剪切流作用下浮泥层悬扬速率计算方法综述
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摘要
浮泥的悬扬速率是反映其悬扬特性的重要指标,针对剪切水流作用下浮泥的悬扬过程,总结了表征悬扬强度的临界水动力指标,如悬扬流速、临界水流剪切力等;并进一步阐述了反映变化过程的悬扬通量计算模式,包括根据TKE方程建立悬扬模型,及基于Richardson数推算无量纲悬扬速率E,在此基础上分析了黏性、屈服应力、悬沙沉降、边壁阻力等因素对悬扬速率的影响。更深入的研究可从絮凝作用、盐度、生物扰动等多因素耦合影响或界面波的发展规律等问题展开,以期提高悬扬模型的计算精度。
The entrainment rate of fluid mud is one of the key variables describing the entrainment process. The critical hydraulic parameters describing the entrainment rate by critical entrainment velocity and critical shear stress are reviewed. Calculation methods of the process-oriented entrainment flux are elaborated, for example, using the balance equation for turbulent kinetic energy(TKE) of the upper layer to model this entrainment process or to calculate the non-dimensional entrainment rate E with Richardson number. On this basis, the influences of factors such as viscosity, Bingham yield stress, settling velocities of suspended sediment particles and the side wall friction, are further illustrated. To improve the accuracy of existing entrainment models, further study can be conducted on the coupling effects of different factors such as the flocculation, salinity and bioturbation or to understand the evolution of interfacial waves.
The entrainment rate of fluid mud is one of the key variables describing the entrainment process. The critical hydraulic parameters describing the entrainment rate by critical entrainment velocity and critical shear stress are reviewed. Calculation methods of the process-oriented entrainment flux are elaborated, for example, using the balance equation for turbulent kinetic energy(TKE) of the upper layer to model this entrainment process or to calculate the non-dimensional entrainment rate E with Richardson number. On this basis, the influences of factors such as viscosity, Bingham yield stress, settling velocities of suspended sediment particles and the side wall friction, are further illustrated. To improve the accuracy of existing entrainment models, further study can be conducted on the coupling effects of different factors such as the flocculation, salinity and bioturbation or to understand the evolution of interfacial waves.
引文
[1] Mcanally W H, Kirby R, Hodge S H, et al. Nautical Depth for U.S. Navigable Waterways: A Review[J]. Journal of Waterway Port Coastal & Ocean Engineering. 2016, 142(2):1-13.
[2] Hsu T J, Traykovski P A, Kineke G C. On modeling boundary layer and gravity-driven fluid mud transport[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans. 2007, 112(C4):1-14.
[3] Kranenburg C, Winterwerp J C. Erosion of Fluid Mud Layers. I: Entrainment Model[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. 1997, 123(6): 504-511.
[4] Mehta A J, Samsami F, Khare Y P, et al. Fluid Mud Properties in Nautical Depth Estimation[J]. Journal of Waterway Port Coastal & Ocean Engineering. 2014, 140(2): 210-222.
[5] Jacobson M R, Testik F Y. Turbulent entrainment into fluid mud gravity currents[J]. Environmental Fluid Mechanics. 2014, 14(2): 541-563.
[6] Bruens A W, Winterwerp J C, Kranenburg C. Physical and Numerical Modeling of the Entrainment by a High-Concentration Mud Suspension[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. 2012, 138(6): 479-490.
[7] 庞启秀.浮泥形成和运动特性及其应对措施研究[D].天津:天津大学,2011.
[8] 洪柔嘉,应永良.水流作用下的浮泥起动流速试验研究[J].水利学报,1988(8):49-55.
[9] Winterwerp J C, Kranenburg C. Erosion of Fluid Mud Layers. II: Experiments and Model Validation[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. 1997, 123(6): 512-519.
[10] 刘洁,刘洁玉,白玉川.黏性泥沙流变特性及其临界起动的研究[J].泥沙研究,2015(6):59-64.
[11] 邓绍云.浮泥运动研究综述[J].人民黄河,2005(9):21-23+64.
[12] Carneiro J C, Fonseca D L, Vinzon S B, et al. Strategies for Measuring Fluid Mud Layers and Their Rheological Properties in Ports[J]. Journal of Waterway Port Coastal & Ocean Engineering. 2017, 143(4): 4017008.
[13] 杨闻宇,刘春嵘.浮泥的屈服应力确定方法[J].泥沙研究,2017,42(1):47-52.
[14] 练继建,洪柔嘉,于国友.水流作用下黏性泥沙悬扬的动力分析[J].水利学报,1995(4):25-33.
[15] Winterwerp J C, Wang Z B, Verweij J F. Far-field impact of water injection dredging in the Crouch River[J]. Proceedings of the Institute of Civil Engineers Engineering Sustainability. 2002, 154(4): 285-296.
[16] Odd N V M, Cooper A J. A Two-Dimensional Model of the Movement of Fluid Mud in a High Energy Turbid Estuary[J]. Journal of Coastal Research. 1989, 5(5): 185-193.
[17] 杨小宸,张庆河,赵洪波,等.浮泥沿航道流动的数值模拟[J].泥沙研究,2013(4):13-20.
[18] Harang A, Thual O, Brancher P, et al. Kelvin–Helmholtz instability in the presence of variable viscosity for mudflow resuspension in estuaries[J]. Environmental Fluid Mechanics. 2014, 14(4): 743-769.
[19] 刘杰斌,周济福.浮泥对非线性波的运动响应[J].力学与实践,2013,35(5):23-29.
[20] Keen T R, Furukawa Y. A modular entrainment model for cohesive sediment[J]. Proceedings in Marine Science.2007(7): 189-207.
[21] Prooijen B C V, Winterwerp J C. A stochastic formulation for erosion of cohesive sediments[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans. 2010, 115(C1): 1-15.
[22] 李浩麟.新港淤泥运动特性试验研究[J].新港回淤研究,1963(1):32-38.
[23] 范家骅.异重流交界面波动失稳条件[J].水利学报,2010,41(7):849-855.
[24] Mcanally W H, Friedrichs C, Hamilton D, et al. Management of Fluid Mud in Estuaries, Bays, and Lakes. I: Present State of Understanding on Character and Behavior[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. 2007, 133(1): 9-22.
[25] 杨兵,蔡瑞卿,唐驰,等.单向流作用下淤泥质黏土起动试验研究[J].西南交通大学学报,2012,47(4):586-590.
[26] Jacobson M R. Entrainment and dilution of constant-volume non-Newtonian fluid mud gravity currents [D]. Clemson University, 2012.
[27] Xu D, Bai Y, Ji C, et al. Experimental study of the density influence on the incipient motion and erosion modes of muds in unidirectional flows: the case of Huangmaohai Estuary[J]. Ocean Dynamics. 2015, 65(2): 187-201.
[28] 杨美卿.淤泥的起动公式[J].水动力学研究与进展,1996(1):58-64.
[29] 洪柔嘉,徐胜三.水流作用下的淤泥起动流速试验研究[J].天津大学学报,1991(S2):79-85.
[30] Amos C L, Bergamasco A, Umgiesser G, et al. The stability of tidal flats in Venice Lagoon—the results of in-situ measurements using two benthic, annular flumes[J]. Journal of Marine Systems. 2004, 51(1-4): 211-241.
[31] Ledden M V, Kesteren W G M V, Winterwerp J C. A conceptual framework for the erosion behaviour of sand–mud mixtures[J]. Continental Shelf Research. 2004, 24(1): 1-11.
[32] James S C. Measurements of Sediment Erosion and Transport with the Adjustable Shear Stress Erosion and Transport Flume [J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. 2003, 129(11): 862-871.
[33] Wang Y C. Effects of physical properties and rheological characteristics on critical shear stress of fine sediments [D]. Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013.
[34] 黄建维.海岸与河口黏性泥沙运动规律的研究和应用[M].北京:海洋出版社,2008.
[35] 练继建,赵子丹.波浪作用下软泥床面的黏性泥沙悬扬[J].水利学报,1998,29(8):47-52.
[36] Yu Q, Wang Y, Shi B, et al. Physical and sedimentary processes on the tidal flat of central Jiangsu Coast, China: headland induced tidal eddies and benthic fluid mud layers[J]. Continental Shelf Research, 2017, 133: 26-36.
[37] Kineke G C, Sternberg R W, Trowbridge J H, et al. Fluid-mud processes on the Amazon continental shelf[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1996, 16(5): 667-696.
[38] Fernando H J S, Princevac M. Turbulent Entrainment into Natural Gravity-Driven Flows[J]. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 2005, 533: 259-268.
[39] Winterwerp J C, Kesteren W G M V, Prooijen B V, et al. A conceptual framework for shear flow-induced erosion of soft cohesive sediment beds[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans. 2012, 117:1-17.
[40] 徐福敏,曹玉洁.边抛疏浚浮泥对河口地区航道淤积的影响[J].泥沙研究,2002(4):52-56.
[41] Mehta A J, Srinivas R. Observations on the entrainment of fluid mud by shear flow[M]. American Geophysical Union, 1993: 224-246.
[42] Canestrelli A, Fagherazzi S, Lanzoni S.A mass-conservative centered finite volume model for solving two-dimensional two-layer shallow water equations for fluid mud propagation over varying topography and dry areas[J].Advances in Water Resources. 2012,40(5):54-70.
[43] Bruens A W, Kranenburg C, Winterwerp J C. Physical modelling of entrainment by a Concentrated Benthic Suspension[J]. Proceedings in Marine Science. 2002, 5(2): 109-124.
[44] Trowbridge J H, Kineke G C. Structure and dynamics of fluid muds on the Amazon Continental Shelf[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans. 1994, 99(C1): 865-874.
[45] Van H Y. Erosion of a fluid mud layer due to entrainment: numerical modelling [D]. Delft University of Technology, 1995.
[46] Kantha L H, Phillips O M, Azad R S. On turbulent entrainment at a stable density interface[J]. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 1977, 79(4): 753-768.
[47] Price J F. On the scaling of stress-driven entrainment experiments[J]. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 1979, 90(3): 509-529.
[48] Kim D H, Kim W K, Hwang K N. Estimation of entrainment rate of fluid mud using annular flume[J]. Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers, 2016, 28(5): 257-264.
[2] Hsu T J, Traykovski P A, Kineke G C. On modeling boundary layer and gravity-driven fluid mud transport[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans. 2007, 112(C4):1-14.
[3] Kranenburg C, Winterwerp J C. Erosion of Fluid Mud Layers. I: Entrainment Model[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. 1997, 123(6): 504-511.
[4] Mehta A J, Samsami F, Khare Y P, et al. Fluid Mud Properties in Nautical Depth Estimation[J]. Journal of Waterway Port Coastal & Ocean Engineering. 2014, 140(2): 210-222.
[5] Jacobson M R, Testik F Y. Turbulent entrainment into fluid mud gravity currents[J]. Environmental Fluid Mechanics. 2014, 14(2): 541-563.
[6] Bruens A W, Winterwerp J C, Kranenburg C. Physical and Numerical Modeling of the Entrainment by a High-Concentration Mud Suspension[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. 2012, 138(6): 479-490.
[7] 庞启秀.浮泥形成和运动特性及其应对措施研究[D].天津:天津大学,2011.
[8] 洪柔嘉,应永良.水流作用下的浮泥起动流速试验研究[J].水利学报,1988(8):49-55.
[9] Winterwerp J C, Kranenburg C. Erosion of Fluid Mud Layers. II: Experiments and Model Validation[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. 1997, 123(6): 512-519.
[10] 刘洁,刘洁玉,白玉川.黏性泥沙流变特性及其临界起动的研究[J].泥沙研究,2015(6):59-64.
[11] 邓绍云.浮泥运动研究综述[J].人民黄河,2005(9):21-23+64.
[12] Carneiro J C, Fonseca D L, Vinzon S B, et al. Strategies for Measuring Fluid Mud Layers and Their Rheological Properties in Ports[J]. Journal of Waterway Port Coastal & Ocean Engineering. 2017, 143(4): 4017008.
[13] 杨闻宇,刘春嵘.浮泥的屈服应力确定方法[J].泥沙研究,2017,42(1):47-52.
[14] 练继建,洪柔嘉,于国友.水流作用下黏性泥沙悬扬的动力分析[J].水利学报,1995(4):25-33.
[15] Winterwerp J C, Wang Z B, Verweij J F. Far-field impact of water injection dredging in the Crouch River[J]. Proceedings of the Institute of Civil Engineers Engineering Sustainability. 2002, 154(4): 285-296.
[16] Odd N V M, Cooper A J. A Two-Dimensional Model of the Movement of Fluid Mud in a High Energy Turbid Estuary[J]. Journal of Coastal Research. 1989, 5(5): 185-193.
[17] 杨小宸,张庆河,赵洪波,等.浮泥沿航道流动的数值模拟[J].泥沙研究,2013(4):13-20.
[18] Harang A, Thual O, Brancher P, et al. Kelvin–Helmholtz instability in the presence of variable viscosity for mudflow resuspension in estuaries[J]. Environmental Fluid Mechanics. 2014, 14(4): 743-769.
[19] 刘杰斌,周济福.浮泥对非线性波的运动响应[J].力学与实践,2013,35(5):23-29.
[20] Keen T R, Furukawa Y. A modular entrainment model for cohesive sediment[J]. Proceedings in Marine Science.2007(7): 189-207.
[21] Prooijen B C V, Winterwerp J C. A stochastic formulation for erosion of cohesive sediments[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans. 2010, 115(C1): 1-15.
[22] 李浩麟.新港淤泥运动特性试验研究[J].新港回淤研究,1963(1):32-38.
[23] 范家骅.异重流交界面波动失稳条件[J].水利学报,2010,41(7):849-855.
[24] Mcanally W H, Friedrichs C, Hamilton D, et al. Management of Fluid Mud in Estuaries, Bays, and Lakes. I: Present State of Understanding on Character and Behavior[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. 2007, 133(1): 9-22.
[25] 杨兵,蔡瑞卿,唐驰,等.单向流作用下淤泥质黏土起动试验研究[J].西南交通大学学报,2012,47(4):586-590.
[26] Jacobson M R. Entrainment and dilution of constant-volume non-Newtonian fluid mud gravity currents [D]. Clemson University, 2012.
[27] Xu D, Bai Y, Ji C, et al. Experimental study of the density influence on the incipient motion and erosion modes of muds in unidirectional flows: the case of Huangmaohai Estuary[J]. Ocean Dynamics. 2015, 65(2): 187-201.
[28] 杨美卿.淤泥的起动公式[J].水动力学研究与进展,1996(1):58-64.
[29] 洪柔嘉,徐胜三.水流作用下的淤泥起动流速试验研究[J].天津大学学报,1991(S2):79-85.
[30] Amos C L, Bergamasco A, Umgiesser G, et al. The stability of tidal flats in Venice Lagoon—the results of in-situ measurements using two benthic, annular flumes[J]. Journal of Marine Systems. 2004, 51(1-4): 211-241.
[31] Ledden M V, Kesteren W G M V, Winterwerp J C. A conceptual framework for the erosion behaviour of sand–mud mixtures[J]. Continental Shelf Research. 2004, 24(1): 1-11.
[32] James S C. Measurements of Sediment Erosion and Transport with the Adjustable Shear Stress Erosion and Transport Flume [J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. 2003, 129(11): 862-871.
[33] Wang Y C. Effects of physical properties and rheological characteristics on critical shear stress of fine sediments [D]. Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013.
[34] 黄建维.海岸与河口黏性泥沙运动规律的研究和应用[M].北京:海洋出版社,2008.
[35] 练继建,赵子丹.波浪作用下软泥床面的黏性泥沙悬扬[J].水利学报,1998,29(8):47-52.
[36] Yu Q, Wang Y, Shi B, et al. Physical and sedimentary processes on the tidal flat of central Jiangsu Coast, China: headland induced tidal eddies and benthic fluid mud layers[J]. Continental Shelf Research, 2017, 133: 26-36.
[37] Kineke G C, Sternberg R W, Trowbridge J H, et al. Fluid-mud processes on the Amazon continental shelf[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1996, 16(5): 667-696.
[38] Fernando H J S, Princevac M. Turbulent Entrainment into Natural Gravity-Driven Flows[J]. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 2005, 533: 259-268.
[39] Winterwerp J C, Kesteren W G M V, Prooijen B V, et al. A conceptual framework for shear flow-induced erosion of soft cohesive sediment beds[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans. 2012, 117:1-17.
[40] 徐福敏,曹玉洁.边抛疏浚浮泥对河口地区航道淤积的影响[J].泥沙研究,2002(4):52-56.
[41] Mehta A J, Srinivas R. Observations on the entrainment of fluid mud by shear flow[M]. American Geophysical Union, 1993: 224-246.
[42] Canestrelli A, Fagherazzi S, Lanzoni S.A mass-conservative centered finite volume model for solving two-dimensional two-layer shallow water equations for fluid mud propagation over varying topography and dry areas[J].Advances in Water Resources. 2012,40(5):54-70.
[43] Bruens A W, Kranenburg C, Winterwerp J C. Physical modelling of entrainment by a Concentrated Benthic Suspension[J]. Proceedings in Marine Science. 2002, 5(2): 109-124.
[44] Trowbridge J H, Kineke G C. Structure and dynamics of fluid muds on the Amazon Continental Shelf[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans. 1994, 99(C1): 865-874.
[45] Van H Y. Erosion of a fluid mud layer due to entrainment: numerical modelling [D]. Delft University of Technology, 1995.
[46] Kantha L H, Phillips O M, Azad R S. On turbulent entrainment at a stable density interface[J]. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 1977, 79(4): 753-768.
[47] Price J F. On the scaling of stress-driven entrainment experiments[J]. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 1979, 90(3): 509-529.
[48] Kim D H, Kim W K, Hwang K N. Estimation of entrainment rate of fluid mud using annular flume[J]. Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers, 2016, 28(5): 257-264.