美国现代诗歌中人与自然关系的东方转向
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摘要
西方传统的自然观建立在二元对立的哲学基础之上,倡导物我分离,与注重天人和谐的中国传统有机自然观形成尖锐对立。这两种自然观的差异充分地反映在诗歌创作和诗学思想之中。众多学者对20世纪美国现代诗歌和中国古典诗歌的对话已有深入的研究,但对中国传统有机自然观如何影响美国现代诗歌中人与自然关系之建构,并为后来生态诗学和生态批评的崛起所做的铺垫尚未有足够的探讨。研究费诺罗萨和庞德这两位在英美诗歌领域引领中西生态对话的先驱人物,分析其在中国传统自然观的西渐过程中所做的贡献,可以清晰地看到中国传统自然观对20世纪美国生态诗歌的形成和发展的重要影响。
The traditional Western conception of man-nature relationship,with a binary mode of thinking,advocates the separation of human beings from the physical world. It stands in sharp opposition to the traditional Chinese view of nature that emphasizes man-nature harmony. The Eastern and Western differences in this respect are adequately reflected in the poetic traditions of the two cultures. In many ways,the Sino-American poetic dialogue in the twentieth century had foregrounded the traditional organismic Chinese ideas of nature,which brought about an oriental turn of American modernist poetry in constructing man-nature relationship. This study explores how Ernest Fenollosa and Ezra Pound innovatively introduced traditional Chinese ideas of nature into the Western world and made pioneering contributions to the establishment of what were to be known as eco-poetry and eco-criticism in the West. By studying their poetry and thought in this regard,we can have a better understanding of the impact that the traditional Chinese view of nature had exerted upon American ecological poetry in the twentieth century.
The traditional Western conception of man-nature relationship,with a binary mode of thinking,advocates the separation of human beings from the physical world. It stands in sharp opposition to the traditional Chinese view of nature that emphasizes man-nature harmony. The Eastern and Western differences in this respect are adequately reflected in the poetic traditions of the two cultures. In many ways,the Sino-American poetic dialogue in the twentieth century had foregrounded the traditional organismic Chinese ideas of nature,which brought about an oriental turn of American modernist poetry in constructing man-nature relationship. This study explores how Ernest Fenollosa and Ezra Pound innovatively introduced traditional Chinese ideas of nature into the Western world and made pioneering contributions to the establishment of what were to be known as eco-poetry and eco-criticism in the West. By studying their poetry and thought in this regard,we can have a better understanding of the impact that the traditional Chinese view of nature had exerted upon American ecological poetry in the twentieth century.
引文
[1]Frodsham,J.D.“Landscape Poetry in China and Europe”.Comparative Literature.1967(3):193.
[2]Ming Dong Gu,“Classical Chinese Poetry:A Catalytic‘Other’for Anglo-American Modernist Poetry,”Canadian Review of Comparative Literature 23,no.4(1996):1003.
[3]Kenner,Hugh.The Pound Era.Berkeley:University of California Press,1971,231,53.
[4][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]Fenollosa,Ernest,and Ezra Pound.The Chinese Written Character as a Medium for Poetry.A critical edition,Haun Saussy,Jonathan Stalling,and Lucas Klein(eds).New York:Fordham University Press,2008,p.43,46,139,123,123,139,108,56,96,53,45.
[5]Fields,Rick.How the Swans Came to the Lake:A Narrative History of Buddhism in America.Boston,Mass.:Shambhala,1992,p.158.
[6]Stalling,Jonathan.Poetics of Emptiness:Transformation of Asian Thought in American Poetry.New York:Fordham University Press,2010,p.49.
[17][29]Géfin,Laszlo.Ideogram:History of a Poetic Method.Austin:University of Texas Press,1982,p.107,27.
[18]Caddel,Richard.“Secretaries of Nature:Towards a Theory of Modernist Ecology”.William Pratt,ed.Ezra Pound,Nature and Myth.New York:AMS Press,2003,p.146.
[19]具体请参阅Lan,Feng.Ezra Pound and Confucianism.Toronto:University of Toronto Press,2005.
[20]他宣称:“Usury is contra naturam”,见Ezra Pound,The Cantos of Ezra Pound.New York:New Directions Publishing,1993,p.229.
[21][24]Lan,Feng,p.160,159.
[22]Pound,Ezra.Guide to Kulchur.London:Faber and Faber,1938,p.281.
[23]Pound,Ezra.Selected Prose 1909-1965,ed.William Cookson.New York:New Directions Publishing,1973,pp.86-87.
[25][30]Pound,The Cantos of Ezra Pound,pp.258-59,729,244.
[26]Pound,Ezra.“Chinese Poetry II”.Ezra Pound's Poetry and Prose:Contributions to Periodicals.New York:Garland Pub.,1991,p.110.
[27]Pound,Ezra.Ezra Pound:Poems and Translations.Library of America,2003,p.14.
[28]Pound,Ezra.ABC of Reading.New York:New Directions Publishing,1934,p.22.
[29][31]叶维廉:《庞德与潇湘八景》,台北:台湾大学出版中心,2008年,第132、256页。
[2]Ming Dong Gu,“Classical Chinese Poetry:A Catalytic‘Other’for Anglo-American Modernist Poetry,”Canadian Review of Comparative Literature 23,no.4(1996):1003.
[3]Kenner,Hugh.The Pound Era.Berkeley:University of California Press,1971,231,53.
[4][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]Fenollosa,Ernest,and Ezra Pound.The Chinese Written Character as a Medium for Poetry.A critical edition,Haun Saussy,Jonathan Stalling,and Lucas Klein(eds).New York:Fordham University Press,2008,p.43,46,139,123,123,139,108,56,96,53,45.
[5]Fields,Rick.How the Swans Came to the Lake:A Narrative History of Buddhism in America.Boston,Mass.:Shambhala,1992,p.158.
[6]Stalling,Jonathan.Poetics of Emptiness:Transformation of Asian Thought in American Poetry.New York:Fordham University Press,2010,p.49.
[17][29]Géfin,Laszlo.Ideogram:History of a Poetic Method.Austin:University of Texas Press,1982,p.107,27.
[18]Caddel,Richard.“Secretaries of Nature:Towards a Theory of Modernist Ecology”.William Pratt,ed.Ezra Pound,Nature and Myth.New York:AMS Press,2003,p.146.
[19]具体请参阅Lan,Feng.Ezra Pound and Confucianism.Toronto:University of Toronto Press,2005.
[20]他宣称:“Usury is contra naturam”,见Ezra Pound,The Cantos of Ezra Pound.New York:New Directions Publishing,1993,p.229.
[21][24]Lan,Feng,p.160,159.
[22]Pound,Ezra.Guide to Kulchur.London:Faber and Faber,1938,p.281.
[23]Pound,Ezra.Selected Prose 1909-1965,ed.William Cookson.New York:New Directions Publishing,1973,pp.86-87.
[25][30]Pound,The Cantos of Ezra Pound,pp.258-59,729,244.
[26]Pound,Ezra.“Chinese Poetry II”.Ezra Pound's Poetry and Prose:Contributions to Periodicals.New York:Garland Pub.,1991,p.110.
[27]Pound,Ezra.Ezra Pound:Poems and Translations.Library of America,2003,p.14.
[28]Pound,Ezra.ABC of Reading.New York:New Directions Publishing,1934,p.22.
[29][31]叶维廉:《庞德与潇湘八景》,台北:台湾大学出版中心,2008年,第132、256页。