内蒙古典型草原主要牧草生育期变化特征
|
摘要
利用1983～2012年内蒙古高原中部地区3个站点天然牧草生育期地面观测资料,分析了32年来典型草原代表性天然牧草返青、开花、黄枯期及生长季的变化趋势,并通过偏相关分析探讨了气温和降水对天然牧草生育期的关系。结果表明,内蒙古高原中部典型草原区天然牧草生育期趋势变化存在着明显地域差异性。北部锡林浩特地区返青呈推迟(P<0.01),但开花呈提前趋势(P<0.05),黄枯期呈弱提前趋势;中部镶黄旗返青呈弱推迟趋势,黄枯呈显著提前趋势(P<0.01),开花期趋势不显著;南部察右后旗返青呈显著提前趋势(P<0.01),其余生育期趋势不显著。生长季长度南部延长,而北部呈显著缩短趋势。3月和4月气温是影响研究区天然牧草返青最主要的气候因子,气温增高返青推迟;开花期以气温为主导因子,北部锡林浩特糙隐子草与降水量呈明显负相关关系;此外,黄枯期北部主要受气温影响,而气温、降水对南部察右后旗天然牧草黄枯无显著影响。
Plant phenology, which can directly reflect the impact of climate change, has become the focus of global change research. In recent decades, typical grasslands have experienced significant warming, and scientists have realized that a remarkable variation in typical grassland vegetation of the Inner Mongolia Plateau may be a potential result of climate change. In the paper, the growth period of natural herbage was observed from 1983 to 2012 at three stations in the central typical steppe of the Inner Mongolia Plateau, and the change trend of the representative grass of typical steppe for 32 years in stage of turning green, blossom and withered and yellow were analyzed. Additionally, the relationships between temperature or precipitation and the the growth period for main herbages were investigated using the stepwise regression and partial correlation analysis. The results showed that there were significant geographical differences in the growth period of natural herbage between northern, central, and southern portions of the study area. The trend in the growing season become short in the northern area and extended in the southern area. Specifically, the date of turning green was delayed in the Xinlinhaote(P<0.01),but the blossoming date was in advance(P<0.05). The date of yellow withered was in weak advance(P<0.01). In the central region of xianghuangqi, there was a weak delayed trend of turning green, a significant advanced trend of yellow withered period(P<0.01), and an insignificant trend of flowering. The date of turning green was a significant advance trend(P<0.01), but no significant trend in other growth stages in the Chayouhouqi. The turning green dates of grasses are strongly related to air temperatures in March and April with positive correlation in the typical grassland of the Inner Mongolia Plateau, while warming air temperatures in March and April lead a delay turning green of growth in grasses. Temperature is an important indicator that influences the blossoming dates, but precipitation is strongly negatively correlation with the blossoming dates of Cleistogene sauarrosa in the Xianghuangqi. Moreover, the trend of withering dates is mainly dominated by temperature in the northern of typical grassland, but withering dates are independent of temperature and precipitation in the Chayouhouqi.
Plant phenology, which can directly reflect the impact of climate change, has become the focus of global change research. In recent decades, typical grasslands have experienced significant warming, and scientists have realized that a remarkable variation in typical grassland vegetation of the Inner Mongolia Plateau may be a potential result of climate change. In the paper, the growth period of natural herbage was observed from 1983 to 2012 at three stations in the central typical steppe of the Inner Mongolia Plateau, and the change trend of the representative grass of typical steppe for 32 years in stage of turning green, blossom and withered and yellow were analyzed. Additionally, the relationships between temperature or precipitation and the the growth period for main herbages were investigated using the stepwise regression and partial correlation analysis. The results showed that there were significant geographical differences in the growth period of natural herbage between northern, central, and southern portions of the study area. The trend in the growing season become short in the northern area and extended in the southern area. Specifically, the date of turning green was delayed in the Xinlinhaote(P<0.01),but the blossoming date was in advance(P<0.05). The date of yellow withered was in weak advance(P<0.01). In the central region of xianghuangqi, there was a weak delayed trend of turning green, a significant advanced trend of yellow withered period(P<0.01), and an insignificant trend of flowering. The date of turning green was a significant advance trend(P<0.01), but no significant trend in other growth stages in the Chayouhouqi. The turning green dates of grasses are strongly related to air temperatures in March and April with positive correlation in the typical grassland of the Inner Mongolia Plateau, while warming air temperatures in March and April lead a delay turning green of growth in grasses. Temperature is an important indicator that influences the blossoming dates, but precipitation is strongly negatively correlation with the blossoming dates of Cleistogene sauarrosa in the Xianghuangqi. Moreover, the trend of withering dates is mainly dominated by temperature in the northern of typical grassland, but withering dates are independent of temperature and precipitation in the Chayouhouqi.
引文
[1] 陆佩玲,于强.植物物候对气候变化的响应[J].生态学报,2006,26(3):923-929.Lu Peiling,Yu Qiang. Responses of plant phenology to climate change [J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(3):923-929.
[2] Cleland E E,Allen J M,Crimmins T M,et a1.Phenological tracking enables positive species responses to climate change[J].Ecology,2012,93(8):1765-1771.
[3] Jeong S J,Ho C H,Gim H J,et a1.2011.Phenology shifts at start vs.end of growing season in temperate vegetation over the Northern Hemisphere for the period 1982—2008[J].Global Change Biology,17(7):2385-2399.
[4] Bradley N L,Leopold A C,Ross J,et a1.Phenological changes reflect climate change in Wisconsin[J].Procedings of the National Academy of Sciences of United States of America,1999,96:9701-9704.
[5] 李瑞英,孙东宝,江晓东.鲁西南木本植物物候期对气候变暖的响应[J].中国农业气象,2014,35(2):135-140.Li Ruiying,Sun Dongbao,Jiang Xiaodong.Response of typical woody plants phenology to climate warming in Southwestern Shandong Province[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2014,35(2):135-140.
[6] 苗百岭,梁存柱,韩芳,等.内蒙古主要草原类型植物物候对气候波动的响应[J].生态学报,2016,36(23):7689-7701.Miao Bailing,Liang Cunzhu,Han Fang,et al. Responses of phenology to climate change over the major grassland types[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(23):7689-7701.
[7] Dong M Y, Jiang Y, Zhang D Y,et al. Spatiotemporal change in the climatic growing season in Northeast China during 1960-2009[J].Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 2012, 111(3/4): 693-701.
[8] 徐维新,辛元春,张娟,等.近20年青藏高原东北部禾本科牧草生育期变化特征[J].生态学报,2014,34(7):1781-1793.Xu Weixin, Xing Yuanchun, Zhang Juan, et al. Phenological variation of alpine grasses (Gramineae)in the northeastem Qinhai-Tibetan Plateau, China during the last 20 years[J]. Acta Ecological Sinica, 2014, 34(7):1781-1793.
[9] 萨茹拉,丁勇,侯向阳.北方草原区气候变化影响与适应[J].中国草地学报,2018,40(2):109-115.Sarula, Dingyong, Hou Xiangyang. Impact of climate change and adaptation in northern Grassland of China [J].Chinese Journal of Grassland,2018,40(2):109-115.
[10] 白天晓,刘安娜,郝匕台,等. 刈割制度下羊草草原地上生物量的动态变化机制[J].中国草地学报,2017,49(6):65-71.Bai Tianxiao ,Liu Anna ,Hao Bitai, et al. Dynamic change mechanism of aboveground biomass of Leymus chinensis grassland under cutting and no-cutting system[J].Chinese Journal of Grassland,2017,49(6):65-71.
[11] 云文丽,侯琼,乌兰巴特尔,等.近50年气候变化对内蒙古典型草原净第一性生产力的影响[J].中国农业气象,2008,29(3):294-299.Yun Wenli,Hou Qiong,Wulanbateer et al. Impacts of climate change over last 50 year on net primary productivity in typical steppe of Inner Mongolia[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2008,29(3):294-299.
[12] 张峰,周广胜,王玉辉.内蒙古克氏针茅草原植物物候及其对气候因子的关系[J].植物生态学报,2008,32(6):1312-1322.Zhang Feng, Zhou Guangsheng, Wang Yuhui. Phenological calendar of Stipa krylovii in Inner Mongolia, China and correlation with climatic variables[J].Journal of Plant Ecology,2008,32(6):1312-1322.
[13] 国家气象局.农业气象观测规范(上卷)[M].北京:气象出版社,1993:133-135.CMA.Observation criterion of agrometeomlogy(I)[M].Beijing:China Meteorology Press,1993:133-135.
[14] 宛敏渭,刘秀珍.中国物候观测方法[M].北京:科学出版社,1979:42-45.Wan Minwei, Liu Xiuzhen. Phonlogical observation method in China [M]. Beijing: Science Press,1979:42-45.
[15] Piao S L,Friedlingstein P,Ciais P,et al.Growing season extension and its impact on terrestrial carbon cycle in the Northern Hemisphere over the past 2 decades[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2007,21.doi:10.1029/2006GB002888.
[16] 雷占兰,周华坤.气候变化对高寒草甸垂穗披碱草生育期和产量的影响[J].中国草地学报,2012,34(5):10-17.Lei Zhanlan, Zhou Huakun. Effects of climate on growth stages and yield of Elymus nutans in alpine meadow in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Chinese Journal of Grassland,2012,34(5):10-17.
[17] Hou X H,Gao S,Niu Z,et al.Extracting grassland vegetation phenology in North China based on cumulative SPOT-VEGETATION NDVI data[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,2014,35(9):33 16-3330.
[18] Gong Z,Kawamura K,Ishikawa N,et al. MODIS normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) and vegetation phenology dynamics in the Inner Mongolia grassland[J].Solid Earth,2015,6(4):1185-1194.
[19] Menzel A .Plant phenological “Fingerprints”,petection of climate change impacts[A].London:Kluwer academic publishers, 319-329.
[20] Sherry R A,Zhou X,Gu S, et al. Divergence of reproductive phenology under climate warming[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2007,104,198-202.
[21] 葛全胜,郑景云,张学霞,等.过去40年中国气候与物候的变化研究[J].自然科学进展,2003,13(10):1048-1053.Ge Quansheng, Zheng Jingyun, Zhang Xuexia,et al. Study of Chinese climate and phenology change in past 40 years[J]. Program National Science,2003,13(10):1048-1053.
[22] 杨兰芳,李宗义,王劲松.气候变化对甘肃玛曲地区草原生态的影响[J].中国草地学报, 2008,30(3):14-21.Yang Lanfang, Li Zongyi, Wang Jinsong,et al. Effect of climatic change on the ecologic environment in Maqu grassland of Gansu province[J].Chinese Journal of Grassland,2008,30(3):14-21.
[2] Cleland E E,Allen J M,Crimmins T M,et a1.Phenological tracking enables positive species responses to climate change[J].Ecology,2012,93(8):1765-1771.
[3] Jeong S J,Ho C H,Gim H J,et a1.2011.Phenology shifts at start vs.end of growing season in temperate vegetation over the Northern Hemisphere for the period 1982—2008[J].Global Change Biology,17(7):2385-2399.
[4] Bradley N L,Leopold A C,Ross J,et a1.Phenological changes reflect climate change in Wisconsin[J].Procedings of the National Academy of Sciences of United States of America,1999,96:9701-9704.
[5] 李瑞英,孙东宝,江晓东.鲁西南木本植物物候期对气候变暖的响应[J].中国农业气象,2014,35(2):135-140.Li Ruiying,Sun Dongbao,Jiang Xiaodong.Response of typical woody plants phenology to climate warming in Southwestern Shandong Province[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2014,35(2):135-140.
[6] 苗百岭,梁存柱,韩芳,等.内蒙古主要草原类型植物物候对气候波动的响应[J].生态学报,2016,36(23):7689-7701.Miao Bailing,Liang Cunzhu,Han Fang,et al. Responses of phenology to climate change over the major grassland types[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(23):7689-7701.
[7] Dong M Y, Jiang Y, Zhang D Y,et al. Spatiotemporal change in the climatic growing season in Northeast China during 1960-2009[J].Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 2012, 111(3/4): 693-701.
[8] 徐维新,辛元春,张娟,等.近20年青藏高原东北部禾本科牧草生育期变化特征[J].生态学报,2014,34(7):1781-1793.Xu Weixin, Xing Yuanchun, Zhang Juan, et al. Phenological variation of alpine grasses (Gramineae)in the northeastem Qinhai-Tibetan Plateau, China during the last 20 years[J]. Acta Ecological Sinica, 2014, 34(7):1781-1793.
[9] 萨茹拉,丁勇,侯向阳.北方草原区气候变化影响与适应[J].中国草地学报,2018,40(2):109-115.Sarula, Dingyong, Hou Xiangyang. Impact of climate change and adaptation in northern Grassland of China [J].Chinese Journal of Grassland,2018,40(2):109-115.
[10] 白天晓,刘安娜,郝匕台,等. 刈割制度下羊草草原地上生物量的动态变化机制[J].中国草地学报,2017,49(6):65-71.Bai Tianxiao ,Liu Anna ,Hao Bitai, et al. Dynamic change mechanism of aboveground biomass of Leymus chinensis grassland under cutting and no-cutting system[J].Chinese Journal of Grassland,2017,49(6):65-71.
[11] 云文丽,侯琼,乌兰巴特尔,等.近50年气候变化对内蒙古典型草原净第一性生产力的影响[J].中国农业气象,2008,29(3):294-299.Yun Wenli,Hou Qiong,Wulanbateer et al. Impacts of climate change over last 50 year on net primary productivity in typical steppe of Inner Mongolia[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2008,29(3):294-299.
[12] 张峰,周广胜,王玉辉.内蒙古克氏针茅草原植物物候及其对气候因子的关系[J].植物生态学报,2008,32(6):1312-1322.Zhang Feng, Zhou Guangsheng, Wang Yuhui. Phenological calendar of Stipa krylovii in Inner Mongolia, China and correlation with climatic variables[J].Journal of Plant Ecology,2008,32(6):1312-1322.
[13] 国家气象局.农业气象观测规范(上卷)[M].北京:气象出版社,1993:133-135.CMA.Observation criterion of agrometeomlogy(I)[M].Beijing:China Meteorology Press,1993:133-135.
[14] 宛敏渭,刘秀珍.中国物候观测方法[M].北京:科学出版社,1979:42-45.Wan Minwei, Liu Xiuzhen. Phonlogical observation method in China [M]. Beijing: Science Press,1979:42-45.
[15] Piao S L,Friedlingstein P,Ciais P,et al.Growing season extension and its impact on terrestrial carbon cycle in the Northern Hemisphere over the past 2 decades[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2007,21.doi:10.1029/2006GB002888.
[16] 雷占兰,周华坤.气候变化对高寒草甸垂穗披碱草生育期和产量的影响[J].中国草地学报,2012,34(5):10-17.Lei Zhanlan, Zhou Huakun. Effects of climate on growth stages and yield of Elymus nutans in alpine meadow in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Chinese Journal of Grassland,2012,34(5):10-17.
[17] Hou X H,Gao S,Niu Z,et al.Extracting grassland vegetation phenology in North China based on cumulative SPOT-VEGETATION NDVI data[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,2014,35(9):33 16-3330.
[18] Gong Z,Kawamura K,Ishikawa N,et al. MODIS normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) and vegetation phenology dynamics in the Inner Mongolia grassland[J].Solid Earth,2015,6(4):1185-1194.
[19] Menzel A .Plant phenological “Fingerprints”,petection of climate change impacts[A].London:Kluwer academic publishers, 319-329.
[20] Sherry R A,Zhou X,Gu S, et al. Divergence of reproductive phenology under climate warming[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2007,104,198-202.
[21] 葛全胜,郑景云,张学霞,等.过去40年中国气候与物候的变化研究[J].自然科学进展,2003,13(10):1048-1053.Ge Quansheng, Zheng Jingyun, Zhang Xuexia,et al. Study of Chinese climate and phenology change in past 40 years[J]. Program National Science,2003,13(10):1048-1053.
[22] 杨兰芳,李宗义,王劲松.气候变化对甘肃玛曲地区草原生态的影响[J].中国草地学报, 2008,30(3):14-21.Yang Lanfang, Li Zongyi, Wang Jinsong,et al. Effect of climatic change on the ecologic environment in Maqu grassland of Gansu province[J].Chinese Journal of Grassland,2008,30(3):14-21.