Term", https://theconversation.com/why-buhari-woneven-though-he-had-little-to-show-for-first-term-112965.
[11]"PDP Presidential Primaries last-minute intrigues", https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/10/pdp-presidential-primaries-last-minuteintrigues/.
[12]伊博人的分离组织“比夫拉原住民”领导人纳姆迪·卡努曾在大选前号召伊博人抵制大选。虽然卡努后来放弃了这一立场,但一些伊博人认为,自内战之后,伊博族就被排除在国家权力中心之外,因此投票热情普遍不高,在候选人是北方穆斯林的情况下尤为如此。
[13][英]安德鲁·海伍德著,吴勇译:《政治学核心概念》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2014年版,第144页。
[14] Samuel Ogundipe,"INEC registers five new political parties",https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/233325-breaking-inecregisters-five-new-political-parties.html.
[15] Alex Thomson, An Introduction to African Politics, London:Routledge, 2010, pp.4-6.
[16] Hamza Idris,"Nigerians want Buhari to focus on economy, jobs-Survey", https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/nigerians-want-buhari-tofocus-on-economy-jobs-survey.html.
[2] https://www.inecnigeria.org/resources/accreditation-of-domesticand-foreign-observers-for-2019-general-elections/.
[3] Andrew Essien, et al.,"72 Million Nigerians to Elect President Tomorrow",https://leadership.ng/2019/02/22/72m-nigerians-to-electpresident-tomorrow/.
[4] https://www.inecnigeria.org/all-about-2019-general-elections/.
[5]国家独立选举委员会的声明指出,导致大选被迫延期的主要因素包括:恶劣天气导致航班无法将选举材料按时运抵部分地区;国家独立选举委员会在三个州的选举办公室发生火灾,选举物资被烧毁;智能读卡器等设备调试工作尚未全部就绪。
[6] Nnamdi Obasi,"Winning back trust in Nigeria□s rescheduled elections", International Crisis Group, https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/west-africa/nigeria/winning-back-trust-nigerias-rescheduled-elections.
[7]"Why INEC□s Yakubu declared Buhari winner of 2019 presidential election",Vanguard, Feburary 27,2019, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/02/why-inecs-yakubu-declared-buhari-winner-of-2019-presidential-election/.
[8] EIU, Country Profile:Nigeria, Economist Intelligence Unit:Country Report February 2019, http://www.eiu.com/FileHandler.ashx?issue_id=807605464&mode=pdf.
[9] Allan Lengel,"Nigerian Entangled In Jefferson Investigation",Washington Post, July 22, 2006, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/21/AR2006072101536_pf.html?noredirect=on.
[10] Leila Demarest,"Why Buhari Won Even Though He Had Little to Show for First Term", https://theconversation.com/why-buhari-woneven-though-he-had-little-to-show-for-first-term-112965.
[11]"PDP Presidential Primaries last-minute intrigues", https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/10/pdp-presidential-primaries-last-minuteintrigues/.
[12]伊博人的分离组织“比夫拉原住民”领导人纳姆迪·卡努曾在大选前号召伊博人抵制大选。虽然卡努后来放弃了这一立场,但一些伊博人认为,自内战之后,伊博族就被排除在国家权力中心之外,因此投票热情普遍不高,在候选人是北方穆斯林的情况下尤为如此。
[13][英]安德鲁·海伍德著,吴勇译:《政治学核心概念》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2014年版,第144页。
[14] Samuel Ogundipe,"INEC registers five new political parties",https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/233325-breaking-inecregisters-five-new-political-parties.html.
[15] Alex Thomson, An Introduction to African Politics, London:Routledge, 2010, pp.4-6.
[16] Hamza Idris,"Nigerians want Buhari to focus on economy, jobs-Survey", https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/nigerians-want-buhari-tofocus-on-economy-jobs-survey.html.