雾霾感知风险与公众应对行为的实证分析
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摘要
通过在雾霾严重时期收集的大规模问卷调查数据,建立了雾霾感知风险等因素与应对行为之间关系的结构方程模型.分析显示,对环境信息越敏感、雾霾感知风险越大、对雾霾知识了解越多、雾霾感知可控性越大的公众会采取更多的防护与应对措施,他们对相关防护产品的购买意愿也越强.特别是,感知风险在环境信息与应对行为以及环境满意度之间起着重要的中介变量作用,即当雾霾污染引起人们的感知风险时,会促使他们采取更多的应对行为,并且对环境满意度评价产生负面影响.另外,雾霾感知可控性在雾霾知识熟悉度与应对行为以及环境满意度之间起着部分中介变量的作用.
A structural equation model has been developed to study the perceived risk of smog,related factors and coping behaviors,based on the data collected from a large-scale questionnaire survey during the recent serious smog time. Results show that individuals who are more sensitive to environmental information,who have a higher level of perceived risk and more knowledge about smog,and who perceive more controllability,will be more likely to have protective and coping behavior,and more willing to purchase health protection products. In particular,perceived risk plays as a strong mediation role between environmental information and coping behaviors as well as environment satisfaction. In other words,when smog pollution arouses public perceived risk,they will take more coping behaviors and will give a worse evaluation of the environment. In addition,the perceived controllability of smog plays a partial mediation role between the familiarity of smog knowledge and coping behaviors,and between the familiarity of smog knowledge and environment satisfaction.
A structural equation model has been developed to study the perceived risk of smog,related factors and coping behaviors,based on the data collected from a large-scale questionnaire survey during the recent serious smog time. Results show that individuals who are more sensitive to environmental information,who have a higher level of perceived risk and more knowledge about smog,and who perceive more controllability,will be more likely to have protective and coping behavior,and more willing to purchase health protection products. In particular,perceived risk plays as a strong mediation role between environmental information and coping behaviors as well as environment satisfaction. In other words,when smog pollution arouses public perceived risk,they will take more coping behaviors and will give a worse evaluation of the environment. In addition,the perceived controllability of smog plays a partial mediation role between the familiarity of smog knowledge and coping behaviors,and between the familiarity of smog knowledge and environment satisfaction.
引文
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[29]Wahlberg A A F,Sjoberg L.Risk perception and the media[J].Journal of Risk Research,2000,3(1):31-50.
[30]朱可珺,徐建华.城市大气污染的风险认知研究评述与展望[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2014,50(5):969-978.Zhu Kejun,Xu Jianhua.Review of risk perception on urban air pollution[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,2014,50(5):969-978.(in Chinese)
[31]曾贤刚,许志华,虞慧怡.基于信息源信任度的PM2.5健康风险认知研究[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(10):3157-3165.Zeng Xiangang,Xu Zhihua,Yu Huiyi.Health risk perception to PM2.5 based on the credibility of information sources[J].China Environmental Science,2015,35(10):3157-3165.(in Chinese)
[32]Bickerstaff K,Walker G.The place(s)of matter:Matter out of place:Public understandings of air pollution[J].Progress in Human Geography,2003,27(1):45-67.
[33]Chung I J.Social amplification of risk in the internet environment[J].Risk Analysis,2011,31(12):1883-1896.
[34]Liu L X,He P,Zhang B,et al.Red and green:Public perception and air quality information in urban China[J].Environment,2012,54(3):44-49.
[35]Slovic P.Trust,emotion,sex,politics,and science:Surveying the risk-assessment battlefield[J].Risk Analysis,1999,19(4):689-701.
[36]Badland H M,Duncan M J.Perceptions of air pollution during the work-related commute by adults in Queensland,Australia[J].Atmospheric Environment,2009,43(36):5791-5795.
[37]Baldassare M,Katz C.The personal threat of environmental problems as predictor of environmental practices[J].Environment&Behavior,1992,24(5):602-616.
[38]Fritsche I,Jonas E,Kayser D N,et al.Existential threat and compliance with pro-environmental norms[J].Journal of Environmental Psychology,2010,30(1):67-79.
[39]O’Connor R E,Bord R J,Fisher A.Risk perceptions,general environmental beliefs,and willingness to address climate change[J].Risk Analysis,1999,19(3):461-471.
[40]Séguin C,Pelletier L G,Hunsley J.Predicting environmental behaviors:The influence of self-determined motivation and information about perceived environmental health risks[J].Journal of Applied Social Psychology,1999,29(8):1582-1604.
[41]Semenza,J C,Wilson D J,Parra J,et al.Public perception and behavior change in relationship to hot weather and air pollution[J].Environmental Research,2008,107(3):401-411.
[42]De Dominicis S,Fornara F,Cancellieri U G,et al.We are at risk,and so what?Place attachment,environmental risk perceptions and preventive coping behaviours[J].Journal of Environmental Psychology,2015,43:66-78.
[43]Deguen S,Segala C,Pedrono G,et al.A new air quality perception scale for global assessment of air pollution health effects[J].Risk Analysis,2012,32(12):2043-2054.
[44]Bresnahan B W,Dickie M,Gerking S.Averting behavior and urban air pollution[J].Land Economics,1997,73(3):340-357.
[45]Noonan D S.Smoggy with a chance of altruism:The effects of ozone alerts on outdoor recreation and driving in Atlanta[J].Policy Studies Journal,2014,42(1):122-145.
[46]郑思齐,张晓楠,宋志达,等.空气污染对城市居民户外活动的影响机制:利用点评网外出就餐数据的实证研究[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2016,56(1):89-96.Zheng Siqi,Zhang Xiaonan,Song Zhida,et al.Influence of air pollution on urban residents’outdoor activity:Empirical study based on dining-out data from the Dianping website[J].Journal of Tsinghua University(Science and Technology),2016,56(1):89-96.(in Chinese)
[47]Zhang H,Wang S,Hao J,et al.Air pollution and control action in Beijing[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2016,112:1519-1527.
[48]Ebenstein A,Fan M,Greenstone M,et al.Growth,pollution,and life expectancy:China from 1991-2012[J].American Economic Review,2015,105(5):226-231.
[49]Li D,Ren S,Chen X.China emissions:Alter energy markets[J].Nature,2015,527(7576):38.
[50]Ferreira S,Moro M.On the use of subjective well-being data for environmental valuation[J].Environmental and Resource Economics,2010,46(3):49-273.
[51]Levinson A.Valuing public goods using happiness data:The case of air quality[J].Journal of Public Economics,2012,96(9):869-880.
[52]Mac Kerron G,Mourato S.Life satisfaction and air quality in London[J].Ecological Economics,2009,68(5):1441-1453.
[53]Luechinger S.Valuing air quality using the life satisfaction approach[J].The Economic Journal,2009,119(536):482-515.
[54]Ferreira S,Akay A,Brereton F,et al.Life satisfaction and air quality in Europe[J].Ecological Economics,2013,88:1-10.
[55]Smyth R,Mishra V,Qian X.The environment and well-being in urban China[J].Ecological Economics,2008,68(1):547-555.
[56]Liao P S.Shaw D,Lin Y M.Environmental quality and life satisfaction:Subjective versus objective measures of air quality[J].Social Indicators Research,2015,124(2):599-616.
[57]Burgess J,Harrison C,Filius P.Environmental communication and the cultural politics of environmental citizenship[J].Environment and Planning A,1998,30(8):1445-1460.
[58]Levine D S,Strube M J.Environmental attitudes,knowledge,intentions and behaviors among college students[J].Journal of Social Psychology,2012,152(3):308-326.
[59]Fielding K S,Head B W.Determinants of young Australians’environmental actions:The role of responsibility attributions,locus of control,knowledge and attitudes[J].Environmental Education Research,2012,18(2):171-186.
[60]钱旭君,贺天锋,沈月平.宁波市城区居民雾霾知识及防护现状调查[J].中国健康教育,2016,32(1):73-83.Qian Xujun,He Tianfeng,Shen Yueping.Investigation on knowledge of haze and health defense among residents in urban area,Ningbo[J].Chinese Journal of Health Education,2016,32(1):73-83.(in Chinese)
[61]Rotter J B.Internal versus external control of reinforcement:A case history of a variable[J].American Psychologist,1990,45(4):489-493.
[62]Bandura A.Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency[J].American Psychologist,1982,37(2):122-147.
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