基于自适应块参照值的密文域可逆信息隐藏
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摘要
针对当前密文域图像可逆信息隐藏容量不足,可逆性不强且实现复杂、效率低下的问题,提出一种基于自适应的块参照值的密文域可逆信息隐藏技术。该技术对图像按照四叉树分割的方式进行自适应分块,对部分图像块求取均值并保留,利用伪随机序列加密图像,并通过加法运算嵌入秘密信息。利用保留的均值可独立进行秘密信息的提取和图像解密,载体图像可完全恢复。实验表明,该方法简单、高效且计算简便,具有较好的隐藏容量、可逆性和可分离性。
Aiming at the problems that the capacity of reversible data hiding in encrypted domain is not enough,the existing algorithms are not reversible,inefficient and complex,a simple and efficient technique based on pixel block reference was proposed.The scheme divides the image adaptively in the way of quadtree,partial image block mean values are obtained and retained,the pseudo-random sequence is used to encrypt image,the secret information is embedded through addition operation.The secret information can be extracted independently,the image decrypted can be carried out independently,and the carrier image can be completely restored.Experiments show that the method is simple,efficient,easy to calculate,and it has good hidden capacity,reversibility and separability.
Aiming at the problems that the capacity of reversible data hiding in encrypted domain is not enough,the existing algorithms are not reversible,inefficient and complex,a simple and efficient technique based on pixel block reference was proposed.The scheme divides the image adaptively in the way of quadtree,partial image block mean values are obtained and retained,the pseudo-random sequence is used to encrypt image,the secret information is embedded through addition operation.The secret information can be extracted independently,the image decrypted can be carried out independently,and the carrier image can be completely restored.Experiments show that the method is simple,efficient,easy to calculate,and it has good hidden capacity,reversibility and separability.
引文
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[8]QU X,KIM H J.Pixel-based pixel value ordering predictor for high-fidelity reversible data hiding[J].Signal Processing,2015,111(C):249-260.
[9]KUMAR M,AGRAWAL S.Reversible data hiding based on prediction error expansion using adjacent pixels[J].Security&Communication Networks,2016,9(16):3703-3712.
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[12]ZHANG X.Reversible Data Hiding in Encrypted Image[J].Signal Processing Letters IEEE,2012,18(4):255-258.
[13]HONG W,CHEN T S,WU H Y.An improved rev-ersible data hiding in encrypted images using side match[J].IEEE Signal Processing Letters,2012,19(4):199-202.
[14]ZHANG X.Separable Reversible Data Hiding in Encrypted Image[J].IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics&Security,2012,7(2):826-832.
[15]MA K,ZHANG W,ZHAO X,et al.Reversible Data Hiding in Encrypted Images by Reserving Room Before Encryption[J].IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics&Security,2013,8(3):553-562.
[16]AGRAWAL S,KUMAR M.Mean value based reversible data hiding in encrypted images[J].Optik-International Journal for Light and Electron Optics,2016,130(16):922-934.
[17]FISHER Y.Fractal image compression.Theory and application[M].New York:Springer,1995:1042-1045.
[18]ZHAO Y J,DI L Z.An Adaptive Watermarking Scheme Based on Quadtree-Split in the Wavelet Domain[J].Microelectronics&Computer,2005,22(12):122-125.(in Chinese)赵友军,邸兰振.一种基于四又树分割的小波域自适应水印方案[J].微电子学与计算机,2005,22(12):122-125.
[19]NIE D C,ZHENG H Y.A Fractal Information Hiding Algorithm Based on Quad-Tree Partition[J].Computer Applications and Software,2015(2):307-310.(in Chinese)聂道聪,郑洪源.一种使用四叉树分割的分形信息隐藏算法[J].计算机应用与软件,2015(2):307-310.
[20]ZHANG X,FENG G,REN Y,et al.Scalable Coding of Encrypted Images[J].IEEE Transactions on Image Processing,2012,21(6):3108-3114.
[2]CHANG Z,KOU W,XU J.More compressible location map for reversible watermarking using expansion embedding[J].Electronics Letters,2007,43(24):1353-1354.
[3]XIANG H Y,HOU S Z.Information Hiding Optimization Algorithm Based on Difference Location Map Adjustment[J].Computer Engineering,2016,42(3):249-253.(in Chinese)项洪印,侯思祖.基于差值位置图调整的信息隐藏优化算法[J].计算机工程,2016,42(3):249-253.
[4]NI Z,SHI Y Q,ANSARI N,et al.Reversible data hiding[J].IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology,2006,16(3):354-362.
[5]WANG X,LI K,FU K Y,et al.Histogram shifting based adaptive reversible watermarking algorithm with a high capacity[J].Journal of XiDian University,2014,41(1):124-129.(in Chinese)王祥,李可,付凯元,等.直方图平移的自适应大容量可逆水印算法[J].西安电子科技大学学报(自然科学版),2014,41(1):124-129.
[6]THODI D M,RODRIGUEZ J J.Expansion embedding techniques for reversible watermarking[J].IEEE Transactions on Image Processing,2007,16(3):721-730.
[7]THODI D M,RODRIGUEZ J J.Prediction-error based reversible watermarking[C]∥International Conference on Image Processing.IEEE,2004:1549-1552.
[8]QU X,KIM H J.Pixel-based pixel value ordering predictor for high-fidelity reversible data hiding[J].Signal Processing,2015,111(C):249-260.
[9]KUMAR M,AGRAWAL S.Reversible data hiding based on prediction error expansion using adjacent pixels[J].Security&Communication Networks,2016,9(16):3703-3712.
[10]AN L,GAO X,LI X,et al.Robust reversible watermarking via clustering and enhanced pixel-wise masking[J].IEEE Transactions on Image Processing A Publication of the IEEE Signal Processing Society,2012,21(8):3598-3611.
[11]AN L,GAO X,YUAN Y,et al.Content-adaptive reliable robust lossless data embedding[J].Neurocomputing,2012,79(3):1-11.
[12]ZHANG X.Reversible Data Hiding in Encrypted Image[J].Signal Processing Letters IEEE,2012,18(4):255-258.
[13]HONG W,CHEN T S,WU H Y.An improved rev-ersible data hiding in encrypted images using side match[J].IEEE Signal Processing Letters,2012,19(4):199-202.
[14]ZHANG X.Separable Reversible Data Hiding in Encrypted Image[J].IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics&Security,2012,7(2):826-832.
[15]MA K,ZHANG W,ZHAO X,et al.Reversible Data Hiding in Encrypted Images by Reserving Room Before Encryption[J].IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics&Security,2013,8(3):553-562.
[16]AGRAWAL S,KUMAR M.Mean value based reversible data hiding in encrypted images[J].Optik-International Journal for Light and Electron Optics,2016,130(16):922-934.
[17]FISHER Y.Fractal image compression.Theory and application[M].New York:Springer,1995:1042-1045.
[18]ZHAO Y J,DI L Z.An Adaptive Watermarking Scheme Based on Quadtree-Split in the Wavelet Domain[J].Microelectronics&Computer,2005,22(12):122-125.(in Chinese)赵友军,邸兰振.一种基于四又树分割的小波域自适应水印方案[J].微电子学与计算机,2005,22(12):122-125.
[19]NIE D C,ZHENG H Y.A Fractal Information Hiding Algorithm Based on Quad-Tree Partition[J].Computer Applications and Software,2015(2):307-310.(in Chinese)聂道聪,郑洪源.一种使用四叉树分割的分形信息隐藏算法[J].计算机应用与软件,2015(2):307-310.
[20]ZHANG X,FENG G,REN Y,et al.Scalable Coding of Encrypted Images[J].IEEE Transactions on Image Processing,2012,21(6):3108-3114.