白鹤滩水电站库区小江断裂带活动性研究
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摘要
小江断裂带北段为白鹤滩水电站库区内规模最大的断裂构造,其几何展布特征与活动性对库区移民及其就近安置规划有明显的制约作用。通过对小江断裂北段大比例尺调查、断裂带石英形貌扫描以及现场氡气测量等综合研究,重新界定了小江断裂带北段展布,即北起宁南县华弹镇,沿金沙江左岸经永乐村,鲁吉、溜姑延伸至蒙姑以南,断裂带总体向西陡倾。石英微形貌统计分析与应力痕迹微形貌观察结果表明,断层强烈活动时间在晚更新世,同一石英颗粒表面具有代表两种滑动方式(蠕滑和黏滑)的应力痕迹组合,应力痕迹的溶蚀程度、叠加和切割关系表明,断层在晚更新世的滑动至少有3个亚期次,早期为蠕滑,中晚期为黏滑。小江断裂北段的潜在地震危险性评估表明,其可能发生强震的最大震级约在MS6.8级~MS7.1级左右,为未来仍有可能再次活动的强震地区。
The northern section of Xiaojiang fault zone is the largest fracture structure in Baihetan hydropower station reservoir. Its characteristics and activities have a clear impact on migration and relocation near the reservoir.After studies of large scale investigation,fault zone quartz morphology scan and radon survey,the distribution characteristics of Xiaojiang fault zone is defined—-from north of Ningnan county,along the left bank of Jinsha River,passing Yongle,Luji,Liugu and extending to the south of Menggu. Quartz micro morphology statistical analysis and stress micro shape show that the fault activity is strong in the late Pleistocene. The facts that there are a quartz grain surface with representatives of the two sliding mode( creep and stick slip) stress micro shape combined,the stress micro shape of corrosion degree,stacking and cutting relationship,show that the fault slipped in the late Pleistocene of at least three sub-periods,at the early stage of the creep,advanced for stick slip. The potential seismic hazard evaluation suggests that possible earthquake magnitude of northern section of Xiaojiang fault zone is M_S6. 8 ~ M_S7. 1. Therefore,there may be another strong shock in this area in the future.
The northern section of Xiaojiang fault zone is the largest fracture structure in Baihetan hydropower station reservoir. Its characteristics and activities have a clear impact on migration and relocation near the reservoir.After studies of large scale investigation,fault zone quartz morphology scan and radon survey,the distribution characteristics of Xiaojiang fault zone is defined—-from north of Ningnan county,along the left bank of Jinsha River,passing Yongle,Luji,Liugu and extending to the south of Menggu. Quartz micro morphology statistical analysis and stress micro shape show that the fault activity is strong in the late Pleistocene. The facts that there are a quartz grain surface with representatives of the two sliding mode( creep and stick slip) stress micro shape combined,the stress micro shape of corrosion degree,stacking and cutting relationship,show that the fault slipped in the late Pleistocene of at least three sub-periods,at the early stage of the creep,advanced for stick slip. The potential seismic hazard evaluation suggests that possible earthquake magnitude of northern section of Xiaojiang fault zone is M_S6. 8 ~ M_S7. 1. Therefore,there may be another strong shock in this area in the future.
引文
Anderson J G,Wesnousky S G,Stirling M W.1996.Earthquake size as a function of fault slip rate[J].Bulletiu of the Seismological Society of America,86(3):683~690.
Deng Q D,Yu G H,Ye W H.1992.Study on relationship between seismic surface rupture parameters and magnitude[M]∥Institute of Geology,China Earthguake Administration.Studyon active fanlt.Beijing:Seismological Press.
Ding G Y,Tian Q J,Kong F C,et al.1993.Principle,method and application of active fault segmentation[M].Beijing:Seismological Press:82~89.
He H L,Fang Z J,Li P.1993.A preliminary approach to the fault activity of southern segment on Xiaojiang west branch fault[J].Journal of Seismological Research,16(3):291~298.
Huang P G,Chen Y,Qin J Z,et al.2010.The seismicity of Yunnan,China[M].Kunming:Yunnan Science and Technongly Press:17~50.
Kan R J,Zhang S C,Yan F T,et al.1977.A study on the characteristics of modern tectonic stress field and modern tectonic activity in Southwest China[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,20(2):96~109.
Kanaori Y,Tanaka K,Miyakoshi K.1985a.Further studies on the use of quartz grains from fault gouges to establish the age faulting[J].Engineering Geology,21(1):175~194.
Kanaori Y,1985b.Surface textures of intrafault quartz grains as an indicator of fault movement[J].Catena,12(1):271~279.
Kanaori Y,M iyakosb I K,Kakuta T.1980.Dating fault activity by surface textures of quartz grains from fault gouges[J].Engineering Geology,16(3):243~262.
Li Ping.1993.Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fracture[M].Beijing:Seismological Press:22~100.
Lin X D,Xu P,Ge H K,et al.2011.Possible crustal stress change in middle section of Xiaojiang fault and its adjacent area[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,33(6):755~762.
Lin X D,Xu P,Wu M J,et al.2010.Inversion of stress field in middle section of the Xiaojiang fault and its adjacent area[J].Earthquake Research in China,26(2):192~200.
Liu J,Li H B,Si J L,et al.2016.Origin,Formation and tectonic implications of carbonaceous material in the Wenchuan earthquake Fault zone[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,90(10):2567~2581.
Liu J,Wang L M.1996.Discussion on coefficients of statistical regressions between magnitude and earthquake rupture parameters[J].Seismology and Geology,18(3):225~236.
Ma R Y,Peng J B.2006.Discussion on relationship between earthquake magnitude,rupture scale and displacement[J].Joumal of Northwest University(Natural Science Edition),36(5):799~802,815.
Meng G K,He K M,Ban T,et al.1997.Study on activity and segmentation of active fault using measure ments of radon and mercury gases[J].Earthquake Research i n China,(1):45~50,52~53.
Ran H L.2011.Empirical relations between earthquake magnitude and parameteters of strike-slip seismogenic active faults associated with historical earthquakes in western China[J].Seismology and Geology,33(3):577~585.
Reid H.F.1910.The Mechanics of the Earthquake,in the California Earthquake of April 18,1906[R].Washington:State Earthquake Investigation Commission:Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication:1~192.
Shen J F,Shen X H,Chao Z Q,et al.2007.The characteristics and significances of quartz mico-appearance in the fault gouges on evaluation of the fault activity[J].Journal of Mineralogy of petrology,27(1):90~96.
Shen J,Wang Y P.1999.Estimation of seismic risk of the Xiaojiang active Fracture using slip rate[J].Journal of Seismological Research,22(3):251~259.
Shi F Q,You W,Fu Y W.2012.Recent crustal movement characteristics of Xiaojiang river fault based on the GPS data[J].Journal of Seismological Research,35(2):207~212.
Song F M,Wang Y P,Yu W X,et al.1998.Xiaojiang active Fracture[M].Beijing:Seismological Press:5~206.
Su Y J,Qin J Z.2001.Strong earthquake activity and relation to regional neotectonic movement in Sichuan-Yunnan region[J].Earthquake Research in China,17(1):24~34.
Sun D,Wang D Y,Wu D C,et al.2010.Activity and effect of main faults in near field of Bala hydropower station in Maerkang[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,18(6):940~949.
Tang W Q,Liu Y P,Chen Z L,et al.2006.Modern activity in the southern and central parts of the Xiaojiang fault in Yunnan[J].Sedimentary Geology and Tethyan Geology,26(2):21~24.
Wang Y S.2008.Application of radon measurement to the study of regional tectonic stability[J].Journal of Mountain Science,20(4):505~508.
Wang Y,Zhao C P,Liu F,et al.2014.Research on relationship between geochemical characteristics of thermal springs and seismic activity in Xiaojiang fault zone and its adjacent area[J].Journal of Seismological Research,37(2):228~243.
Wei W X,Jiang Z S,Wu Y Q,et al.2010.Study on motion characteristics and strain accumulation of Xiaojiang fault zone[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,32(2):11~15.
Wells D J,Coppersmiths K J.1994.New empirical relations among magnitude,rupture length,rupture width,rupture area and surface displacement[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,84(4):974~1002.
Wen X Z.1993.The rupture segmentation and seismic potential probability estimation of Xiaojiang Fracture[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,15(3):322~330.
Yang Z F,Li R Y.2006.Fault dating by the surface textures of the quartz grains in fault gouge[J].Journal of Seismological Research,29(2):188~192.
Zhou B G,Ran H L,2002.Discussion on the time criterion for identifyin engineering active faults[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,10(3):274~278.
邓起东,于贵华,叶文华.1992.地震地表破裂参数与震级关系的研究[M].∥国家地震局地质研究所.活动断裂研究(2).北京:地震出版社:247~264.
丁国瑜,田勤俭,孔凡臣,等.1993.活断层分段-原则、方法及应用[M].北京:地震出版社:82~89.
何宏林,方仲景,李玶.1993.小江断裂带西支断裂南段新活动初探[J].地震研究,16(3):291~298.
皇甫岗,陈颙,秦嘉政,等.2010.云南地震活动性[M].昆明:云南科技出版社:17~50.
阚荣举,张四昌,晏凤桐,等.1977.我国西南地区现代构造应力场与现代构造活动特征的探讨[J].地球物理学报,20(2):96~109.
李坪.1993.鲜水河-小江断裂带[M].北京:地震出版社:22~100.
林向东,徐平,葛洪魁,等.2011.小江断裂中段及其邻近地区应力场时间变化分析[J].地震学报,33(6):755~762.
林向东,徐平,武敏捷,等.2010.小江断裂中段及邻区构造应力场分布特征[J].中国地震,26(2):192~200.
刘江,李海兵,司家亮,等,2016,汶川地震断裂带碳质来源、赋存特征及构造意义[J],地质学报,90(10):2567~2581.
刘静,汪良谋.1996.震级与地震破裂参数统计关系式系数的讨论[J].地震地质,18(3):225~236.
马润勇,彭建兵.2006.震级与破裂尺度及位错量关系的讨论[J].西北大学学报(自然科学版),36(5):799~802,815.
冉洪流.2011.中国西部走滑型活动断裂的地震破裂参数与震级的经验关系[J].地震地质,33(3):577~585.
申俊峰,申旭辉,曹忠全,等.2007.断层泥石英微形貌特征在断层活动性研究中的意义[J].矿物岩石,27(1):90~96.
沈军,汪一鹏.1999.用断裂滑动速率估计小江断裂带的地震危险性[J].地震研究,22(3):251~259.
施发奇,尤伟,付云文.2012.GPS资料揭示的小江断裂近期运动特征[J].地震研究,35(2):207~212.
宋方敏,汪一鹏,俞维贤,等.1998.中国活断层研究专辑-小江活动断裂带[M].北京:地震出版社:5~206.
苏有锦,秦家政.2001.川滇地区强地震活动与区域新构造运动的关系[J].中国地震,17(1):24~34.
孙东,王道永,吴德超,等.2010.马尔康巴拉水电站近场区主要断裂活动性及对工程的影响[J].工程地质学报,18(6):940~949.
唐文清,刘宇平,陈智梁,等.2006.云南小江断裂中南段现今活动特征[J].沉积与特提斯地质,26(2):21~24.
王运生.2008.测氡在区域构造稳定性研究中的应用---以滇西北北部区域构造稳定性研究为例[J].山地学报,20(4):505~508.
王云,赵慈平,刘峰,等.2014.小江断裂带及邻近地区温泉地球化学特征与地震活动关系研究[J].地震研究,37(2):228~243.
魏文薪,江在森,武艳强,等.2012,小江断裂带的运动及应变积累特征研究[J].大地测量与地球动力学,32(2):11~15.
闻学泽.1993.小江断裂带的破裂分段与地震潜势概率估计[J].地震学报,15(3):322~330.
杨振法,李日运.2006.断层泥中石英碎砾溶蚀形貌的测年研究[J]地震研究,29(2):188~192.
周本刚,冉洪流.2002.工程活动断裂鉴定的时限标准讨论[J].工程地质学报,10(3):274~278.
Deng Q D,Yu G H,Ye W H.1992.Study on relationship between seismic surface rupture parameters and magnitude[M]∥Institute of Geology,China Earthguake Administration.Studyon active fanlt.Beijing:Seismological Press.
Ding G Y,Tian Q J,Kong F C,et al.1993.Principle,method and application of active fault segmentation[M].Beijing:Seismological Press:82~89.
He H L,Fang Z J,Li P.1993.A preliminary approach to the fault activity of southern segment on Xiaojiang west branch fault[J].Journal of Seismological Research,16(3):291~298.
Huang P G,Chen Y,Qin J Z,et al.2010.The seismicity of Yunnan,China[M].Kunming:Yunnan Science and Technongly Press:17~50.
Kan R J,Zhang S C,Yan F T,et al.1977.A study on the characteristics of modern tectonic stress field and modern tectonic activity in Southwest China[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,20(2):96~109.
Kanaori Y,Tanaka K,Miyakoshi K.1985a.Further studies on the use of quartz grains from fault gouges to establish the age faulting[J].Engineering Geology,21(1):175~194.
Kanaori Y,1985b.Surface textures of intrafault quartz grains as an indicator of fault movement[J].Catena,12(1):271~279.
Kanaori Y,M iyakosb I K,Kakuta T.1980.Dating fault activity by surface textures of quartz grains from fault gouges[J].Engineering Geology,16(3):243~262.
Li Ping.1993.Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fracture[M].Beijing:Seismological Press:22~100.
Lin X D,Xu P,Ge H K,et al.2011.Possible crustal stress change in middle section of Xiaojiang fault and its adjacent area[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,33(6):755~762.
Lin X D,Xu P,Wu M J,et al.2010.Inversion of stress field in middle section of the Xiaojiang fault and its adjacent area[J].Earthquake Research in China,26(2):192~200.
Liu J,Li H B,Si J L,et al.2016.Origin,Formation and tectonic implications of carbonaceous material in the Wenchuan earthquake Fault zone[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,90(10):2567~2581.
Liu J,Wang L M.1996.Discussion on coefficients of statistical regressions between magnitude and earthquake rupture parameters[J].Seismology and Geology,18(3):225~236.
Ma R Y,Peng J B.2006.Discussion on relationship between earthquake magnitude,rupture scale and displacement[J].Joumal of Northwest University(Natural Science Edition),36(5):799~802,815.
Meng G K,He K M,Ban T,et al.1997.Study on activity and segmentation of active fault using measure ments of radon and mercury gases[J].Earthquake Research i n China,(1):45~50,52~53.
Ran H L.2011.Empirical relations between earthquake magnitude and parameteters of strike-slip seismogenic active faults associated with historical earthquakes in western China[J].Seismology and Geology,33(3):577~585.
Reid H.F.1910.The Mechanics of the Earthquake,in the California Earthquake of April 18,1906[R].Washington:State Earthquake Investigation Commission:Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication:1~192.
Shen J F,Shen X H,Chao Z Q,et al.2007.The characteristics and significances of quartz mico-appearance in the fault gouges on evaluation of the fault activity[J].Journal of Mineralogy of petrology,27(1):90~96.
Shen J,Wang Y P.1999.Estimation of seismic risk of the Xiaojiang active Fracture using slip rate[J].Journal of Seismological Research,22(3):251~259.
Shi F Q,You W,Fu Y W.2012.Recent crustal movement characteristics of Xiaojiang river fault based on the GPS data[J].Journal of Seismological Research,35(2):207~212.
Song F M,Wang Y P,Yu W X,et al.1998.Xiaojiang active Fracture[M].Beijing:Seismological Press:5~206.
Su Y J,Qin J Z.2001.Strong earthquake activity and relation to regional neotectonic movement in Sichuan-Yunnan region[J].Earthquake Research in China,17(1):24~34.
Sun D,Wang D Y,Wu D C,et al.2010.Activity and effect of main faults in near field of Bala hydropower station in Maerkang[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,18(6):940~949.
Tang W Q,Liu Y P,Chen Z L,et al.2006.Modern activity in the southern and central parts of the Xiaojiang fault in Yunnan[J].Sedimentary Geology and Tethyan Geology,26(2):21~24.
Wang Y S.2008.Application of radon measurement to the study of regional tectonic stability[J].Journal of Mountain Science,20(4):505~508.
Wang Y,Zhao C P,Liu F,et al.2014.Research on relationship between geochemical characteristics of thermal springs and seismic activity in Xiaojiang fault zone and its adjacent area[J].Journal of Seismological Research,37(2):228~243.
Wei W X,Jiang Z S,Wu Y Q,et al.2010.Study on motion characteristics and strain accumulation of Xiaojiang fault zone[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,32(2):11~15.
Wells D J,Coppersmiths K J.1994.New empirical relations among magnitude,rupture length,rupture width,rupture area and surface displacement[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,84(4):974~1002.
Wen X Z.1993.The rupture segmentation and seismic potential probability estimation of Xiaojiang Fracture[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,15(3):322~330.
Yang Z F,Li R Y.2006.Fault dating by the surface textures of the quartz grains in fault gouge[J].Journal of Seismological Research,29(2):188~192.
Zhou B G,Ran H L,2002.Discussion on the time criterion for identifyin engineering active faults[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,10(3):274~278.
邓起东,于贵华,叶文华.1992.地震地表破裂参数与震级关系的研究[M].∥国家地震局地质研究所.活动断裂研究(2).北京:地震出版社:247~264.
丁国瑜,田勤俭,孔凡臣,等.1993.活断层分段-原则、方法及应用[M].北京:地震出版社:82~89.
何宏林,方仲景,李玶.1993.小江断裂带西支断裂南段新活动初探[J].地震研究,16(3):291~298.
皇甫岗,陈颙,秦嘉政,等.2010.云南地震活动性[M].昆明:云南科技出版社:17~50.
阚荣举,张四昌,晏凤桐,等.1977.我国西南地区现代构造应力场与现代构造活动特征的探讨[J].地球物理学报,20(2):96~109.
李坪.1993.鲜水河-小江断裂带[M].北京:地震出版社:22~100.
林向东,徐平,葛洪魁,等.2011.小江断裂中段及其邻近地区应力场时间变化分析[J].地震学报,33(6):755~762.
林向东,徐平,武敏捷,等.2010.小江断裂中段及邻区构造应力场分布特征[J].中国地震,26(2):192~200.
刘江,李海兵,司家亮,等,2016,汶川地震断裂带碳质来源、赋存特征及构造意义[J],地质学报,90(10):2567~2581.
刘静,汪良谋.1996.震级与地震破裂参数统计关系式系数的讨论[J].地震地质,18(3):225~236.
马润勇,彭建兵.2006.震级与破裂尺度及位错量关系的讨论[J].西北大学学报(自然科学版),36(5):799~802,815.
冉洪流.2011.中国西部走滑型活动断裂的地震破裂参数与震级的经验关系[J].地震地质,33(3):577~585.
申俊峰,申旭辉,曹忠全,等.2007.断层泥石英微形貌特征在断层活动性研究中的意义[J].矿物岩石,27(1):90~96.
沈军,汪一鹏.1999.用断裂滑动速率估计小江断裂带的地震危险性[J].地震研究,22(3):251~259.
施发奇,尤伟,付云文.2012.GPS资料揭示的小江断裂近期运动特征[J].地震研究,35(2):207~212.
宋方敏,汪一鹏,俞维贤,等.1998.中国活断层研究专辑-小江活动断裂带[M].北京:地震出版社:5~206.
苏有锦,秦家政.2001.川滇地区强地震活动与区域新构造运动的关系[J].中国地震,17(1):24~34.
孙东,王道永,吴德超,等.2010.马尔康巴拉水电站近场区主要断裂活动性及对工程的影响[J].工程地质学报,18(6):940~949.
唐文清,刘宇平,陈智梁,等.2006.云南小江断裂中南段现今活动特征[J].沉积与特提斯地质,26(2):21~24.
王运生.2008.测氡在区域构造稳定性研究中的应用---以滇西北北部区域构造稳定性研究为例[J].山地学报,20(4):505~508.
王云,赵慈平,刘峰,等.2014.小江断裂带及邻近地区温泉地球化学特征与地震活动关系研究[J].地震研究,37(2):228~243.
魏文薪,江在森,武艳强,等.2012,小江断裂带的运动及应变积累特征研究[J].大地测量与地球动力学,32(2):11~15.
闻学泽.1993.小江断裂带的破裂分段与地震潜势概率估计[J].地震学报,15(3):322~330.
杨振法,李日运.2006.断层泥中石英碎砾溶蚀形貌的测年研究[J]地震研究,29(2):188~192.
周本刚,冉洪流.2002.工程活动断裂鉴定的时限标准讨论[J].工程地质学报,10(3):274~278.